Dissertation Report - ARCHITECTURAL EMBELLISHMENT OF WALL

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Dissertation Report
ARCHITECTURAL EMBELLISHMENT OF WALL

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I am Mahima Khandelwal hereby solemnly declare that the research work
undertaken by me, Architectural Embellishment of wall is my original work &
whatever incorporated in form of Text, Data, Photography, Drawing etc. From
different sources has been duly acknowledged in my report.
This dissertation has been completed under the super vision of the guide
assigned to me by the Faculty of Architecture, Jagannath University.
----------------------------------------
Name & Signature of Student
Enrolment No. - 040112028
Session 2015-16
Jagannath University
Jaipur, Rajasthan.

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THE TOPIC
 EMBELLISHMENT
 A decorative detail or feature added to something to make it more
attractive.
 A detail, especially one that is untrue, added to a statement or story to
make it more interesting.
 The action of adding decorative details.
AIM:
TO STUD ABOUT THE ARCHITECTURAL EMBELLISHMENT OF WALL, ITS TYPE,
USE, MATERIAL AND DETAIL.
OBJECTIVES:
 Understanding what is embellishment.
 To study the importance wall embellishment.
 To study the history of wall embellishment.
 To study the type of wall embellishments.
 To study the materials used.
 To study the textures & tools used.
NEED:

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In the modern world wall embellishment is becoming more popular, as it gives your
space an elegant appeal. A person's bedroom is one of the most important rooms in
the house and should be treated as one. The Master bedroom is a world onto itself,
a private haven, a sanctuary from the hustle of everyday life. In ordered to fully enjoy
the bedroom you should embellish the walls using decorative architectural
products, wall art, mirrors and wall lighting fixtures.
SCOPE:
 WHY?
Wall embellishment is something that fills the emptiness of wall & gives an
aesthetic ambiance to your space; it often means finding something of your taste
that brings meaning to room.
 Walls can do much more for your building than hold the roof in place. A wall is an
empty canvas waiting to express your personal style. Walls offer convenient
space for storage, hanging pictures and self-expression. When it comes to
designing walls, you aren’t limited to paint and wall paper. Use your imagination
to turn your walls into functional, eye-catching spaces.
 HOW?
 By studying the history of wall embellishment and relating it with the modern arts
and ideas.
 Some of the great arts are lost where as some can be seen as it is from ages.
And most of them transformed.
 Understanding the concept of embellishment of walls from history to the present
era.

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LIMITATION:
This study does not include the economical factors.
Only live case studies are limited to historical monument.
METHEDOLOGY:
 PRIMARY STUDY
 Understanding the meaning of wall embellishment.
 Data collection
 Literature
 Journals
 Understanding the types of wall embellishment.
 SECONDARY STUDY
 Data collection
 Meeting with scholars
 Visit buildings
CONTENTS

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Chapter – 1
 Introduction 8
 History 9
Chapter- 2
 Classification of wall embellishment.
o Wall art according to type and function 16
o Wall art according to art style 19
o Wall art according to material 21
Chapter- 4
 Detaille study on material, texture and tool.
Paint 24
Texture paint 30
Wallpaper 27
Paneling 39
Chapter- 5

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 Timeline Case study
o Bhimbhetka 44
o Ajanta Cave 47
o Kandariyamahadev temple 55
o Tajmahal 56
o Rashtrapatibhavan 64
o Residential 68
Chapter-6
 Analysis 74
 Conclusion 75
 Inferences 76
Chapter-7
 Bibliography 77

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Chapter – 1
Introduction
Walls are the most important part of any building. They are just not only meant to
protect you from sun, rain, and wind but they if treated properly, can give your building
an elegant appeal. Many people think by just placing expensive furniture and stylish
chandeliers is capable enough to get that missing appeal.
Wall embellishment is not only to decorate the walls with painting and lighting. It is much
more than that. Since the evolution of mankind wall art is the only thing to express.
Wall embellishment started from carving and painting on rocks and transformed in
contemporary world. Techniques, tools, materials etc had changed from era to era.

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HISTORY
THE WRITING ON THE WALL
Ever since man could pull himself to his feet, he has had wrote on walls and to decorate
his living space with art and to express. From the basic recording of everyday life, to the
lavish decorations of palaces, man has always covered his homes with wall art.
The Lascauxcaves
The Lascaux caves in France were discovered on September 12, 1940 .These
caves are decorated with 1, 500 engravings and 600 drawings. They have been
dated to be 17,000 years old, and are often dubbed the oldest artworks of
mankind and the beginning of art. They show the world as the inhabitants saw
it, many pictures are of animals. But the decorating of walls was not In isolation
or limited to culture.
The Anjanta caves in India, The Apollo caves in Namibia, Native American rock
art in Nevada, Water Mountain paintings in the Sahara, aboriginal art in Australia
and the natives of Norway have all had the need to paint their environment.

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The Ajanta caves in India The Apollo caves in Namibia
 Native American rock art in Nevada
 Water Mountain paintings in the Sahara
 Aboriginal art in Australia
But why did they do it, was a need to be creative, or did these paintings have
a religious meaning. Some scholars believe that primitive man went into caves to
talk to the gods and the paintings were either a wish list, a sort of symbolic
prays, or visions the gods sent them. Another theory is that the paintings could
be ‘bragging rites‘. One hunter showing the rest what he had caught. Or is it a
primitive need to say ‘I was here.’ Nobody really knows. Either way the paintings
give archaeologists a view of the world inhabited by ancient man.

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THE EGYPTIANS
The Ancient Egyptians wall art was exclusive to the pharaoh, rich citizens, and
temples and of course tombs. Even though papyrus was available to record
events, the walls were their main way to record important events and information
.
In an age when most of the population couldn’t read, or your greatness needed
to be conveyed so someone from other lands could understand it, the walls were
there for all to see. Ramses the great recorded his success at the battle of
Qadesh in a huge mural. Leaving his enemies with no doubt about his strength.
However it’s the tomb paintings that the Egyptians are best remembered for. It
was the need to pass on the spells required for the journey into the afterlife
that made the Egyptians draw on the walls. But as with everything to do with
Egyptian art, these wall paintings had certain rites and a precision, which had to
be adhered to. Six essential colors that was symbolically important to Ancient
Egyptian art, black, white, blue, red, green, and yellow.

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Colors came from natural ingredients which were pulverized and diluted with
water and gum which helped them to stick to the walls Yellows and reds were
obtained from desert ochre’s, white from chalk or lime. Lamp –black was used
and the Blues and greens were extracted from calcined mixtures with a cobalt
base for blue, a copper base for green.
ROMAN MOSAICS
Whereas Roman mosaics were mostly used as floors, the
Byzantines specialized in covering walls and ceilings. The smalti
were ungrouted, allowing light to reflect and refract within the
glass. Also, they were set at slight angles to the wall, so that they
caught the light in different ways. The gold tesserae sparkle as
the viewer moves around within the building.

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ISLAMIC MOSAIC ART
In the west of Europe, the Moors brought Islamic mosaic and tile art into the
Iberian peninsula in the 8th century, while elsewhere in the Muslim world, stone,
glass and ceramic were all used in mosaics. In contrast to the figurative
representations in Byzantine art, Islamic motifs are mainly geometric and
mathematical. Examples can be seen in Spain at the Great Mosque at Cordoba
and the Alhambra Palace. In Arabic countries a distinctive decorative style called
Zillah uses purpose-made ceramic shapes that are further worked by hand to
allow them to tessellate (fit together perfectly to cover a surface).

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BYZANTINE MOSAICS
With the rise of the Byzantine Empire from the 5th
century onwards, centered on Byzantium (now
Istanbul, Turkey), the art form took on new
characteristics. These included Eastern influences in
style and the use of special glass tesserae called
smalti, manufactured in northern Italy. These were
made from thick sheets of colored glass. Smalti have a rough surface and
contain tiny air bubbles. They are sometimes backed with reflective silver or gold
leaf.
THE MIDDLE AGES
Centuries later, and particularly in cooler climates, people used fabric to cover
walls and windows to keep drafts out. In the homes of the well-to-do, these
fabrics were elaborate, tapestries, which also adorned the walls of European
palaces and castles. They were not only practical, but decorative. Most churches,
during the Middle Ages would have been decorated with brightly colored wall-
paintings. Church services would have been in Latin which very few ordinary
people understood. So wall paintings (and pictorial stained glass windows) helped
to convey the stories and messages from the Bible.

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INDIAN PAINTING
 Madhubani painting
 Mughal painting
 Rajput painting
 Mysore painting
 Tanjore painting
 Pattachitra
 Bengal school
 Contextual Modernism
 Vernacular Indian Painting
 Modern Indian Painting
MADHUBANI ART
Folk Art of Bihar, India
Madhubani, or Mithila, painting is a folk painting of northern India. It is mostly practiced
by women in the villages who have passed this art to their daughters through multiple
generations. They paint pictures of nature and mythology to depict different events like
birth, marriage, and cycles of life. Though this folk art has been practiced for centuries it
started to gain national recognition only in the last few decades. Now, art patrons can
find Madhubani artists in several cities of northern India, many of whom are
experimenting and adapting the traditional styles to modern ethos and medium.

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Chapter- 2
CLASSIFICATION OF WALL EMBELLISHMENT
WALL ART ACCORDING TO TYPE AND FUNCTION
• Paintings, murals
Paintings and murals are artworks made through media like pencil, watercolor, oil,
acrylic, charcoal and so on. These wondrous art pieces are great to hang in any room
and can instantly turn a boring old wall into something that speaks of elegance and
style. When choosing paintings and murals, you have to consider several things such as
the style, size, color and theme of the artwork and your preferences, lifestyle and
budget.

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• Wall sculpture art
Wall art sculptures are also artworks made by artists but these are two-dimensional and
not flat like the paintings and murals. This type of wall decor can add beauty as well as
depth to any kind of wall surface.
• Wall paint, wallpaper
A splash of your favorite shade of wall paint or nicely patterned wallpaper is also great
for sprucing up a plain wall.

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• Wall furniture
Wall furniture such as mirrors, bookshelves, cabinets, vases and many others are the
kind of wall decorations that are not only for decorating but for practical purposes as
well.
• Lighting
Lighting through bulbs and wall lamps is another great way of giving life to your walls.
This also holds a practical purpose of illuminating the area and enabling people to do
tasks efficiently.

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WALL ART ACCORDING TO ART STYLE
• Modern - Modern wall art includes movements and styles such as color field
painting, Dadaism, minimalism, op art, photorealism, avant garde, pop art, blue rider art,
Bauhaus, and stuckism.
• Traditional - These kinds of artworks include those from the tradition.

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• Abstract- Abstract art includes cubism (blue and pink periods), abstract
expressionism, fauvism, and futurism.
• Surrealism – These are conceptual and figurative artworks that are somewhat in
the middle of realism and abstract.
• Realism – These are artworks based in the reality of life. One example is social
realism, which depicts current situations in and conditions of the society.

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WALL ART ACCORDING TO MATERIAL
• Wood - This material is typically used for wall decor that depicts traditional and
rustic ambience for the home.
• Iron - Iron is highly prominent material that is usually utilized for modern and
contemporary wall decorations.

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• Acrylic - This includes a variety of oils, plastics and resins that are used for a wide
range of wall decors.
• Canvas - It is a type of clothing normally used for artworks like paintings and
murals.

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Chapter 4
DETAIL STUDY ON MATERIAL, TEXTURE AND
TOOLS.
Paint
Paint is the most popular wall treatment and has been for many years because
it is the cheapest and easiest way to give a room an instant makeover. it can
be used to draw attention to a feature, or to disguise a feature should it
become necessary. you also need much less preparation time for paint than you
do for wallpaper and it can hide walls that are in poor condition, while wallpaper
exaggerates any wall imperfections. Paint is also more versatile than wallpaper –
for the feeling of a l light, airy room, or a bigger room, paint is usually
necessary. It is also much easier to paint over paint than it is to paint over
wallpaper. While it is possible to paint over wallpaper, the joins will show and it
can be difficult to remove wallpaper that has been covered over with paint.
There are two basic types of paint – water based and oil based.
Water based paints are washable and dry quickly. Oil based paints do take
longer to dry but they are very rich in colour and are durable. Both oil and
water based paints are available in a range of finishes from matte to very high
gloss.
However, there are disadvantages to paint as well. Oil based paint especially, is
slow to dry and needs a long drying time between coats. It also needs to be
applied by a professional as it has a tendency to run, curtain and so forth. Also,
the higher the oil content in the paint, the less resistant it is to heat.

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How to do roller painting?
Roller painting method is typical and takes more time than spray painting.
Application of textured painting with roller provides durable textured painting in
long run. This painting method provides better base for re-painting also. The
process of textured painting provides thicker paint which is more resistant to
stains and mildew.
In this method acrylic latex paint is used; which bonds to the surface tightly and
therefore lessens chances of loosening and falling down of texture paint. After
surface preparation ‘roller painting’ should be done by skilled painter. If unskilled
painter is deputed on job, painting work may result in patchy and inconsistent
work. it’s done as follows.
 Clean surface, roller and container before starting the painting work.
 Mix contents of the paint thoroughly before application.
 Dip roller in mixed paint and run it from top to bottom.
 Again dip roller and run it adjacent to the above applied area from bottom
to top.
 Run roller without dipping it in paint horizontally and vertically on applied
paint coat to spread it uniformly.

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How to do spray painting?
Spray painting is more popular method of textured painting and is specially done
in textured painting of ceiling. The painter should be skilled enough to do the
job. Spray painting is easy method and takes less time than rolling painting do.
This painting is done through spray machine as follows.
 Clean the surface, spray machine and container before starting painting
work.
 Mix contents of paint thoroughly before applying the paint.
 Add contents of paint thoroughly before application of paint.
 Do spray painting only when dry condition prevails.
 Hold spray gun perpendicular to the surface on which the paint is
applied and move the gun over surface in a uniform sweeping motion
while spraying.
 Try different air pressure and fan adjustment to achieve best
application.
 Don’t keep air pressure high otherwise the paint will fog up and be
wasted.
 Clean spray gun at the end of painting job.
 Take care if adequate ventilation Is provided to disperse spray fume.

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Wallpaper
Wallpaper may be harder to do than painting is, but it will last for a good deal
longer than paint will. In fact, many modern wallpapers will last for ten to fifteen
years, whereas, repainting often has to be done as often as every couple of years,
depending on your household. Wallpaper can last five times longer than paint
under normal conditions, making it a very economical choice. Over time, you can
save over 30 percent of your repainting costs, simply by choosing wallpaper.
Wallpaper is unmatched in the aesthetic value that it brings to a room. It adds
warmth, character, and beauty, and can be used to create an astonishing variety
of effects. It changes the entire look and feel of a room. Some effects that you
can get with wallpaper include texture, paint it yourself wallpaper, custom
wallpaper that has been printed with a pattern of your choosing, a natural feel,
leather look, timber look, and much more. These are effects that simply cannot
be replicated with paint.
Wallpaper is also no longer difficult to remove with new removal systems
meaning that it is possible to remove the paper from the wall in long strips.
Taking the time to apply the wallpaper properly and using a good primer will
also make removal easier in the long run.

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Benefit of wallpaper
The most visible benefit of wallpaper is the dramatic change in the looks of the
rooms. A new pattern breathes a new life in a room. in some cases, the room
looks completely renovated with a simple change of wallpaper.
Second most important benefit of wallpaper is the absence of the nauseating
smell of paint. A very small portion of the population is allergic to the new latex
based paints.
It is relatively easy to strip the wallpaper down and install a new one. This is
the benefit that many contractors site in favor of wallpaper.
Another benefit of wallpaper is the availability of vinyl wallpaper that makes
cleaning a simple thing. Just a couple of swaps of wet cloth and you are done.
Installing wallpaper is relatively hassle free. It takes just a day for the wallpaper
to dry out. This benefit of wallpaper outshines every other wall decoration and
covering available.

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Disadvantage of wallpaper
The greatest disadvantage of wallpaper is that it has gone out of fashion. This
means that any house decorated with wallpaper will lose value In the market.
minor difference in shades and pattern immediately catches the eye. This
completely wrecks the appearance of the room.
Stripping wallpaper is always a chore. It is rare for the wallpaper to come off In
strips. This increase the time and labor to remove the small sections of the
wallpaper stuck to the wall.
Another disadvantage of wallpaper is the process of removal of wallpaper. The
constant scrapping the wallpaper leaves deep scratches and marks that are
difficult to repair.
Considering the benefits and disadvantages of wallpapers, the question to
wallpaper or not comes down to personal preference. If you like a particular
pattern of wallpaper, then go ahead and install it. many people hire a contractor
to both strip the old wallpaper and install a new one. This way they enjoy the
beauty and ease of wallpaper without the trouble of stripping it.

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Textured paints
Textured paints offer matchless beauty and can provide substitute for missing
texture in plaster. The textured paint finish is available in many color trends such
as metallic finishes gold, silver and copper. Glossy and shiny finish of textured
paint can also be obtained. These paints can be done on walls and ceiling
easily and quickly. Textured paints of different colors are becoming popular for
home/interior decoration and may be used an alternative to wallpapers.
Textured paints provide excellent protection against changes in atmosphere;
withstand fairly well extremes of heat, cold and rain. These paints contain special
additives which provide good protection against alkali and ultra violet rays. The
paints are extremely resistant to fungs and algae, peeling, flaking and fading
and stay bright. Textured paints are thick enough to cover minor defects, uneven
surface damage and imperfection in walls and add a fresh look to the beauty of
walls/surfaces.
Textured painting varies from slightly gritty look of sand stone or marble stone or
wooden appearance and which can add deep look of the texture. Premixed
textured paint available in the market can directly be applied on the surface. The
premixed form of textured paint containing small, gravel like particles has grainy
appearance.

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Benefits of textured paint
 Strong in nature
 An alternative to wall papers
 Decorative in appearance
 Needs less maintenance
 Protects against alkali and ultra violet rays.
 Cover uneven surfaces and imperfection of walls
 Available in metallic finishes gold, silver and copper.

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Types of texture
Orange Peel
One of the most popular types of wall texture is a spattered look called “orange
peel.” It got this name because the finished wall has a rough texture similar to
that of an orange. To create an orange peel texture, spray a thin compound
finish onto a smooth wall using a texturing gun. Repeat the process for a
heavier spatter pattern. Orange peel gives a room subtle character and blends in
with most decors.

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Knockdown
Another very popular wall texture is “knockdown.” Although knockdown takes
longer to create than orange peel, it hides wall imperfections better. It also has
the added benefits of complementing decorative painting and making a room feel
cozier. To give your walls a knockdown texture, use a texturing gun to spray a
thick mixture of compound finish on the wall. Wait 10 minutes and then, applying
light pressure , drag a flat trowel with a curved blade down along the wall to
knock off the bumps and create a flatter texture.
Trowel Textures
We can create any number of patterns using a trowel and some imagination.
One option is to use your trowel to apply compound randomly. Leave trowel
marks in the texture to create the Spanish trowel effect. Alternatively, use the
trowel to create semi-circles in a variety of sizes. Achieve a varied appearance
by using a thicker layer of compound for big semi-circles. A third option is to
use a trowel tooth. The tooth has a serrated edge which, when applied to
drywall compound, leaves a grooved pattern. “The Painter’s Handbook”
recommends using the trowel tooth to apply grooves horizontally or vertically and
then applying a pattern, such as waves or semi-circles, over the top.
Stamp Texture
For a highly personalized look, use a stamp texture. Begin by applying
compound to the wall with a paint roller. Then, simply stamp a pattern into
the wall using anything you like such as a seashell, your hand, or a
patterned paint roller. Everywhere you stamp will leave an imprint of the
object in the wall. Before stamping, think about how many stamps you want on
the completed wall -- just a few here and there, a solid pattern or something in
between.

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Knockdown Texture
Trowel Textures
Stamp Texture

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Tools for texturing
Putty Knife
Craftsmen commonly use a putty knife for spreading Spackle and mud,
substances used to repair holes or seams in drywall and plaster. The tool has a
broad, flat surface and comes in different sizes; a common size is four inches.
The utilitarian tool is used to spread Spackle downward to create a smoother
finish or in various directions to create more texture.
Paint Rollers
Paint rollers are widely available and come in a variety of textures. Commonly a
half-inch nap roller is best for smooth surfaces, while a 3/4-inch or 1-inch roller
provides more texture. Package instructions can offer even more guidance about
expected texture. Examples include a honeycomb roller, which creates a spotted
finish, and a double roller, which combines two different paint colors to give
depth to a texture.

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Brushes
Specialty brushes offer texture options far beyond the standard bristle brush, . A
stippling brush, for example, creates a leather-like texture. It's made of soft
bristles and often comes in a square or round shape. A softening brush, usually
made of natural bristle hair, is another useful option. It can smooth out the
harsh edges left by other texture tools.
Sponges and Rags
Unusual textures require the most creativity. Sponges and rags can produce
mildly rough textures with a decidedly non-uniform finish. A darke r color over a
lighter color, or the opposite, can produce the most striking results. Many types
of sponges and rags are available. Commonly used options include sea sponges
and cheesecloth. Both are desirable for producing a random texture.

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Drywall texture techniques
Now that you have a smooth surface to work on, you have a lot of options for
what the texture should look like and how it should be applied. Before you do an
entire wall or room, be sure to look at some samples, or do some experimenting
on scraps of drywall or other material to perfect your technique.
1. Machine application:
Professional drywalls texture surfaces using a trailer-mounted texturing machine.
Powdered texture material is poured into a hopper and mixed with water, then air
pressure is used to push the thick liquid texture though hoses to a spray gun,
and out through a nozzle.
By changing tips in the nozzle and working with the consistency of the mix and
the amount of air pressure, an experienced drywaller can create anything from
very light splatters, called an "orange peel," to a thick, heavy texture, called a
"heavy knockdown," and lots of textures in between.
for large areas, a professional texturing rig will give the most uniform
appearance In the shortest amount of time, but it's not for the do-it-yourselfer.
2. Hopper gun:
A hopper gun works on the same principle as the professional texture machine,
but on a much smaller scale. Texture material is placed in a hopper, and an air
compressor is used to blow air through a nozzle, which in turn sprays the thick liquid
texture onto the surface. Once again, changing the nozzle, air pressure and texture
consistency will change the look of the texture. Hopper guns, with or without an
air compressor, can be rented or purchased fairly inexpensively.

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3. Spray cans:
For patches and other small areas, you can buy premixed texture material in
spray cans. it works well for orange peel and light to medium knockdown, but it
takes a little bit of practice, so be sure to try It out first before using it on a
patch. Due to the cost, it's suited for small areas only.
4. Paint-on texture:
If you like a light texture, you can simply paint it on, which lets you take care
of your texture and your paint job at the same time. there are texture additives,
which are similar to fine sand, that can be added to some types of paint.
You can also use a stippling roller, which sticks to the paint a little bit as you
apply it and causes the paint to have a slightly bumpy texture as It dries. stipple
finishes typically most closely resemble the plaster finishes found in a lot of older
homes.
5. Hand-applied texture:
Here's where you can let your creativity have full reign! hand-applied textures are
done with regular drywall cement or special texture compounds, usually somewhat
thinned down to make them a little creamier and easier to work with. They can be
applied in just about any way and with just about any tool that suits your
imagination and the type of finished look you're hoping for.

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Wall Paneling
Wall paneling is an architectural element that can be installed in residential or
commercial buildings. Decorative wall paneling is installed over walls to add
aesthetic appeal, while other types of paneling may be added for their functional
or structural characteristics. Many paneling varieties are available at home
improvement and hardware stores while others may be purchased from specialty
distributors.
Decorative wall panels
Decorative wall panels are available in many different materials. They are often
used to change the look of the wall, but may also be installed to help protect
the wall from damage. Wainscoting is one of the most commonly used wall
panels. It is made from wood or synthetic materials patterned with carvings and
designs. Wainscot is usually installed on the lower half of a wall, but heights and styles
may vary. pre-fabricated panels may be used, or those familiar with woodworking can
create their own versions. other common materials used for decorative paneling include
laminate, stainless steel and plastics.

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Tile board
Tile board panels are made from melamine or resin and are used to mimic the
look of ceramic tile. They are textured and colored to look l ike tile, and are
attached to a moisture-resistant backer board. These panels are an affordable
alternative to ceramic and are much easier to install. tile board panels also do
not have grout lines, which makes for easier cleaning, as there is no spot for
trapped dirt to accumulate.
Utility paneling
Utility paneling is made from perforated hardboard and is used for its function
and appearance. these panels contain rows of small holes that can be used to
hang objects from nails or pegs. They are frequently used in kitchens or
garages, as well as in commercial applications. Utility paneling is available in
standard white or natural wood finishes and also in custom colors. These panels
can be installed over the entire wall or just in small areas as needed.

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Acoustical panels
Acoustical panels are used to control noise levels in a space and to block noise
transfer through walls. they are made from foam or wood cores wrapped with a
layer of vinyl or fabric. The panels help absorb sound and are commonly used in
schools, auditoriums and hotels. These panels are available in a wide variety of
colors and textures to match the room's decor. Acoustical panels can be installed
temporarily using clips or magnets, or with nails or adhesive for more permanent
applications.
Structural wall panels
While most types of wall paneling are Installed on the interior, others are used
to create exterior walls. these panels are frequently made from precast concrete
and allow for quick and easy framing of homes and businesses. Some structural
panels may be used to replace both interior and exterior walls. Structural
insulated panels (sips) take the place of wall framing, interior drywall and exterior
sheathing or siding. They are made from sheets of rigid foam insulation
sandwiched between layers of wood fiber board.

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Cladding
Cladding is the application of one material over another to provide a skin or
layer intended to control the infiltration of weather elements, or for aesthetic
purposes. Cladding does not necessarily have to provide a water-proof condition
but is instead a control element. This control element may only serve to safely
direct water or wind in order to control run-off and prevent infiltration into the
building structure. Cladding applied to windows is often referred to as window
capping and is a very specialized field.

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 Material for wall decoration
 Wood
 Glass
 Stone
 Paper
 Pop
 Tile
 Fabrics
 Bamboo
 Metal

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Chapter 5
TIMELINE CASE STUDIES
1. BHIMBHETKA (ROCK AGE)
The Bhimbetka rock shelters are an archaeological site of the Paleolithic, exhibiting the
earliest traces of human life on the Indian subcontinent, and thus the beginning of
the South Asian Stone Age. It is located in the Raisen District in the Indian state
of Madhya Pradesh, near Abdullaganj town and inside the Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary.
At least some of the shelters were inhabited by Homo erectus more than 100,000 years
ago.[1][2] Some of the Stone Age rock paintings found among the Bhimbetka rock
shelters are approximately 30,000 years old. The caves also deliver early evidence
of dance. They were declared a World Heritage Site in 2003.

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Rock art and paintings
The rock shelters and caves of Bhimbetka have a large number of paintings. The oldest
paintings are considered to be 30,000 years old, but some of the geometric figures date
to as recently as the medieval period. The colors used are vegetable colors which have
endured through time because the drawings were generally made deep inside a niche
or on inner walls. The drawings and paintings can be classified under seven different
periods.
cave 2
Period I - (Upper Paleolithic): These are linear representations, in green and dark red,
of huge figures of animals such as bison, tigersand rhinoceroses.
Period II - (Mesolithic): Comparatively small in size the stylised figures in this group
show linear decorations on the body. In addition to animals there are human figures and
hunting scenes, giving a clear picture of the weapons they used: barbed spears, pointed
sticks,bows and arrows. The depiction of communal dances, birds, musical instruments,
mothers and children, pregnant women, men carrying dead animals, drinking and
burials appear in rhythmic movement.
Period III - (Chalcolithic) Similar to the paintings of the Chalcolithic, these drawings
reveal that during this period the cave dwellers of this area were in contact with the
agricultural communities of the Malwa plains, exchanging goods with them.

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Period IV & V - (Early historic): The figures of this group have a schematic and
decorative style and are painted mainly in red, white and yellow. The association is of
riders, depiction of religious symbols, tunic-like dresses and the existence of scripts of
different periods. The religious beliefs are represented by figures of yakshas, tree gods
and magical sky chariots.
Period VI & VII - (Medieval) : These paintings are geometric linear and more schematic,
but they show degeneration and crudeness in their artistic style. The colors used by the
cave dwellers were prepared by combining manganese, hematite and wooden coal.
One rock, popularly referred to as “Zoo Rock”,
depicts elephants, sambar, bison and deer. Paintings on another rock show a peacock,
asnake, a deer and the sun. On another rock, two elephants with tusks are painted.
Hunting scenes with hunters carrying bows, arrows, swords and shields also find their
place in the community of these pre-historic paintings. In one of the caves, a bison is
shown in pursuit of a hunter while his two companions appear to stand helplessly
nearby; in another, some horsemen are seen, along with archers.
In one painting, a large wild boar is seen It is not known whether such large boars
existed that time (note that, according to the skeletons found, those humans were about
7 feet tall) or the humans drew it with enlarged scale.

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2. AJANTA CAVES ( BUDDHHIST ERA)
AJANTA is world's greatest historical monument recognised by UNESCO located just
40kms from Jalgaon city of Maharashtra, India.There are 30 caves in Ajanta of which 9,
10, 19, 26 and 29 are chaitya-grihas and the rest are monasteries.These caves were
discovered in AD 1819 and were built up in the earlier 2nd century BC-AD. Most of the
paintings in Ajanta are right from 2nd century BC-AD and some of them about the fifth
century AD and continued for the next two centuries.All paintings shows heavy religious
influence and centre around Buddha, Bodhisattvas, incidents from the life of Buddha
and the Jatakas.The paintings are executed on a ground of mud-plaster in the tempera
technique.
Cave One
CaveTwo
 The facade (In cave 2)
 The porch (In cave 2)
 The hall (In cave 2)
 The paintings (In cave 2)

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PAINTINGS
The paintings had a didactic function, imparting to the community the teachings of
Buddha and his experiences during his various reincarnations (as recounted in
the jataka – the stories of the lives of Buddha). Devotees were supposed to walk
through the cave and ‘read the paintings’, which were used as a medium of
communicating Buddha’s teachings about ‘life through successive rebirth’.
Scenes form Jataka tales
Fragment of a painting

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The Ajanta wall paintings are famous for their masterful line-work, the use of natural
pigments, the artistry achieved with only primitive tools, the sensual forms, and the
harmony of the overall composition.
These masterpieces at Ajanta were executed more or less in two phases. An initial
phase is made up primarily of the fragments in caves 9 & 10, from the second century
B.C.
Dark Buddha Miracle of Sarasvati
Bodhisattva Padmapani Antechamber ceiling

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The second phase of paintings started around V and VI centuries A.D. and continued
for the next two centuries. There appear to have been a multitude of artists at work and
both the style and quality are varied. It is in this second phase that we find the
depictions of the jataka – the stories that recount the lives of Buddha. Renowned
worldwide for their exquisite beauty, the various Bodhisattvas depicted in Cave 1
include Vajrapani (protector and guide, a symbol of Buddha’s power), Manjusri
(manifestation of Buddha’s wisdom) and Avalokitesvara (symbol of Buddha’s
compassion). The ceiling decoration invariably consists of decorative patterns,
geometrical as well as floral.
A layer of clay was mixed with cow dung and powdered rice hunk and, it has been
suggested, also urine. This was first applied to the chipped rock surface. When it dried,
a second coat of lime plaster was applied with a trowel. The lines of the image were
then drawn in pink, brown or black, and the colours filled in with big brushes, made from
the hair of squirrel tails. These colours were made from pebbles and vegetables found
on the nearby hillside which were crushed and ground and then mixed with glue.

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The main colours used were red ochre, yellow ochre, brown ochre, lamp black, white
and lapis lazuli which was imported from Northern India, central Asia and Persia. The
green was made by mixing this lapis lazuli with Indian yellow ochre. In the pictorial
cycles, all the characters are bright and multi-coloured but are never repeated, a
fundamental concept in Indian art. Ceilings, walls and pilasters are all covered with
overlapping figures, brought to life by the artists with strong and contrasting colours.
The paintings are meant to transmit a rythmic equilibrium indicating the harmony of a
society in which the smallest gestures and desires have a specific place in a vision of
the world that is much larger and devoid of disquiet. These wonderful murales,
miraculously still intact thanks to the many centuries during which the caves remained
undiscovered, are the only surviving examples of Indian art of ancient Buddhist India.
The majority of these murales are over 1,500 years old. It is extraordinary to think that
ten centuries before the European Renaissance, these anonymous artists already knew
the principles of perspective depth and realism in their art. The expressions and the
emotions captured on the faces of the characters are amazingly real and modern.
A section of the mural at Ajanta in
Cave No 17,depicts the ‘coming of
Sinhala’.The prince (Prince Vijaya)
is seen in both groups of
elephants and riders.

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SCULPTURE
During the first phase, the Buddha was not shown in the human form, but only through
symbols, such as, the Wheel, the Bodhi Tree and the Feet of the Buddha. But during
the Mahayana period sculptures and paintings of the Buddha and the Bodhi-sattva-s,
were added.
Buddha in padmasana Buddha's attendants
The sculpture of Ajanta belongs to the great art-tradition of contemporary India.
Sculpture from the 4th century AD, is remarkable for its grace, elegance, restraint and
serenity.
Cave 6 Buddha Cave 7 Buddha

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The Naga king and queen Cave 19 exterior
The general character of the sculpture of Ajanta tends towards a certain heaviness of
form, and is considered inferior to the Gupta images.
Every one of the sculptures was plastered and painted.

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4.TAJ MAHAL ( MUGHAL ERA)
The Taj Mahal in Agra is indisputably the most famous example of Mughal architecture.
The white-splendored tomb was built by Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his
favourite wife, Arjumand Banu Begum, better known as Mumtaz Mahal . She married
Shah Jahan in 1612 to become his second wife and inseparable companion, and died in
childbirth at Burhanpur while on a campaign with her husband in 1629. Shah Jahan
was, it is said, inconsolable to the point of contemplating abdication in favour of his
sons. The court went into mourning for over two years; and Shah Jahan decided to
commemorate the memory of Mumtaz with a building the like of which had never been
seen before.
A council of the best architects was assembled to prepare designs for the tomb. Though
some attribute the design to Geronimo Verroneo, an Italian in the Mughal service,
evidence suggests that it was designed by Ustad Isa Khan Effendi, a Persian, who
assigned the detailed work to his pupil Ustad Ahmad. The dome was designed by Ismail
Khan.

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The tomb which is higher than a modern 20-storey building took 22 years to complete
with a workforce of 20,000. Craftsmen from as far as Turkey came to join in the work.
The marble was quarried at Makrana near Jodhpur in Rajasthan. Precious stones were
imported from distant lands. A two mile ramp was built to lift material up to the level of
the dome.
The tomb was provided with sumptuous fittings and furnishings, including rich Persian
carpets, gold lamps and candlesticks. It is reliably reported and documented that two
great silver doors to the entrance were looted and melted down by Suraj Mal in 1764,
and a sheet of pearls that covered the sarcophagus was carried off by Amir Husein Ali
Khan in 1720. In a manner of speaking, the pillage of the Taj continues unabated: more
recently, the fumes from the surrounding industries have started deteriorating the
marble, though various court orders have resulted in industries around the Taj being
moved to more distant points. The latest desecration of the monument took place,
ironically, in celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of Indian independence, when the
mediocre rock star Yanni, whose elevator music has attracted a world-wide audience,
was allowed to give a live and certainly unprecedented performance at the Taj.

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The surroundings of the Taj Mahal have been restored to the original designs of Ali
Mardan Khan, a noble at Shah Jahan's court. The main vista is accentuated by a red
sandstone channel set between rows of cypress trees. The main entrance is from the
west, but there are two other entrances -- from the east and from the west. The main
gateway is a large three-storey sandstone structure with an octagonal central chamber
with smaller rooms on each side. The walls are inscribed with verses from the Quran.
The Makrana white marble of the Taj Mahal assumes subtle variations of light, tint and
tone at different times of the day. At dawn it assumes a soft dreamy aspect; at noon, it
appears to be a dazzling white, and in the moonlight the dome looks like a huge
iridescent pearl. Not surprisingly, then, the Taj is today regarded all over the world as a
supreme labour of love.

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MARBLE CARVINGS

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CALLIGRAPHY
The Taj Mahal always welcomes each of its visitors with an inscription, written in
beautiful handwriting, on the great gate that reads "O Soul, thou art at rest. Return to
the Lord at peace with Him, and He at peace with you." It was Abdul Haq, who created
this in 1609, and was bestowed with the title of 'Amanat Khan' by none other than
Emperor Shah Jahan himself. Along with spellbinding architecture and a picturesque
background, the calligraphy done is one of the fantabulous ornamental decorations
done on the surface of Taj Mahal. The calligraphy of the Taj Mahal mainly consists of
the verses and passages from the holy book of Quran. It was done by inlaying jasper in
the white marble panels. These passages were inscribed by Amanat Khan in an illegible
Thuluth script. A number of the panels also bear his signatures.

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Black marble has been used to decorate both the south gateway and the main
mausoleum with Arabic inscriptions. The texts chosen refer broadly to the themes of
judgment and fruitful paradisiacal rewards for the faithful. The inscriptions over the
gateway invite the reader to enter the paradise.

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Optical Illusion - only 3 panels not 5

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5. RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN (BRITISH ERA)
The Rashtrapati Bhavan on Raisina Hill was called the Viceroy House, the residence of
the then Governor General of newly independent India.
Designed by architect Edwin Lutyens started in 1921 and completed in 1929.
There are 340 rooms inside the palatial building, and is considered the world's biggest
residence of a president. The Rashtrapati Bhavan is the symbol of India's national
sovereignty and a mute witness of India's glorious history.
1. Forecourt & durbar hall
2. Ashoka hall
3. Cabinet room
4. Banquet hall & loggia
5. Library & LDR
6. First floor , PBG mess & reserve
7. Ground floor
8. Marble hall museum
9. Gust wing ,family wing, RBCC& museum

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1. Yellow Drawing Room
It is used for smaller State functions like swearing-in of Comptroller and Auditor
General, Chief Election Commissioner and induction of a solitary Minister in the Union
Council of Ministers. Grey Drawing Room is adjacent to Yellow Drawing Room and is
used for reception and is used for serving refreshments to guests at these meetings.
The Dome is an attractive feature representing a blend of British, European and Indian
styling. Some researchers strongly believe that this dome is inspired by the great Stupa
at Sanchi.
2. State Dining Hall
It is now known as Banquet Hall .Can seat 104 persons. Portraits of all former
Presidents embellish its walls .An assortment of medieval arms on display.

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3. The Ashoka Hall
The Ashoka Hall ,which gives the feel of a large jewel box, is a rectangle measuring 32
metres by 20 metres.It was originally built as the State Ballroom:it has a wooden floor,a
central dance space, and three vestibules. Unlike most halls and chambers in
Rashtrapati Bhawan, the Ashoka Hall has a painted ceiling. The painting is in the
Persian style. The main painting on the roof depicts a royal hunting expedition while
those towards the corners show scenes from court life.Dark colours predominate. And
because the painting has been done on leather, even white takes on a brown tint. The
work was commissioned by Lady Willingdon when her husband was Viceroy.
4. North Drawing Room
North Drawing Room for receiving visiting Heads of State.Two paintings are
conspicuous: Transfer of power on August 14 by Shri S.N.Goshal and Swearing-in
ceremony of First Indian Governor General by Shri Thakur Singh.

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5. Museum
It also know as has etchings of Thomas Daniel and William Daniel and autographed
photographs of several Heads of States. Also on display are a number of gift items
received by the President during visits abroad or during India and from visiting Heads of
State at New Delhi including a dry sunflower which adorned the mortal remains of
Mahatma Gandhi on January 31, 1948, 1 K.M. long thread of superfine Khadi spun by a
weaver in Nadia Dist. (West Bengal), the 640 Kg. silver chair used by King Emperor at
the Delhi Durbar in 1911-12.
6. Durbar Hall
Durbar hall - 2-ton chandelier hanging from a height of 33 meters. Known during the
British rule as Throne Room. There were 2 separate thrones for the Viceroy and
Vicereine which have now been replaced by a simple chair for the President. Statue of
Gautam Buddha belonging to Gupta period, 5 Century, A.D, benediction from behind.
Used for State functions: Defense Investiture ceremony, conferring of Padma Awards,
etc

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6. RESIDENTIAL PLACES (CONTEMPORARY I.E.
PRESENT ERA)
a. Residential apartment at Mumbai
The house had seven family members and as the age of the seven family members
ranges from the very young to very old; it is opted as a rich, dark color palette of black,
gray and burgundy to evoke luxurious elegance. To bring in a play of textures, here
used composite marble for all the flooring and brought in acrylic, glass and crystal to
add pizzazz to the space. The idea was to denote a sense of peace and harmony
throughout the house with our own interpretation of yin and yang. This essence
pervades through living and dining area, which is resplendent with glittering crystal light
fixtures that reflect on the walls and ceilings for a dazzling effect.

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Dining
Modern Dining Area in Blue Light
Blue light beams from the ceiling enhance the
appearance of swanky black dining table and
metallic chairs.
Lighting effect creates the texture on the wall.
Bedroom
Modern Bedroom Design in Copper and Gold
Granny's bedroom is done as per modern style.
Plush headboard extends to the seats aligned
to the wall. Wall stickers in copper and gold
perk up the room even more.

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Kid’s bedroom
Kid's Bedroom Wall Ideas
Kid's bedroom wall has been designed with a
flashy red floral wall art. The floor below has
been dressed in a psychedelic rug featuring a
butterfly design.
Masterbedroom
Gray and White Master Bedroom with Dazzling
Ceiling Light
This bedroom has a separate niche carved out for
the bed. From floors to ceilings and walls in
between, whole area is done with grained tiles.

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b. Vatika City at Gurgaon, Haryana
Residential-Single family dwelling
Entrance
Wooden and marble wall cladding on the
entrance wall
.
Living room
A monochromatic color scheme being enhanced
with little accessories. Ambient lighting to brighten
up the place. Wall with wooden textured wall paper.
Dining
Art work and accessories to enhance the area and
bring in colors. Front wall is textured, side wall is
plain with a painting and another wall is having a
furniture creates balance of the room.

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Kid’s room
Bed with bed bench and full height sliding mirror
shutter wardrobes.
Kids always have shortage of storage, keeping
the same in mind this piece is designed to solve
the storage problem in an interesting way.
Passage
Passage wall treatment with niches to place
small artifacts.

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Bedroom
A simple bedroom with religious painting on one
wall and a huge walk in window on the opposite
wall .
Entrance
Wooden stripes to enhance the small entrance
lobby in a bedroom.

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Chapter-6
Analysis
Timeline of wall embellishment
1. ROCK AGE
Bhimbetka rock shelters- 30,000 yrs ago
1.1. How- The colors used are vegetable colors.
1.2. Why- To describe their communal dances, birds, musical instruments, mothers and
children, pregnant women, men carrying dead animals, drinking and burials appear in
rhythmic movement.
1.3. Reason of endurance-It endured through time because the drawings were generally
made deep inside a niche or on inner walls.
1.4. Present manifestation- This form of art is still use in modern paintings which
shows the rock age and depict the story.
2. BUDDHIST ERA (1 CE – c. 500 CE0)
Ajanta Caves- 2nd century BCE
2.1. How – The paintings are executed on a ground of mud-plaster in the tempera
technique.
Carving and creating 3rd dimension on rock.
2.2. Why – Paintings and sculptures were used as a medium of communicating
Buddha’s teachings about ‘life through successive rebirth’.
2.3. Reason of endurance – Because these colors were made from pebbles and
vegetables found on the nearby hillside which were crushed and ground and then mixed
with glue.
2.4. Present manifestation- Stone carved cultures are used in temples.

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3. MUGHAL ERA (POST-1600)
Taj mahal 1632-1653
3.1. How – carving, painting, and ornamental decoration on marble.
3.2. Why – to depict the mughal culture, their religion and their art.
3.3. Reason of endurance – Because marble is soft enough to carve ,yet long
lasting
1.1. Present manifestation- marble is used in flooring, ornamentation , furniture
,sculpture etc

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 BRITISH ERA (1757-1947)
 Rashtrapati bhavan 1912- 1929
 Contemporary art (c. 1900 CE-present)
 Residential places -2013
Conclusion
ERA CHARECTERSTICS EXAMPLES
ROCK AGE Rock carving
Painting inside the cave
Bhinbhetka, Bhojpur
BUDDHIST ERA Rock carving
Rock painting
Stone sculpture
Ajanta caves,
Aurangabad
MUGHAL ERA Marble carving
Painting
Celligraphy
Domes
Arches
Ornamentation
Taj mahal, Agra
BRITISH ERA Mural Rashtrapati bhavan,
Delhi

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Capitals
Pinnacles
CONTEMPORERY Paintings, murals
Wall sculpture art
Wall paint, wallpaper
Appliqués and borders
Lighting
Wall furniture
Recidences at Mumbai
and Gurgaon
INFERENCES
 By this study my understanding towards the interior design has enhanced with a
flair for designing building with good interior.
 Embellishment of wall in any types of building may achieved a expressive
architectural outlook.
 Embellishment of wall is an attempt to hide or camouflage construction flaws
also.
 Embellishment can be accomplished in multiple ways providing aesthetic quality
and also providing thermal comfort.
 There many good acoustic material that reduces the need of additional heat and
noise control methods.

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Chapter-7
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.invitinghome.com1w1
http://www.gharexpert.com
http://www.homeimprovementpages.com
http://cris-a.hubpages.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panelling
http://www.walltools.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladding
www.theyarelocal.com

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book : building construction (rangwala)