The document discusses solid waste management in Nepal and the opportunities and challenges of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in this area. It notes that solid waste management is a major challenge for municipalities in Nepal. While some innovative practices involving PPPs and community participation have emerged, municipalities still face issues like lack of funding, management capacity, and coordination with private partners. The case study of Biratnagar Municipality highlights how its PPP with a private operator helped improve waste collection coverage and make the system financially sustainable. Overall, the document argues that PPPs can help improve waste management performance if contracts are transparent and communities are engaged, but challenges like resistance to change and lack of private sector capacity remain.

1. 1
Seminar on
PPP in management of solid waste at municipal level : Challenges and
opportunities
Under cordial guidance of
Hari Prasad Kaphle
Lecturer(Public Health)
School of Health and Allied Sciences
By
Binita Acharya
Reg.no.: 2015-1-37-0011
At
Faculty of Health Sciences
Pokhara University
Pokhara-30,Kaski
2019

2. Introduction
Solid waste
Solid waste is any discarded or abandoned materials or an by product of
human activities .
Can be solid, liquid, semi-solid or containerized gaseous material.
Tends to increase with rapid urbanization, improved living standards
and changing consumption patterns.
According to a survey done by Nepal's Central Bureau of Statistics
(CBS), solid waste management is the most important environmental
problem in urban areas of Nepal.
2
Solid waste management in Nepal; www.wateraid.org/nepal,New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

3. Solid waste management
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is a comprehensive
waste collection, treatment, recovery and disposal method that aims to
provide environmental sustainability, economic affordability and
social acceptance for any specific region.
Key role player of Integrated SWM System :
1. Private Party/Institute/ CBOs
2. Public/Community
3. Local bodies (Municipality)
3
Solid Waste Management System in Municipality’s of NEPAL

4. Waste management hierarchy
4
Solid Waste Management System in Municipality’s of NEPAL
Prevention
Reduction
Recycling
Recovery
Disposal
Least preferred
Most preferred

5. Waste Minimization in SWM system
Waste segregation
Waste collection
Waste transportation
Waste treatment
Waste disposal
5Solid Waste Management System in Municipality’s of NEPAL

6. Public private partnerships
Public–private partnerships (PPPs) can be defined as the transfer and
control of a good or a service currently provided by the public sector,
either in whole or in part, to the private sector.
It involves a wide range of private sector participation in public
services and serves as a potential strategic management tool.
6
Massoud, M & El-Fadel, Mutasem. (2002). Public-Private
Partnerships for Solid Waste Management Services.
Environmental management. 30. 621-30. 10.1007/s00267-002-
2715-6.

7. SWM in Nepal
In Nepal, there is a immense pressure on municipal services.
Most of the wastes generated are not being adequately managed.
Serious health and environmental hazard is creating, where the
residents have less capacity to pay for better services and are often
ignored by the official agencies.
Poor urban settlements are most affected because of indiscriminate
dumping and lack of open spaces.
7Solid waste management in Nepal; www.wateraid.org/nepal

8. Situation of SWM in Nepal
Managing solid waste is one of the major challenges of urbanization.
Many urban areas face difficulties with the provision of basic services.
Municipalities are wholly responsible for the collection, transport,
treatment, and final disposal of solid waste.
 Many are not well equipped to do the job.
 Almost all lack finance and management capabilities to be both
effective and efficient in this area.
8
Solid Waste Management in Nepal: Current Status and Policy
Recommendations,August 2013

9. Solid Waste Management in Nepal: Current Status and Policy
Recommendations,August 2013
9
Contd…….
The findings in 58 municipalities suggest municipalities need to radically
improve management practices to reduce, reuse, and recycle waste.
ADB has been financing solid waste management projects along these
lines in recent years and expects to see improvement in this area.
Rapid and uncontrolled urbanization, lack of public awareness, and poor
management by municipalities have intensified environmental problems in
towns in Nepal, including unsanitary waste management and disposal.

10. Contd…….
The status of SWM is not fully understood due to the lack of SWM
baseline data, which are also essential for effective planning.
The study conducted in Kathmandu concludes that we do not require
any new instrument to address solid waste problems;
Instead, it needs creation of local resources, execution of local codes,
commitment from central government and involvement of private
sector to allow free exercise of the existing policies.
10
Dangi MB, Schoenberger E, Boland JJ. Assessment of environmental policy implementation in solid waste management in Kathmandu, Nepal. Waste
management & research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA. 2017;35(6):618-26.

11. Solid waste management in Nepal; www.wateraid.org/nepal;Solid Waste Management in Nepal: Current
Status and Policy Recommendations,August 2013
11
Public private partnership( PPP)in Nepal
l
Challenges to
municipalities
Local bodies
Innovative
approaches
Cost effective
services
Private sectors Effective results
Coordination and
partnership

12. Contd…….
Which include door-to-door collection system in some areas of
Kathmandu and several other municipalities, plastic collection and
recycling systems with community and private sector participation in
Hetauda and Bharatpur, composting in Kathmandu and Bhaktapur,
medical waste management in Hetauda and landfilling in
Tribhuwannagar.
As waste is generated by the people, their participation is essential.
Some municipalities have realized this fact and initiated programmes.
12Solid waste management in Nepal; www.wateraid.org/nepal

13. For example; Kathmandu Metropolitan City has a separate Community
Mobilization Unit (CMU) which include following programmes:
Children and Environment
City Volunteer
Community Participation and Training
Mass Education
 Several municipalities have established hundreds of organizations at the
local level, which are being mobilized to promote recycling and waste
management at the household and community level.
13Solid waste management in Nepal; www.wateraid.org/nepal
Contd…….

14. The increased interest in PPPs can be
attributed to:(Benefits of PPs)
Improved performance of the public sector by employing innovative
operation and maintenance methods,
Reduced and stabilized costs of providing services by ensuring that
work activities are performed by the most productive and cost
effective means,
Access to private capital for infrastructure investment by broadening
and deepening the supply of domestic and international capital,
14
Solid waste management in Nepal; www.wateraid.org/nepal;Massoud, M & El-Fadel, Mutasem. (2002). Public-
Private Partnerships for Solid Waste Management Services. Environmental management. 30. 621-30.
10.1007/s00267-002-2715-6.

15. Contd…….
Improved environmental protection by dedicating highly skilled
personnel to ensure efficient operation and compliance with
environmental requirements,
Improved efficiency,
Reduce the need for municipal investment,
Share risks associated with introducing a new technology or system.
15
Solid waste management in Nepal; www.wateraid.org/nepal;Massoud, M & El-Fadel, Mutasem. (2002). Public-
Private Partnerships for Solid Waste Management Services. Environmental management. 30. 621-30.
10.1007/s00267-002-2715-6.

16. Challenges
Traditionally been a distinctly municipal responsibility in Nepal.
 The in-effective governance of the authorities responsible for solid
waste management has led to the presence of significant amounts of
unmanaged waste.
Local bodies are experiencing difficulties in developing management
plans due to the lack of SWM baseline information.
Solid waste is visibly the worst environmental problem.
16
Public-Private Partnership in Solid Waste Management Contributing to MDGs 1 and7 in Biratnagar ;Solid Waste
Management in Nepal: Current Status and Policy Recommendations,August 2013

17. Contd…….
No provision for a separate section
Inadequate equipment and technical manpower, and capacity building
activities
Lack of empirical evidences and research based data and statistical
records as well as awareness and information and strategic planning
Inadequate budget
 Little or no public private participation; and Political intervention.
17
Surya Man Shakya, Nawa Raj Khatiwada and Alpha Thapa,
DIAGNOSTIC REPORT ON SWM IN NEPAL: KEY ISSUES,
CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

18. Contd…….
Moreover,
Inadequate policies and guidelines
Inadequate planning
Lack of capable and reliable private parties
Insufficient coordination between municipalities and private parties
Resistance from municipal staff, who fear loosing their jobs and are
satisfied with the status quo.
18Solid waste management in Nepal; www.wateraid.org/nepal

19. Ways forward
There is an urgent need for municipalities to learn from the few
successful innovative practices and replicate them.
As waste collection is the most expensive part of any waste
management system, municipalities need to increase the efficiency of
their waste collection systems.
Introducing on-time or door-to-door collection system.
19Solid waste management in Nepal; www.wateraid.org/nepal

20. Opportunities
In order to maximize waste recycling the private sector should be
encouraged to set up and operate waste recycling and composting
facilities.
Non-recyclable waste should be managed in sanitary landfills with
appropriate systems for pollution control such as buffer zones, proper
drainage, and covering material.
Hazardous medical waste should not be mixed with ordinary waste.
20Solid waste management in Nepal; www.wateraid.org/nepal

21. Contd…….
The municipality should seek ways to optimize the system and collect
service fee from the people in order to ensure that the waste
management system as a whole is financially sustainable.
 The private sector and community groups can be involved in waste
management to reduce cost and increase efficiency.
The process of involving the private sector should be clear and
transparent which helps to monitor the performance of the private
operator.
21Solid waste management in Nepal; www.wateraid.org/nepal

22. Case study
The Municipality was not able to provide a door-to-door collection
service or sanitary disposal of solid wastes.
The institutionalized form of PPP in Nepal started with the Ministry of
Local Development executed and UNDP funded Public-Private
Partnerships for Urban Environment (PPPUE) project in 2002.
With this initiation, the Biratnagar Municipality became the first
Municipality to involve private sector in SWM.
22UNDP Nepal
Managing solid waste through public private
partnership
Sep 30, 2011
Biratnagar Municipality

23. Contd…….
Currently, the entire solid waste management in Biratnagar is handled
by ‘Health and Peace for Environment’..
“The main functions carried out by us are household collection of
wastes, street sweeping, roadside drain cleaning, removal of dead
animals, recruitment and training of waste management for staff,
public and local residents.” - Mani Dahal, vice chairperson
23UNDP Nepal

24. Contd…….
The private operator collects fees from the households to cover
operational and administrative costs of the collection.
The most challenging part is the awareness of the community.
With the project’s success, the project’s focus has now turned towards
revenue generating possibilities such as recycling products,
establishing compost chambers to produce fertilizers, bio-gas attached
to toilets etc.
24UNDP Nepal

25. Contd…….
PPPUE also aims to facilitate the sustainability of community based
efforts.
Training of local school teachers on source segregation and other
waste management techniques to ensure the information is transmitted
to students and, through them, to parents as well.
PPPUE has helped to turn this municipal service into a commercially
viable enterprise, which has helped to provide both; basic services to
the community and employment opportunity for the people
25UNDP Nepal

26. Contd…….
PPPUE is supporting to bring private, community or other non-state
actor involvement in service delivery and infrastructure traditionally
provided through the public sector in five priority sector:
 Solid waste management
 Urban sanitation
 Water supply and distribution
 Renewable energy and
 Roads and transportation service.
26UNDP Nepal

27. Bibliographies
1. Man Shakya, Surya & Khatiwada, Nawa Raj & Thapa, Alpha. (2013). DIAGNOSTIC REPORT ON SWM IN NEPAL: KEY ISSUES,
CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD.
2. Massoud, M & El-Fadel, Mutasem. (2002). Public-Private Partnerships for Solid Waste Management Services. Environmental
management. 30. 621-30. 10.1007/s00267-002-2715-6.
3. Dangi MB, Schoenberger E, Boland JJ. Assessment of environmental policy implementation in solid waste management in
Kathmandu, Nepal. Waste management & research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing
Association, ISWA. 2017;35(6):618-26.
4. https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-
partnership/sites/ppp.worldbank.org/files/ppp_testdumb/documents/Project%20Library_Stories%20from%20the%20Field_N
epal_Biratnagar.pdf
5. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/30366/solid-waste-management-nepal.pdf
6. http://dhankutamun.gov.np/sites/dhankutamun.gov.np/files/Solid%20Waste%20Management%20System.pdf
7. file:///C:/Users/DELL/Desktop/SWM/solid%20waste%20management%20nepal.pdf
8. http://www.np.undp.org/content/nepal/en/home/presscenter/articles/2011/09/30/managing-solid-waste-through-public-
private-partnership.html
9. https://www.adb.org/publications/solid-waste-management-nepal-current-status-and-policy-recommendations
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