3. Common nouns are not capitalized: person, school,
idea
Proper nouns are capitalized: Oakland, California,
Ms. Agard
4. There are singular nouns: class, house, person
There are plural nouns: classes, houses, people
5. Some plurals are regular: classes, houses
Some plurals are irregular: people, children
6. Some nouns are are count nouns and have singular
and plural forms: class/classes, house/houses,
person/people, child/children
Some nouns are non-count nouns and have no
plural form: time, water, rice, money
7. Some nouns are are always count nouns and have singular
and plural forms: house/houses, person/people,
child/children
Some nouns are always non-count nouns and have no
plural form: rice, money
Some nouns can be count OR non-count depending on
meaning: I have studied this lesson three times (count) OR
Now I don’t have any more time to study (non-count)
11. RELATIVE PRONOUNS begin an adjective clause:
that, which, who, whom, whose, where, when
The student who is sitting next to me is a friend of mine.
The grammar class that I took last semester was
easier than this one.
12. Some of the same words that we use as relative pronouns
are also used as QUESTION WORDS:
what, which, who, whom, whose, where, when, how
Who is sitting next to you?
Which grammar class did you take last semester?
15. QUANTIFIERS are adjectives that tell or ask how
much or how many:
some, many, any, much
I have some money in my wallet.
How much do you have?
16. Sometimes we use a noun for an adjective.
This is called a noun modifier:
I’m taking a grammar class.
Do you have much computer experience?
17. VERBS
Every sentence has a main verb:
He can speak English well.
We are reviewing parts of speech.
Did you finish your homework?
18. VERBS
Sometimes there are also main verbs = auxiliary
verbs:
He can speak English well.
We are reviewing parts of speech.
Did you finish your homework?
19. VERBS
Sometimes there are also main verbs = auxiliary
verbs. These words can be helping verbs:
am/is/are/was/were
has/have/had
modals like can/will/ should
20. VERBS
Sometimes there are also main verbs = auxiliary
verbs. These words can be helping verbs:
am/is/are/was/were
has/have/had
modals like can/will/ should
21. MODALS are special helping verbs that are followed
by the base form of another verb.
You should speak English in this class.
I must learn English.
I can go to school.
Would, will, shall, could, may, might
22. VERBS can be active or passive voice:
Active voice: Ms. Agard teaches this class.
Passive voice: This class is taught by Ms. Agard.
23. In English, a verb always has a tense:
Present tense: I go to school every day.
Past tense: I didn’t go to school yesterday.
Future tense: I will go to school tomorrow.
24. Every verb has three parts:
present form = base form/past form/past participle
talk/talked/talked
go/went/gone
teach/taught/taught
26. Present participle
base form + -ing
I don’t like going to the dentist (gerund)
He is talking to me right now. (main verb)
That was an exciting movie. (adjective)
27. Infinitive
to + base form of the verb
I like to swim.
It’s too cold to have a picnic today.
33. CONJUNCTIONS (FANBOYS)
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Conjunctions are used to combine two complete
sentences:
It’s a nice day today, so I didn’t bring my umbrella.
It rained last weekend, but now it’s sunny.
34. A SUBORDINATOR = SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION begins an
adverb clause.
We a have a lot of them:
because, if, when, until, while …
A subordinator may come in the middle of a sentence or at the
beginning:
I’m taking this class because I need to learn more grammar.
If it rains tomorrow, I won’t walk to school.
