key points are: Ancient Era (Beginning of time to 1600 AD) Non-Muslim (Babylon, China, Egypt, Greek, Turkey) Muslim Era or Golden Era Empiric Era (1600 to 1940 AD) Industrialization Era (1940 to 1970AD) Patient Care Era (1970AD to present) Biotechnology and genetic engineering

1. Physical Pharmacy Lecture Series
Pharmacy
History
Lecture# 03 (Golden Era)
(Muslims Contribution)
By: Pharmacist Tayyeb Official

2. History of Pharmacy
• Ancient Era (Beginning of time to 1600 AD)
• Non-Muslim (Babylon, China, Egypt, Greek, Turkey)
• Muslim Era or Golden Era
• Empiric Era (1600 to 1940 AD)
• Industrialization Era (1940 to 1970AD)
• Patient Care Era (1970AD to present)
• Biotechnology and genetic
engineering

3. • A new civilization brought into existent
among those who obeyed the
preaching of Holy Prophet Muhammad
(P.B.U.H) (last Messenger of Allah)
(570 – 632 AD).
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

4. • Rashidun Caliphate (632-661 AD)
• Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 AD)
• Abbasid Caliphate (750-1517 AD)
• Ottoman Caliphate (1517- 1922 AD)
• 1st Caliphate was Abu Bakar (R.A).
• Last caliphate was Abdul Mejid II.
• Previously, nomadic people who united into
the nations of Islam conquered huge areas of
middle east and Africa and eventually
expanding into Spain and eastern Europe.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

5. Abbasid Caliphate
• In Baghdad, the first Pharmacy was
established in 754 under the Abbasid
caliphate during the Islamic golden
age.
• The clear-cut separation of the two
professions, physicians and Pharmacist
was done in 800 A.D in Abbasid
caliphate.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

6. Abbasid Caliphate
• In 763,
• the first Bimaristan (hospital)
opened in Baghdad
• during the Caliphate of Harun al-
Rashid.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

7. Abbasid Caliphate
• In 763,
• The House of Wisdom was founded
and
• the translation movement was
started by the Abbasid caliph Harun
al-Rashid.
• The caliph would pay it’s weight in
gold for every translated book.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

8. Abbasid Caliphate
• Through the translation movement,
• Muslims traveled to all parts of the world
• to find and translate knowledge from other
civilizations.
• They translated ancient
• Egyptian,
• Hebrew,
• Persian,
• Greek, and
• Roman knowledge into Arabic.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

9. Abbasid Caliphate
• This way they became transmitters of
knowledge
• that was almost lost and forgotten.
• After they had finished
• gathering and learning all the knowledge
they could find in the world,
• they started criticizing (positively),
• By adding their own ideas and
• producing original works of their own.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

10. Jabir bin Hayyan (Abu Musa )(721-815 AD)
• He was one of greatest scientist, Chemist, and
Geologist of his time.
• He was born in Iran.
• He was the 1st scientist who introduced
experimentation in chemistry.
• He invented the practice essence of chemistry
which then lead to the era of industrialization.
• He describe the purification of process of
Gold.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

11. Physical Pharmacy Lecture Series
Sr# Title of lecture
1 Pharmacy Orientation
2 History of pharmacy (Ancient Era)
3 History of pharmacy (Muslims' Era)
4 History of pharmacy (empiric Era)
5 Official book used in pharmacy
6 Solution (basic)
7 Solution (concentration expression)
8 Solution (partition coefficient)
9 Solution (Ideal Vs Real Solution)
10 Solution (colligative properties)

12. Jabir bin Hayyan (Abu Musa )(721-815 AD)
• He is considered by many to be the father of chemistry
because
• he discovered many chemicals e.g.,
• Acetic Acid, Oxalic Acid, Hydrochloric acid,
nitric acid, sulphuric acid.
• He invented aqua regia the only solvent that can
dissolve gold.
• He also developed recipes for
• stained glass and
• described luster-painting on glass.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

13. Jabir bin Hayyan (Abu Musa )(721-815 AD)
• He invented more than twenty types of
laboratory apparatus such as the
• Distillation apparatus and others
• chemical processes such as
• pure distillation, liquefaction,
crystallization, and filtration.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

14. Yahanna-bin-Masawayh (777–857 AD):
• Born in 777 AD as the son of a
pharmacist, he came to Baghdad and
studied under Jabril ibn Bukhtishu.
• He was one of the contributors to
Arabic Pharmacy.
• He became director of a hospital in
Baghdad, and was personal physician
to four caliphs.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

15. Yahanna-bin-Masawayh (Janus Damascenus):
• He composed medical treatises on a number of
topics, including
• ophthalmology,
• fevers,
• leprosy,
• headache,
• Melancholia (a kind of depression),
• dietetics,
• the testing of physicians, and medical
aphorisms.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

16. Yahanna-bin- Masawayh (777–857 AD):
• He wrote a book “Ibn-e- Masawayh”
• which includes 30 aromatics
preparation,
• their Physical properties,
• method of detecting adulteration (spoil)
and
• Pharmacological effects.
• Ibn-e-Masawayh recommended saffron for
liver and stomach ailments.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

17. Al Tabari (ALI BIN SAHL RABBAN )
(783–858 AD) (Amol (Iran), Abbasid Caliphate)
• He wrote a famous book (1st encyclopedia of
medicine)“paradise of wisdom” (Firdous al-Hikmah).
• It contains discussions on the;
• nature of man, cosmology (study of stars),
Embryology, diet and diseases.
• It is divided into 7 sections and 30 parts, with
360 chapters in total.
• He first discovered that the pulmonary
tuberculosis was contagious.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

18. Al Kindi (801-873 AD) (Alkindus)
(Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq as Sabbah)
• He was a great philosopher, scientist,
physician and psychologist.
• He was born in Kufa Iraq.
• He got his early education from Baghdad.
• He plays a significant role in the development
of many branches of science e.g.
Pharmaceutical chemistry, medicine,
Psychology and cosmetics.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

19. Al Kindi (801-873 AD) (works)
• He describes the isolation process of alcohol
form pure wine.
• He describes how to make perfumes.
• He was a first person who uses music for
treatment of psychological problems.
• He describes in detail regarding cosmetics
formulation.
• In his books “Treatise of disease caused by
phlegm” he describe the epilepsy.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

20. In 900,
• the first public library and
• lending library were built in the
Islamic world.
• The library catalog was also
invented in Islamic libraries.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

21. AR RAZI(ABU BAKR MUHAMMAD ibn Zakariya): (864 - 935 AD)
• He was one of the greatest Physician, philosopher
and alchemist in Islam.
• He is student of Al-Kindi.
• He also was supporter of the art of Al-Chemy.
• To a great extent, he influenced the development of
Pharmacy and medical therapy throughout the middle
ages.
• He wrote on logics, astronomy, medicine, grammar
etc. Two of his famous books named as
• Ar-Asrar and Sirr Al-Asrar.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

22. AR RAZI(ABU BAKR MUHAMMAD ibn Zakariya): (864 - 935 AD)
• He enduring contributions to various fields,
• which he recorded in over 200 manuscripts, and is
particularly remembered for numerous advances in
medicine through his
• observations and
• discoveries.
• He is father of
• pediatrics, (1st treatise on pediatrics recorded in over 184 books
and articles) and a pioneer of obstetrics and ophthalmology.
For example,
• he was the first to recognize the reaction of the eye's pupil to light.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

23. AR RAZI(ABU BAKR MUHAMMAD ibn Zakariya): (864 - 935 AD)
Humoral Theory:
• Galen (130-200 AD) postulated humoral
theory called as, Galenic theory i.e. suggest
that illness resulted from imbalance between
4 humors (body fluids i.e. blood, lymph, black
bile from spleen, biliary secretion from liver).
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

24. AR RAZI(ABU BAKR MUHAMMAD ibn Zakariya): (864 - 935 AD)
• According to the Encyclopedia Britannica (1911),
• he was among the first to use humoral theory
to distinguish one contagious disease from
another, and
• wrote a pioneering book about
• smallpox and
• measles
• providing clinical characterization of the
diseases.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

25. AL–BERUNI: (973-1050 AD)
(Abu Rayhan Muhammad Ibn Ahmad)
• He was a great
• Pharmacist,
• Physician and
• Geologist.
• He was born in Khwarizm (Uzbekistan) in 973.
• He describe about API of drug first time in history.
• He works in the development and progress of
pharmacy field.
• He was known as father of Arabic Pharmacy.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

26. AL–BERUNI:
• He has wrote many treaties on herbal medicine.
• He wrote one of the most valuable Islamic works
entitled
• “Kitab-ul-Saydalah” ( the book of drugs )
• where he gave detailed knowledge of more
then 720 herbal drugs.
• He outlined the role of Pharmacy and
• the functions and duties of the
Pharmacist.
• He was died in Ghazni (Afghanistan) in 1950 AD.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

27. AL ZAHRAWI(ABU AL QASIM khalaf ibn al abbas)
(936-1013 AD)
• He was born in city of Azahara, near Cordoba, Andalusia.
• He was Pioneer in the preparation of medicines by
• sublimation and distillation.
• Also he worked on the
• extraction of urinary bladder stones.
• In 1000, he
• published his 30-volume medical encyclopedia,
• the Kitab Al- Tasrif,
• which remained a standard textbook in Muslim
and European universities until the 16th century.
• He has been referred as “father of modern
surgery”.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

28. AL ZAHRAWI: (Abulcasis)
• The book first introduced
• many surgical instruments around 200 and a
variety of other instruments.
• Also covered a broad range of topics,
including surgery, medicine, orthopedics,
ophthalmology, pharmacology, nutrition,
dentistry, childbirth and pathology.
• He also invented the
• Plaster, cotton dressing,
• oral anesthesia,
• inhalational anesthetic, and anesthetic sponge.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

29. IBN-E-SINA: (980-1037 A.D)(Abu Ali Sina)
• He was a great Physician, Chemist, philosophy, pharmacist,
pharmacologist and Astronomer of his time.
• He wrote almost 450 treaties on different
scientific subjects among them 40 treaties are on
medicine.
• His books “ the canon of medicine” , “ Kitab Al
Shifa ( the book of healing ) were used a text book
of medicine many years between 14th to 16th
century.
• Text contains 1st known treatise on clinical trials – provided
foundation for systematic approach to drug testing.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

30. IBN-E-SINA: (980-1037 A.D)(Abu Ali Sina)
• 7 conditions for experimentation (clinical trials) are
mention in book title, “The canon of Medicine”.
• Drug must be pure.
• Drug must be tested for only 1 condition.
• Drugs must be tested in contradictory disease
states.
• Strength of drug must be proportionate to severity
of diseases.
• Time of therapeutic effect must be considered.
• Drug must be observed for continued action.
• Drug must be tested in humans before judgment.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

31. IBN-E-SINA: (980-1037 A.D)(Abu Ali Sina)
• He was born in Afshana, Bukhara, Uzbekistan.
• Western world called “IBN-e-Sina” as “Avicenna”.
• He was the 1st person who describe the different
psychiatric diseases. E.g.,
• Depression, Insomnia,
• Dementia, Mania etc., in detail.
• He describes the risk factors of clinical trials and the
idea of a syndrome, and early cancer therapy.
• He was the person who 1st describe steam
distillation.
• He firstly describe the procedure of diagnosis of any disease.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

32. Ibn Zuhr (1094-1162 AD)(Abu marwan Abd al Malik)
(Avenzoar)
• He was great
• Physician, Surgeon and Pharmacist.
• He was a Arab Muslim who was born in Seville
(capital of southern Spain) he got his early education
in Spain and done his research work also in Spain.
• He firstly describe the procedure for dissection and
autopsy.
• His major work, Al-Taysir fil Mudawat wal Tadbir
(“Book of simplification concerning Therapeutics and
Diet”), was influential to the progress of surgery.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

33. Ibn Zuhr (1094-1162 AD)(Abu marwan Abd al Malik)
• He was the first person who describe experimental surgery,
• so he was consider to the father of experimental
surgery.
• He was 1st person who describe the use of inhaled
Anesthetics.
• So, he was consider to the pioneer of modern
anesthesiology.
• He done remarkable work and contribution to subject
pharmacology (Clinical, neuro, cancer, reproduction,
toxicology).
• He wrote an early pharmacopoeia which was printed out in
1419.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

34. Ibn Al Nafis (1213-1288 AD)
(Ala al Din abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi)
• He was the one of greatest
• Physician, Anatomist, Physiologist,
Pharmacology, Sociologist of his time.
• He was born in Damascus, Syria and later he
moved to Cairo, Egypt and done his research
work here.
• He describe regarding capillary and coronary
circulation.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

35. Ibn Al Nafis (1213-1288 AD)
• He was 1st person who writes about pulse
rate.
• He was 1st person who describe the
pulmonary circulation.
• He describes in details the anatomy and
physiology of respiratory system,
genitourinary system and GIT.
• He has worked in the development of over
100 drugs.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

36. Al-Ghafiqi (Abu Jafar):
• Uncertain birth and death date.
• He was 12th century Andalusian Arab
• botanist,
• pharmacologist,
• physician and
• scholar
• from Ghafiq near Cordoba in southern Iberian
peninsula called al-Andalus, a region of mixed
culture, religions, and languages.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

37. Al-Ghafiqi (Abu Jafar):
• He wrote
• “Kitab fil adwiya al mufrada” (lists the
names of drugs in as many as 12 languages)
(book of simples drugs),
• a remarkable compendium of some 400
hand drawn and coloured images of plants
and animals,
• also known as “Herbal of al-Ghafiqi”.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

38. Al-Ghafiqi (Abu Jafar):
• Herbal and botanical gardens, generally,
have been greatly prized in the Arab
world.
• The gardens of al-Andalus were no
exception, giving
• Al-Ghafiqi ample access to specimens
• for describing and
• illustrating.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

39. First Largest Hospital:
• In 1285,
• The largest hospital of the Middle Ages
and
• pre-modern era was built in Cairo, Egypt,
• by Sultan Qalaun al-Mansur.
• Treatment was given
• for free to patients of all backgrounds,
• regardless of gender, ethnicity or
monthly income.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

40. Summary of Golden Era
• The sciences in Arabic-Islamic world
underwent remarkable development
during the 8th to 13th centuries C.E.,
• A flowering of knowledge and intellect
that later spread throughout Europe and
greatly influenced both medical practice
and education.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

41. Summary of Golden Era:
• Now in the 21st century the West
and the Muslims are starting to
rediscover this golden age of Islamic
Science and
• books and many documentaries
• are being produced on this
subject.
History of Pharmacy

42. History of Pharmacy
• Ancient Era (Beginning of time to 1600 AD)
• Non-Muslim (Babylon, China, Egypt, Greek, Turkey)
(Lecture No. 02)
• Muslim Era or Golden Era
(Lecture No. 03)

43. Summary of Ancient Era:
• New chemicals and compounds were
introduced and studied.
• The knowledge of medicine became
separated from Physicians (diagnosis).
• Extensive pharmaceutical knowledge
and information was created.
• 1st time to think someone that
University education are requirements
to become specialist of medicine.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)

44. End
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