This document discusses genetic engineering and transgenic crops. It defines genetic engineering as using technologies to modify genomes and transfer genes within and between species. Transgenesis is introducing a transgene from one organism into another to produce a transgenic organism with a new trait. Common transgenic crops mentioned include golden rice, Bt brinjal, Bt cotton, GM tomato, Bt corn, GM potato, and omega-3 canola. Methods for creating transgenic crops include Agrobacterium transformation and gene gun delivery. Transgenic crops offer benefits like biotic/abiotic stress resistance and improved nutrition, but also pose challenges like gene flow and potential health effects that require further research.

1. Presented by: Group-06
Faculty of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering,
Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100.
Application of Genetic Engineering
in Crop Improvement through
Transgenesis

2. What is Genetic Engineering?
 It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic
makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within
and across species boundaries to produce improved or
novel organisms.

3. The process of introducing a gene (Transgene)
From one organism into the genome of another
organism
With the aim of the resulting transgenic organism
that will express the gene and exhibit some new
property or characteristic
-is known as transgenesis.
What is Transgenesis?

4. What is Transgenic Crop?
 A transgenic crop is a genetically modified organism
(GMO).
 Transgenic indicates that a transfer of genes has
occurred using recombinant DNA technology.
 Generally a transgenic crop contains one or more genes
that have been inserted artificially either from an related
plant or from different species altogether.

5. Common Transgenic Crops
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_rice
Figure 1: Golden rice

6. Common Transgenic Crops
Source: https://www.sathguru.com/International-Development/bari-set- to-release-three-bt-brinjal-varieties-this-year/
Figure 2: Bt Brinjal

7. Common Transgenic Crops
Source: https://www.indoasiancommodities.com/2016/10/05/bt-cotton- in-india-the-debate-on-gm/
Figure 3: Bt cotton

8. Common Transgenic Crops
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PH9srMPtdU8
Figure 4: GMO tomato

9. Common Transgenic Crops
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/gss12m44/Bt-corn
Figure 5: Bt corn

10. Common Transgenic Crops
Source: https://www.ecowatch.com/gmo-potatoes-2075786727.html
Figure 6: GM potato

11. Common Transgenic Crops
Source: https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2018/02/28/
Figure 7: Nuseed’s omega-3 canola

12. How are Transgenic Crops Made?
Figure 8: Agrobacterium mediated Transgenesis Process overview.
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0974694313003289#sec17

13. 1. Biological method
• Agrobacterium mediated transformation
• Viral vectors
2. Mechanical method
• Electrophoration
• Microinjection
• Microprojectiles
3. Chemical method
• Heat shock
• Calcium phosphate
• Nanoparticles
• Polyethylene glycol
Gene Transfer Method

14. Application
 Resistance against the biotic stress.
 Resistance against the abiotic stress.
 Herbicide resistance.
 Molecular pharming.
 Improved agricultural traits.
 Improvement in vitamin content.

15. Application (Cont.)
 Improvement in nutritional quality.
 Production of edible vaccines.
 Production of hybrid seed by using sterility-fertility
restoration system.
 Improvement of fruit quality by delayed ripening and
bruise resistance.
 Development of seedless fruit.

16. Some Initiatives in Bangladesh
 BRRI developed vitamin A-enriched Golden Rice.
 BARI developed fruit and shoot borer resistant Bt brinjal.
The Hawii University has shown interest for bilateral co-
operation with Bangladesh in providing papaya conferred
with resistance against papaya ringspot virus (PRSV)

17.  Tolerance to cold, frost, or drought.
 Easier to grow in a constantly changing environment.
 Insect and disease resistance.
 Herbicides and pesticides resistance.
 Safe consuming and saving money on chemicals.
 More appealing to the buyer’s eye.
Why Do We Use Transgenic Crops?

18. Lowers fertility and complete infertility.
Transgene flow.
Linked to risk of cancer and tumors.
Allergic reactions.
Gene mutation.
Antibiotic resistance.
Loss of nutrition.
Environmental Damage.
Gene pollution cannot be cleaned up.
Ethical Controversy.
What are the Challenges?

19. Future Prospect
 Plants can be ideal protein factories.
 Plant-based petroleum for fuel.
 Alternatives to rubber, nicotine-free tobacco.
 Caffeine-free coffee.
 Biodegradable plastics.
 Stress-tolerant plants.
 Better resistance and minimized side effects.

20. Conclusion
There is a huge scope of biotechnologist for developing
many species of crops with the desired characteristics to
ensure food security and consistent food supply.

21. Thank You