Presentation of CHII Naomi, Lecturer in Hokkaido University. Best practical talk for Transdisciplinary, on Governance and the Arctic Council. 池直美先生のプレゼンテーションです。 「ガバナンス」と北極評議会のお話。 北極域のサイエンスの出口はどうあるべきか？

1. Naomi Chi (Graduate School of Public Policy, Hokkadio
Univ.)
March 19, 2015
1

2. *
*Political Science as a discipline
*Social science discipline that deals with
systems of government and the analysis
of political activity and political
behavior
*Deals with the theory and practice of
politics which is commonly thought of as
the determining of the distribution of
power and resources.
2

3. *Political scientists study matters
concerning the allocation and
transfer of power in decision making,
the roles and systems of governance
including governments and
international organizations, political
behavior and public policies.
3

4. *
*"all processes of governing, whether
undertaken by a government, market
or network, whether over a family,
tribe, formal or informal
organization or territory and whether
through laws, norms, power or
language.” (Bevir, 2013)
4

5. *"the processes of interaction and
decision-making among the actors
involved in a collective problem that
lead to the creation, reinforcement,
or reproduction of social norms and
institutions.“ (Hufty, 2011).
5

6. *
*Government: formal body invested with the
authority to make decisions in a given political
system.
⇒In this case the governance process, which
includes all the actors involved in influencing
the decision-making process (such as lobbies,
parties, medias), is centered on the relevant
"governing body".
6

7. *
*Governance derives from the Greek verb
κυβερνάω [kubernáo] (meaning to steer, the
metaphorical sense first being attested in
Plato)
*Its use in English can be traced to Charles
Plummer’s 'The Governance of England' (1885)
*In recent years, in the 1990s by economists and
political scientists, and disseminated by
institutions such as the UN, IMF and World Bank.
7

8. *
*Governance is a very general concept that
can refer to all manner of organizations
*particular 'level' of governance
associated with a type of organization
*a particular 'field' of governance
associated with a type of activity or
outcome
*particular 'model' of governance, often
derived as an empirical or normative
theory
8

9. *
*Global governance is defined as "the complex
of formal and informal institutions,
mechanisms, relationships, and processes
between and among states, markets, citizens
and organizations, both inter- and non-
governmental, through which collective
interests on the global plane are articulated,
right and obligations are established, and
differences are mediated.” (Ramesh, 2006)
9

10. *In contrast to the traditional meaning of
"governance", some authors like James Rosenau
have used the term "global governance" to denote
the regulation of interdependent relations in the
absence of an overarching political authority.
*The best example of this is the international system
or relationships between independent states. The
term, however, can apply wherever a group of free
equals needs to form a regular relationship.
10

11. *
*advocates sustainability (sustainable
development) as the supreme consideration for
managing all human activities—political, social
and economic.
*Governance includes government, business and
civil society, and emphasizes whole system
management.
11

12. *It views natural resources and the environment
as global public goods, belonging to the
category of goods that are not diminished when
they are shared
*This means that everyone benefits from for
example, a breathable atmosphere, stable
climate and stable biodiversity
12

13. *
*In 1996, the Ottawa Declaration formally
established the Arctic Council as a high-level
intergovernmental forum to provide a means
for promoting cooperation, coordination and
interaction among the Arctic States, with the
involvement of the Arctic Indigenous
communities and other Arctic inhabitants on
common Arctic issues; in particular, issues of
sustainable development and environmental
protection in the Arctic.
13

14. *Arctic Council Member States are Canada,
Denmark (including Greenland and the Faroe
Islands), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russian
Federation, Sweden, and the United States of
America.
*In addition to the Member States, the Arctic
Council has the category of Permanent
Participants.
14

15. 15

16. 16

17. * Arctic Council Chairmanship
* The Chairmanship of the Arctic Council rotates every two years between the eight
member states.
* Canada: Inauguration of Arctic Council - 1998 (Ministerial Meeting held in Iqaluit,
Canada 1998)
* United States of America: 1998 - 2000 (Ministerial Meeting held in Barrow, Alaska 2000)
* Finland: 2000-2002 (Ministerial Meeting held in Inari, Finland 2002)
* Iceland: 2002-2004 (Ministerial Meeting held in Reykjavik, Iceland 2004)
* Russian Federation: 2004-2006 (Ministerial Meeting held in Salekhard, Russian
Federation, 2006)
* Norway: 2006-March 2009 (Ministerial Meeting held in Tromsø, Norway 2009)
* Denmark: 2009-2011 (Ministerial Meeting held in Nuuk, Greenland 2011)
* Sweden: 2011-2013 (Ministerial Meeting held in Kiruna, Sweden 2013)
* Canada: 2013-2015 (Assumed Chairmanship 15 May 2013)
17

18. *
* The following organizations are Permanent Participants of the Arctic
Council:
* Arctic Athabaskan Council (AAC)
* Aleut International Association (AIA)
* Gwich'in Council International (GCI)
* Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC)
* Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON)
* Saami Council (SC)
* This category is open equally to Arctic organizations of Indigenous peoples
with a majority of Arctic Indigenous constituency representing: a single
Indigenous people resident in more than one Arctic State; or more than
one Arctic Indigenous people resident in a single Arctic State.
18

19. *
*Observer status in the Arctic Council is open
to:
-non-arctic states,
-inter-governmental and inter-parliamentary
organizations, global and regional,
-non-governmental organizations.
Currently 12 states, 9 intergovernmental and
parliamentary organizations, 11 NGOS as
observers
19

20. *
*The Arctic Council Secretariat (ACS) supports
the Chair of the Arctic Council. In the past, the
location of the Secretariat was rotated
biennially with the Chairmanship of the Arctic
Council
*Administrative and organizational support;
communication and outreach
20

21. *
*The Council's activities are conducted in six
working groups. The working groups are
composed of:
-representatives at expert level from sectoral
ministries,
-government agencies and
-researchers.
21

22. *1.Arctic Contaminants Action Program (ACAP)
*2.Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme
(AMAP)
*3.Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF)
*4.Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and
Response (EPPR)
*5.Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment
(PAME)
*6.Sustainable Development Working Group (SDWG)
22

23. *Each Working Group:
*has a specific mandate under which it operates
*has a Chair
*has and Management Board or Steering
Committee, and
*is supported by a Secretariat.
23

24. *
*Environment and Climate Change
*Biodiversity
*Oceans
*Arctic peoples
24

25. *
*The evidence of global warming is in no place
more obvious than in the Arctic region. The
Arctic has warmed rapidly during the last four
decades. The magnitude of temperature
increase in the Arctic is twice as large as the
global increase. The effect of Arctic climate
change will have profound local, regional and
global implications.
25

26. *
*The Arctic is today the "Global Barometer" regarding
the trends and effects of climate change and long-
range transported pollutants.
*The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme
(AMAP) has over the past two-years presented
several high-level reports that document the trends
and effects of climate change and pollution both at
local and regional scales within the Arctic, as well
as how feedback from the Arctic may affect global
systems.
26

27. *
*The Arctic Contaminants Action Program (ACAP)
working group addresses on-going environmental
challenges such as contamination from hazardous
chemicals and waste and is responding to new and
emerging threats to the Arctic, such as short-lived
climate forcers (SLCFs).
*In 2010 ACAP created three new Project Steering
Groups (PSGs) to develop an integrated hazardous
waste management strategy in Russia (IHWMS),
mitigation measures for short-lived climate forcers
(SLCF) and involvement of indigenous people (IPCAP)
in environmental projects in the Arctic:
27

28. *
*The Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna
(CAFF) is the biodiversity working group of the
Arctic Council, and conducts monitoring,
assessments and additional projects to identify
how climate change affects Arctic wildlife, and
the implications on the peoples of the Arctic.
28

29. *
*The Arctic contains many species not found
elsewhere, and many habitats and ecological
processes and adaptations that are unique.
These include the seasonal bursts of life on
land and in the ocean, the ability of some
plants to survive extreme cold and dryness, the
physiological features that allow mammals to
maintain body heat through an Arctic winter,
and the presence of life within sea ice.
29

30. 30

31. 31

32. 32

33. 33

34. 34

35. 35

36. *
*Search and rescue
* Emergency preparedness
* Arctic ocean review
* Marine environment
* Shipping
* Oil & Gas
36

37. 37

38. 38

39. 39

40. *
*Almost four million people live in the Arctic
today including distinct indigenous groups that
are found only in the Arctic, where they
continue traditional activities and adapt to the
modern world at the same time
*The Arctic Council promote sustainable
development in the Arctic region, including
economic and social development, improved
health conditions and cultural well-being for
Arctic peoples
40

41. 41

42. *
*The goal of the Sustainable Development
Working Group (SDWG) is to propose and adopt
steps to be taken by the Arctic States to
advance sustainable development in the Arctic,
including opportunities to protect and enhance
the environment and the economies, culture
and health of Indigenous Peoples and Arctic
communities, as well as to improve the
environmental, economic and social conditions
of Arctic communities as a whole
42

43. 43

44. 44

45. 45

46. *
*“Regional” governance → global governance
*Who are the stakeholders?
*Environmental issue and indigenous issues
*Environment concerns all humankind
*Indigenous issues more complex
*Notion of “good “governance
46