Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the major environmental issues in cities of many developing countries, including Nepal. Urbanization, Industrialization and economic development has led to increasing generation of municipal solid waste (MSW). The use of products that generate hazardous waste is another concern. Unmanaged disposal of medical wastes from hospitals and clinics also contribute to pollution and public health hazards in the localities. Therefore, SWM has become a major concern for the municipalities of Nepal. The total sample size of 21 from the households, Restaurants, Hotels, commercial shops (including Fruit shop, Barber shop, Spectacle shop, Library, Book shop etc.) were collected around Kathmandu municipality.

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Survey Report
Of
Solid Waste Management
Environmental Biotechnology
B.Tech in Biotechnology
Prepared By: Submitted to:
Dewaka Poudel Astha shakya
7th
semester Environmental Biotechnology
B.tech in Biotechnology Department of Biotechnology

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Executive summary:
Unplanned industrialization, Rapid and uncontrolled urbanization, lack of public awareness,
and poor management by municipalities have caused the increase in solid waste, including
unsanitary waste management and disposal. While solid waste management (SWM) has
become a major concern for municipalities and the country as a whole, the status of SWM is
not fully understood due to the lack of SWM baseline data, which are also essential for effective
planning. The survey was conducted by means of a questionnaire asked to the general people
to complete.
The main objective of the Solid waste management (SWM) survey was to derive systematic
and comprehensive data and information on SWM, including the quantity and composition of
municipal solid waste (MSW) and other factual information. The total sample size of 21 from
the households, Restaurant, Hotel, commercial shops (including Fruit shop, Barber shop,
Spectacle shop, Library, Book shop etc.)Were collected. The household waste generation rates
varied depending on economic status and climatic conditions. The waste composition analysis
indicated that the highest waste fraction was Plastic (34.7%), followed by Organic waste
(26%), paper and paper products (10.8%) and glass (8.6%).Metal (tin) accounted for 6.5%. The
electronic waste accounted for 6.5%, boxes 4.3% and hair waste form cosmetic 2.1%.
Introduction:
Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the major environmental issues in cities of many
developing countries, including Nepal. Urbanization, Industrialization and economic
development has led to increasing generation of municipal solid waste (MSW). The use of
products that generate hazardous waste is another concern. Unmanaged disposal of medical
wastes from hospitals and clinics also contribute to pollution and public health hazards in the
localities. Therefore, SWM has become a major concern for the municipalities of Nepal. The
total sample size of 21 from the households, Restaurants, Hotels, commercial shops (including
Fruit shop, Barber shop, Spectacle shop, Library, Book shop etc.) were collected around
Kathmandu municipality.

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Fig:Map indicating location: sample collection
Objectives of the Study:
The main objectives of this study is to determine the Solid waste generation and its
composition, and to present the status, practices, and issues of SWM in that particular area of
observation. The specific objectives of the study are to;
 Determine household waste generation and composition of household waste.
 Estimate the quantity and composition of institutional and commercial waste.
 Determine the current practices of SWM in terms of segregation, collection, treatment,
and final disposal.
 Assess the level of services and human resources in SWM.
 Identify key challenges and solutions for improving SWM.
Methodology:
The survey was conducted by means of a questionnaire asked to the general people to
complete. The part of the questionnaire deals with Name of that particular person,
Institution/organisation/house number and address of them, Education qualification, Types of
solid waste that they generate. The second section was concerned with Yes /No questions: Do
you know about: degradable or non-degradable? , Do you segregate your waste? , Are you
practicing 3Rs reduce, reuse and recycle? Along with this people were asked: How do they
dispose their waste? And to give some useful opinions and suggestions for the management of
solid waste.
Solid waste generation:
The average composition of solid waste in the eight major waste categories is shown in Figure
1.

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The waste composition analysis indicates that the highest waste fraction is Plastic (34.7%),
followed by Organic waste (26%), paper and paper products (10.8%) and glass (8.6%).Metal
(tin) accounted for 6.5%. The electronic waste accounted for 6.5%, boxes 4.3% and hair waste
form cosmetic 2.1%. The increase in organic content indicates a need for frequent collection
and removal, as well as good prospects for organic waste resource recovery. The content of
major reusable and recyclable materials (i.e., plastic, paper and paper products, metal, glass,
rubber and leather, and textiles) comprised 74% on average.
A higher percentage of plastics was generally found in waste from shops, while the organic
fraction was observed to be higher in hotels and restaurants. More glass was found in
commercial waste than in household and institutional waste, indicating the presence of beer
and wine bottles discarded by hotel guests.
Solid waste management system:
A. Collection and Segregation
The study found that only few of surveyed commercial areas in the municipalities
practice segregation of waste at source; which means that waste generated from
commercial areas in municipalities goes to the stream for collection and disposal by the
municipalities in the form of mixed waste. The households surveyed in some of the
municipalities, especially from the rural wards, were found to segregate kitchen waste
for their own purposes, such as composting, feeding cattle etc.
People dispose of waste within their compound either by unscientific composting, open
burning, or throwing the waste in the surrounding open space. Container service, door-
to-door collection, and roadside pickup from open piles or containers are the types of
collection service generally practiced in municipalities.
plastic boxes paper glass tin
electronic
waste
hair
food
waste
Series1 34.782609 4.3478261 10.869565 8.6956522 6.5217391 6.5217391 2.173913 26.086957
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Percentage
Types of waste
Fig.0.Types of waste generated

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B. Transport and Final Disposal
The vehicles and equipment are available for waste collection and transport. Vehicles
commonly used include rickshaws for primary collection, tractors for secondary
collection or transport, and dump trucks for transport to the disposal sites.
According to given figure.1.Around 87% of total of them dispose waste using carrying
vehicle to dumping site. About 9% of them perform composting and 4% of them burn
the waste.
C. Resource Recovery Methods
Although resource recovery from managing Solid Waste has the potential to reduce
such burdens and even generate revenue, this study found that minimal resource
recovery activities are being conducted which include following things:
1. Recycling, Reusing, and Reducing:
According to fig.2. 60% of total of them are familiar with the concept of 3Rs and practicing it.
Whereas 40% of total of them are not familiar with the concept of 3Rs and are not practicing
it.
Waste carrying
Vehicle to
dumping site
87%
Burning of waste
4%
Composting
9%
Fig.1.Types of solid waste disposal method performed :
Waste carrying Vehicle to dumping site Burning of waste Composting
40%
60%
Fig.2. Are you practicing 3Rs,Reduce, Reuse and Recycle?
Yes
No

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According to fig.3. 12.5% people use Reduce as a resource recovery method. 25% uses Reuse
as a resource recovery method. 50% uses both Reduce and Reuse as a resource recovery
method. About 12.5 % uses all 3Rs as a resource recovery method.
The commercial waste could be either reused or recycled, excluding organic waste. However,
no formal system was observed for reuse and recycling in most municipalities. While it is
encouraging to note that people recover recyclable materials at source and sell them to the
formal or informal sectors, a large amount of recyclable material continues to be disposed of
on the streets and ends up at the dumping grounds.
2. Composting:
Organic materials can be used for producing compost. Most of them are in the rural areas of
the municipalities and manage their household waste using traditional composting methods.
However, urban households are not generally practicing composting.
According to fig.4. 90% of total of them are well known about biodegradable or non-
degradable waste. Whereas 10% of total of them are unknown about degradable or non-
degradable waste. Biodegradable waste is used for composting process.
12.5
25
0 0 0
50
12.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Reduce Reuse Recycle Reduce and
Recycle
Recycle and
Reuse
Reduce and
Reuse
ALL
Fig.3:Which 3Rs are you practicing?
90%
10%
Fig.4.Do you know about: degradable or nondegradable waste?
yes
no

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Public Awareness and Community Mobilization:
Lack of public awareness is one of the major problems of SWM. Several municipalities
collaborate with other stakeholders such as the SWMTSC, NGOs, and CBOs to undertake
public campaigns. Municipalities have conducted SWM awareness and promotion of 3R
activities in collaboration with educational institution.
Opinion and suggestions:
One of the most important and most common solution of every problems is generating
awareness Program and campaign from Ground Level. Containers in the houses/parks with
different color coding: Black(non-biodegradable waste), Blue(Electronic waste), Yellow(Paper
and paper product waste),Green(Biodegradable waste ),Red(Glasses waste) etc.is an effective
measure for proper separation of the different types of waste. Gamification for electronic waste
management: organizing competition, cashback voucher provision by returning the bottle to
the seller (pay deposit system).Managing Biodegradable waste by applying different methods
like Composting etc. Recycling, Reusing and reducing degradable waste. Generating effective
and strict rules and regulation from the Municipalities and so on.
Conclusion:
The objective of the Solid waste management (SWM) survey was to conduct a systematic and
comprehensive study to quantify Solid Waste and its composition. The waste composition
analysis indicated that the highest waste fraction was Plastic (34.7%), followed by Organic
waste (26%), paper and paper products (10.8%) and glass (8.6%).Metal (tin) accounted for
6.5%.The content of major reusable and recyclable materials (i.e., plastic, paper and paper
products, metal, glass, rubber and leather, and textiles) comprised 74% on average.
Municipalities are unable to manage MSW effectively and efficiently because of the lack of
technical and human resources, statistical records, and proper planning, as well as insufficient
budget and lack of political leadership.
Based on the survey outputs, following recommendations have been identified: Development
of policy, strategy, and guidelines; Promotion of 3R;Strengthening the capacity of local
bodies; Public participation and consultation; Cost recovery; (vi) improvements toward
integrated management; Public–private partnership; and Data management, updating, and
dissemination. The outputs of this survey are expected to be used to implement proper SWM
starting from waste segregation at source, efficient and hygienic collection and transport,
resource recovery, and safe disposal.

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