Orientation to various theories and its implications

1. Anumol Mathew
Student teacher
PKM college of education

3. Learning is a function of certain
processes

5. Stages of development
Sensorimotor Stage: Birth through about 2 years.
children learn about the world through their senses and the
manipulation of objects.
Preoperational Stage: Ages 2 through 7.
children develop memory and imagination. They are also able to
understand things symbolically, and to understand the ideas of
past and future.
Concrete Operational Stage: Ages 7 through 11.
children become more aware of external events, as well as feelings
other than their own. They become less egocentric, and begin to
understand that not everyone shares their thoughts, beliefs, or
feelings.
Formal Operational Stage: Ages 11 and older.
children are able to use logic to solve problems, view the world
around them, and plan for the future.

7. Instruction must be appropriate to the level of the learners
The teachers must revisit material to enhance knowledge.
Material must be presented in a sequence giving the learners the
opportunity to:
a. acquire and construct knowledge,
b. transform and transfer his learning.
Students should be involved in using their prior experiences and
structures to learn new knowledge.
Help students to categorize new information in order to able to
see similarities and differences between items.
Teachers should assist learners in building their knowledge. This
assistance should fade away as it becomes unnecessary.
Teachers should provide feedback that is directed towards
intrinsic motivation. Grades and competition are not helpful in the
learning process. Bruner states that learners must “experience
success and failure not as reward and punishment, but as
information” (Bruner 1961, p. 26)

8. chaining
Verbal association
Problem solving
Principle learning
Concept learning
Multiple discrimination
Stimulus response learning
Signal learning

11. t

13. it also throw a light on corporative learning which
could create a huge difference in existing educational
system
scaffolding are introduced through this theory by
which children may acquire new skills abilities and
may gain confidence for problem solving themselves.
this theories have an impact on social cognitive and
behavioural pattern of children which will have an
influence on education also
Vygotsky’s theory promotes learning contexts
in which students play an active
role in learning. Roles of the teacher and
student are therefore shifted, as a teacher
should collaborate with his or her students in
order to help facilitate meaning construction in
students. Learning therefore becomes a
reciprocal experience for the students and
teacher.

14. Human intelligence has
multiple factors
These factors are present
in all through not of equal
measures

19. Gardner, who is a trained psychologist,
believes that this theory is best used as a tool
to achieve a goal. Generally, a teacher may
want to begin the school year by observing
students’ play at recess or interactions with
other students during free time to learn their
strengths in each of the multiple intelligences
to help with development of lesson plans.
Helping students to learn in an effective way is
a goal of all educators, and use of the multiple
intelligences theory is another tool for
teachers to use to reach that goal.