Frederick Engels argues that recent scientific discoveries provide evidence for a materialist understanding of the universe. He cites three important discoveries: 1) Wöhler's synthesis of urea proved organic processes have inorganic causes. 2) Schwann and Schleiden's cell theory showed physiology is based on cells. 3) Darwin's theory of evolution demonstrated no difference between human and other life forms. These discoveries explained natural processes through scientific laws and unified science by integrating results. They also traced all aspects of nature back to natural causes, with the origin of life as the only remaining question.

1. SCIENCE OF NATURAL BY
FREDERICK ENGELS
Andreas Kentjana 191000041

2. ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Frederick Engels (1820-1895), as the son of a German
textile manufacturer, became so concerned about fate
of textile workers and he published The Condition of the
Working Classes in England.
He saw the textile worker as a new societal force leading to
a
rational ordering of social life, superceding capitalism.
At the heart of this thesis: The modes of production in any
society
uniquely determine the so-called higher ideologies of
politics, ethics, religion, and philosophy.

3. ABOUT THE WORK.
Frederick Engels argues that there are three recent discoveries in the
sciences provide the basis by which all aspects of the universe can be
understood in terms of the philosophy of materialism.
1. Wöhler’s synthesis of urea proves that organic processes are
explainable in terms of inorganic processes.
2. The theory of the cell discovered by Schwann and Schleiden proves
that the physiological basis of all living things is the same.
3. Darwin’s theory of evolution indicates no difference in kind
between human and all other forms of life.

4. UNIFICATION OF SCIENCE OF
NATURAL PROCESSES
Empirical natural sciences (observations) make progress and achieve
such brilliant results. so that changes in natural processes can be
learned in science (mechanics, physics, chemistry, biology, etc.),
transformed from empirical into theoretical science and, by
integrating the results achieved, into the materialistic knowledge
system of nature.

5. TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY
AND MOTIONThe first was the proof of the transformation of energy obtained from
the discovery of the mechanical equivalent of heat (by Robert Mayer,
Joule and Colding).
All the innumerable operative causes in nature, which until then had
led a mysterious inexplicable existence as so-called “forces”
mechanical, force, heat, radiation (light and radiant heat), electricity,
magnetism, the force of chemical combination and dissociation are
now proved to be special forms, modes of existence of one and the
same energy, i.e., motion.
Evaporation Food turns to energy
http://news.mit.edu/2019/
physics-how-evaporation-
works-0610
http://ilmupengetahuan.org/sel-sel-tubuh-makanan-menjadi-energi/

6. We cannot show the transformation from one form to another. Because basically
the energy is not visible, but can be felt. for example solar heat is converted into
electricity through solar panels
and we can do the transformation itself in the laboratory.
So that it can be given a certain amount of energy which is always related to the
amount of energy in another form. So that we can express heat into meters (Unit
of heat formula is Joule) or electrical energy into heat (A toaster transforms
electrical energy into heat energy).
Basically, one's energy needs are different from others. For example the needs of
children under five are milk. whereas adults need coffee

7. LIFE EXPLAINED BY SCIENTIFIC
LAW
The second chronologically earlier discovery was that of the organic
cell by Schwann and Schleiden of the cell as the unity, out of the
multiplication and differentiation of which all organisms, except the
very lowest, arise and develop.
With this discovery, the investigation of the organic, living products
of nature comparative anatomy and physiology, as well as
embryology was for the first time put upon a firm foundation.
The mystery was removed from the origin, growth and structure of
organisms. Cells always divide, from two to four, four to eight, to
infinity and increasingly complex. If there are cells that grow
abnormally, whether damaged or deformed, it will cause illness and

8. ORIGINS OF THE VARIETIES OF
ORGANISMSBut an essential gap still remained. If all multi-cellular organisms
(plants as well as animals), including man—grow from a single cell
according to the law of cell-division, whence, then comes the infinite
variety of these organisms?
This question was answered by the three great discovery, the theory
of evolution, which was first presented in connected from and
substantiated by Darwin.
Human Evolution
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-top-ten-daily-consequences-of-having-evolved-
72743121/

9. The evolutionary series of organisms from few and simple to increasingly
manifold and complex forms, as we see them today before our eyes, right up to
and including man himself, has been proved in all its main basic features.
Thereby not only has an explanation been made possible for the existing stock
of the organic products of nature, but the basis has been given for the
announced-history of the human mind, for following all its various stages of
evolution from the protoplasm, simple and structureless yet responsive to
stimuli, of the lower organisms right up to the thinking human brain.
Human thoughts are increasingly complex and develop over time, for example
when you are 5 years old you just wake up, eat, sleep. When you are 20 years
old you wake up, eat, exercise, go to work, work, go home, sleep.

10. ORIGIN OF LIFE
With these three great discoveries, the main processes of nature are
explained and traced back to natural causes. Only one thing remains
to to done here: to explain the origin of life from inorganic nature.
At the present stage of science, that means nothing else than the
preparation of albuminous bodies from inorganic materials.
At 1828 that the first organic body, urea, was prepared by Wöhler
from inorganic materials and that innumerable so-called organic
compounds are now artificially prepared without any organic
substances, we shall not be inclined to bid chemistry halt before the
production of albumen.
Up to now, chemistry has been able to prepare any organic substance
the composition of which is accurately known. As soon as the
composition of albuminous bodies shall have become known, it will
be possible to proceed to the production of live albumen.

11. Development of chicken eggs.
Egg whites (albumen) will be absorbed by the yolk so that the chicken embryo can grow into
chicks.
http://en.eggs.dk/the-egg/structure-of-the-egg.aspx
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-
NAAjgIMSHzI/UaOaMFb5x1I/AAAAAAAAAM0/P-
LPkWos7Lw/s320/images+(18).jpg

12. SCIENTIFIC MATERIALISM
The old concept of materialism is different from the present. In the
past, the use of urea bombs was not banned by Greek philosophers,
but it was criticized for mass production.
But now urea is used to help human life. urea is used as plant
fertilizer so that it can help human work.
Fertilizer
Bomb
Urea
Fertilizerhttps://www.pertanianku.com/wp-
content/uploads/2018/10/Ini-Dia-Perbedaan-Pupuk-Urea-
dan-ZA.jpg
http://www.libertyreferences.com/urea-
nitrate-explosive.shtml

13. Thank You