A project on Anti microbial resistance

1. PROJECTPROJECT
ONON

2. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi
become resistant to antimicrobial drugs that are used for treating the infections they
cause. Every time an antimicrobial medicine is used, it diminishes the effectiveness for
all users, because its usage increases the possibility for the bacteria to become
resistant. Antimicrobial resistance threatens the effective prevention and treatment of
an increasing range of infections, including blood poisoning, pneumonia, diarrhoea,
gonorrhoea, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and malaria. Resistance against antibiotics
(medicines used to prevent and treat bacterial infections) is an urgent problem
because antibiotics are a cornerstone of modern medicine and most medicinal
procedures in human and animal health rely on functioning antibiotics.

3. DEATHS ATTRIBUTABLE TO AMR EVERYDEATHS ATTRIBUTABLE TO AMR EVERY
YEAR COMPARED TO OTHER MAJOR CAUSESYEAR COMPARED TO OTHER MAJOR CAUSES
OF DEATHOF DEATH

4. AMR’S IMPACT ON WORLD GDP(IN TRILLIONSAMR’S IMPACT ON WORLD GDP(IN TRILLIONS
OF USD)OF USD)

5. HOW AMR SPREADHOW AMR SPREAD

6. MECHANISMS OF ANTIMICROBIALMECHANISMS OF ANTIMICROBIAL
RESISTANCERESISTANCE

7. LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW
1.The Global Challenge of Antimicrobial Resistance: Insights from Economic
Analysis
Eggleston Karen, Ruifang Zhang and Richard J. Zeckhauser
•The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) limits the therapeutic options for
treatment of infections, and increases the social benefit from disease prevention. Like an
environmental resource, antimicrobials require stewardship. The effectiveness of an
antimicrobial agent is a global public good. We argue for greater use of economic analysis
as an input to policy discussion about AR, including for understanding the incentives
underlying health behaviours that spawn AR, and to supplement other methods of tracing
the evolution of AR internationally. We also discuss integrating antimicrobial stewardship
into global health governance.[1]

8. LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW
2.Antibiotic resistance: the perfect storm
Gould I.M.
•The worldwide epidemic of antibiotic resistance is in danger of ending the golden age of antibiotic
therapy. Resistance impacts on all areas of medicine, and is making successful empirical therapy
much more dif cult to achieve. Antibiotic choices are often severely restricted, and the pipeline offi
new antibiotics is almost dry. Resistance cannot be prevented, but its development and spread can be
slowed. One of the tools at our disposal is maximizing diversity in our prescribing. The advent of
tigecycline, the rst in a new class of intravenous antibiotics, is important in this context, giving us afi
further monotherapy option for severe infections. Another strategy is seriously to curtail the large
amount of unnecessary antibiotic use in many areas of life, not only medical practice. The various
aspects of this strategy are brie y reviewed.fl [2]

9. LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW
3.Possible Alternatives to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance
Ogbodo SO, Okeke AC, Ugwuoru CDC, Chukwurah EF
•From the early time of discovery of antibiotics, the problem of resistance by microorganisms has always
been temporarily solved by systematic or accidental discovery of new drugs, either of the same class but
with different side chains from the existing one or of another class altogether, thus helping to switch from the
first-line drug to second-line or even third-line drug. These second- and third-line drugs are usually more
expensive and sometimes more toxic than the firstline drugs. However, in many cases, no sooner had this
drug been introduced that resistance to it by one microorganism or the other is noticed. Hitherto, the
practice of mass-producing already existing cum resisted drugs by many pharmaceutical industries with
different brand names and, often lower concentrations of the active molecules, is worsening the situation. We
reasoned an alternative solution to this will be the use of non-antibiotics with antimicrobial activities,
especially those employing competitive displacement or improvement in immune functions as their modes of
action.[3]

10. LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW
4.Antibiotic Resistance Test of Cefadroxil Against Clinical Isolates of Acute
Respiratory Infections Patients Regional Tasikmalaya, Indonesia
Ramdhani Danni, Rurynta, Sri Agung S. and Mustarichie Resmi
•Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) is an acute infection of any part of the respiratory tract
and related structures including middle ear, and paranasal sinuses, and pleural cavity. This
study was to determine the resistance in isolates of the pathogen of the patients with acute
respiratory infections in clinics in Tasikmalaya against antibiotic cefadroxil and
effectiveness of this antibiotic. Study was conducted the resistance test against pathogenic
isolates of diseased patients ISPA. Results of the patient isolates shows that it is resistance to
the antibiotic cefadroxil with the percentage of 68.18%.[4]

11. WAY TO TACKLE AMRWAY TO TACKLE AMR
The health and economic burden of AMR is significant and has the potential to become
catastrophic if appropriate action is not taken urgently. AMR can be successfully tackled by:
•Strengthening existing surveillance and monitoring systems in both the community and hospital setting;
•Adopting a globally agreed set of measurable targets for reducing AMR incidence among humans and
livestock;
•Strengthening ongoing efforts to rationalise the use of antimicrobials and preventing the spread of AMR in
humans and in the livestock sector;
•Fostering the research and development of new antimicrobial therapies, including improved biosecurity
measures in agriculture;
•Enhancing coordination between countries to develop a true global action plan to tackle AMR. These plans
should adopt a broader ‘one-health’ approach covering human health, agriculture and the environment.

12. REFERENCESREFERENCES
1. Eggleston Karen, Ruifang Zhang and Richard J. Zeckhauser, International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health,7,2010, 3141-3149
2. Gould I.M., Antimicrobials: an endangered species? International Journal of
Antimicrobial Agents ,30,2007,383-384
3. Ogbodo SO, Okeke AC, Ugwuoru CDC, Chukwurah E F, Life Sciences and
Medicine Research, 2011,24
4. Ramdhani Danni, Rurynta, Sri Agung S. and Mustarichie Resmi, Journal of Chemical
and Pharmaceutical Research, 8(6), 2016,95-99

13. THANK YTHANK YUU