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1. Building Services –VI
Course objective:
To understand the role and nature of basic services required at
the settlement / neighbourhood /campus level.

2. UNIT –III : Sanitation and Drainage
Drainage and sanitation requirements of buildings;
Sewage and Garbage Disposal;
Objectives and Methods of disposal systems;
Various methods of treatment of waste;
Rain water harvesting systems.
Case Study: Analysis of a project focusing on the sanitation and drainage services.
Application: In a design studio project.

3. Waste Problem in Rural Areas in India
In India especially in rural areas, waste is a severe threat to the public health
concern and cleanliness.
Though, the form of waste (both solid and liquid) generated in rural areas is
predominantly organic and biodegradable yet becoming a major problem to the
overall sustainability of the ecological balance.
For e.g. it is estimated that rural people in India are generating liquid waste (grey
water) of the order of 15,000 to 18,000 million liters and solid waste
(organic/recyclable) 0.3 to 0.4 million metric tons per day respectively.

4. As a result, in the absence of proper disposal of solid and liquid waste (greywater
and waste water from the hand pump), they are leading to vector born diseases
such as diarrhoea, Malaria, Polio, Dengue, Cholera, Typhoid, and other water borne
infections. Close to 88% of the total disease load is due to lack of clean water and
sanitation and the improper solid and liquid waste management-which intensify
their occurrence, e.g.
a. 5 of the 10 top killer diseases of children aged 1-14 in rural areas are related to
water and sanitation
b. Almost 1500 children die every day from diarrhoeal diseases
c. The water and sanitation related disease not only affects the nutritional status
of the children but also impacts their attendance in the school. Close to 50% of
school going children in rural areas do not reach class V.

5. Even the global statistics show:
a. 1.8 million people die every year from diarrhoeal diseases (including cholera);
90% of them are children under 5, mostly in developing countries.
b. 1.3 million people die of malaria each year, 90% of whom are children under 5 .
c. An estimated 160 million people are infected with schistosomiasis. It is strongly
related to unsanitary excreta disposal and absence of safe water sources.

6. Objectives of Solid Liquid Waste Management in Rural Areas
a) To protect human health and improve quality of life among people living in rural
areas
b) To reduce environment pollution and make rural areas clean
c) To promote recycling and reuse of both solid and liquid waste
d) To convert bio waste into energy for ensuring greater energy security at village
level
e) To generate employment for rural poor by offering new opportunities in waste
management by adopting cost effective and environmentally sound waste water
and solid waste treatment technologies

7. STRATEGY
a) Creation of awareness among key development policy makers and implementers at all levels
regarding the advantages of SLWM in rural areas and its potential in health & environment
protection, recycling and reuse of waste, generating employment, and providing energy
security.
b) GP/village based action plan should be developed with the involvement of local community.
c) Waste management should primarily be focused at household level for sustainability and cost
effectiveness. Certain elements which cannot be managed at the household level should be
managed at the community level.
d) All sections of rural households should have equal access to safe disposal of waste water and
solid waste management. Appropriate technologies suited to their needs and means should
be made available to them.
e) SLWM should be planned and implemented following demand responsive approaches,
involving all stakeholders from the beginning and ensuring transparency in management and
decision making processes.
f) Appropriate partnerships with local NGOs, Women SHGs, and Private sector (if necessary)
may be developed.

8. Management Approach
The waste is generally generated at household level and also at community level
e.g. market, common streets etc.
In order to properly manage this waste with minimum effort and cost, focus must be
on management at the household level.
The waste which cannot be managed at household level and that collected from
market place should be handled at the community level.
Simply, only cost effective and decentralized user friendly technologies should be
disseminated.
The following steps may be followed for introducing community based Solid Liquid
Waste Management System:
a. Information Collection,
b. Participatory Planning and
c. Preparation of GP/Block level action plan.

9. Step 1: Information collection:
In order to draw up a plan of action for community based SLWM in an area, it is
essential to know the exact number of houses, institutions and commercial
establishments to determine the types and amounts of waste generated in the area.
The Survey findings through data collection will also serve as documents for
introducing the system. For developing the SLWM plan of the GP/Block, the following
information may be collected following rapid rural survey of the community.
i. No. of Households
ii. Total Population
iii. Details about shops, marriage halls, market, commercial establishments, etc
iv. Community map of the area
v. Existing system and practice of waste management
vi. Quantum of solid and liquid waste generated per day
vii. Local body’s approach and future plans for SLWM
viii. Details of vacant spaces available in the local body
ix. Details and activities of NGOs & CBOs, e.g. Women Self help Groups etc available
in the village.

10. Step 2: Participatory planning:
a. The data collected is to be analyzed along with the representatives of the community.
b. The community should be informed about various technology options for SLWM both at
household as well as community level and accordingly technology options should be
decided.
c. Based on the discussions with the community, SLWM action plan should be prepared.
Step 3: Preparation of GP/block level action plan:
a. Social mobilization and awareness generation: It should focus on inter personal
communication, focused group discussion, technology demonstration and exposure
visits to successful sites
b. Technology options: Household and community level technological options with
approximate cost estimates should be worked out
c. Operation and maintenance: Success of a technology depends upon proper O&M at
the household and community level. This aspect should be discussed in detail during
planning process and incorporated in the action plan.