1. Diabetic NephropathyCancer / Angiogenesis
Alzheimer’s
Cardiovascular
Disease
COPD Neurohormonal
Stress / Depression
Membrane
Damage
Localized
Cell
Death
JNK
Pathway
Activation
Calpain
Caspase3
p35
p25
CDK5
CT26 CT31
C-Terminal
Fragments
(CTFs)
Tau Phosphorylation
Neurofibrillary
Tangles (NFTs)
Microtubule
Destabilization
GSK-3β
MAPK
Pathway
Activation
Nitric
Oxide
ROS
Microglial Activation +
Inflammatory Response
sAPPα
sAPPβ
α
α Secretase
APP
β/γ Secretases
γ β
Amyloid
Plaque
Formation
Amyeloid
Precursor
Protein
(APP)
Aβ40
Aβ42
Ca2+
Fas-L
Aβ
c-Jun c-Fos
Fas-L
RAS
RAF
MEK
ERK
SHC GRB2
SOS
PYK2
SRC
PLC-γ
STAT3 STAT1DAG
DAG
FYN
Growth Factor
Receptors
Angiotensin II
Advanced
Glycation
End-Products
SHP-2JAK2
Electron
Transport
SHP-1
ROS
STAT3 STAT1
ELK1
c-Fos
c-Jun
TGF-β
PARP
Fructose
GAPDH
PLD2
PKC
NADPH
NOX
GP91RAC
p22
p67
p47
ROS
NADP+
TGF-β
Glucose
GLUT4
Glucose
Autooxidation
Aldose
Reductase
Sorbitol
Polyol
PathwaySorbitol
Dehydrogenase
NADH
NAD+
DAG
Pyruvic
Acid
Glycolysis
Ca2+
Gaq
AT1R
Glomerularsclerosis
Glomerular
Mesangial
Cell Growth
Collagen IV
RAGE
RAS
RAF
MEK
ERK
VEGF
Proteasome
Ubiquitination
p53
Degradation
eNOS
Nitric
Oxide
Ca2+
IP3
PLCγ
Growth
Signaling
VEGF-R
SHC GRB2
SOS
PI3K
AKT
XIAP
14-3-3
BAD
BclXL
Apoptosis
RSKVHL
HuR
HypoxiaRadiation
ATM
CK-1
MDM2
p53
MDM2
p53
Nuclear
Import
Thr18
Ser15
p53 mSin3A
p53 p300MDM2
VEGF mRNA
Stabilization
HIF-1α ARNT
VEGF
Radiation
DNA
Damage
GROWTH ARREST GENES
BAX
p21
PARP-1
Inflammatory
Gene Expression
IL-6
TNFα
Mucin Production
IL-1β
iNOS
ROS
Hypoxia-induced
VEGF Production
Natriuretic
Peptides
(NP)
Particulate
GC
PDE
Soluble
GC PKG PKA
Ca2+
cGMP
PDEs
cAMP
Multiple
Targets
NO
iNOS HO-1
ROS
CO
Nitric Oxide
Carbon
Monoxide
H2O2
SOD
O2
-
ONOO-
Peroxynitrite
Loss of
Mitochondrial
Membrane
Potential
Caspase
Activation
AIF
EndoG
CytC
AIF
EndoG
DY
L-Arginine
COX-I/II
AA PGG2
PGH2
TXA2
Lipid
Peroxidation
TXA2
Vasoconstriction
DNA
Fragmentation
O2
-
Superoxide
AKT
PI3K
ROS
GSH GSSG
MKKASK1
p38
MAPK
JNK
Multiple
Pathway
Activation
Glutathione
Oxidation/Reduction
GPX
GR
PGH2
PGE2
Synthase
PGE2
PGG2
COX I/II
AA
PGE2
Inflammation-Induced
Lipid Peroxidation
8-iso-PGF2α EGFR
RAS
RAF
MEK
ERK
ROS
PKC
MSK-1
Keap-1
Nrf2
Nrf2 c-Fos
c-Jun
SOD
HO-1
RAP-1
PKA
cAMP
EP2/4
Gas AC
CREB NFκB
RSK
CREB
CREB
PKA ERK
MEK
cAMP
β-catenin
GSK-3
HRE Genes
GR
GR
GR
GR
c
c
c
c
c
c
Enhanced
Neuroplasticity
Nuclear
Import
Bcl-2
BAD
AKT
RAF
AKT
DSHV
AC
B2AR
Wnt
PI3K
IP3
Hsp90
IM
Glucocorticoid
Receptor
Activation
RAS
SOS
Stress
BDNF
TrkB
PIP2
DAG
ACTH
Glucocorticoids
(e.g. Cortisol)
Corticotropin
Releasing Hormone
HPA Axis
Activation
Norepinepherine
Gas
Fz
TrkB
BDNF
Bcl-2
Phosphodiesterase
Inhibitor
Antidepressants
Phosphorylation
BAD
RAS
RAF
MEK
ERK
Disease-Associated Stress Signaling
ProteinsNAME
NAME Transcription Factors
Inhibition
Gene Activation
Activation
Favored
Many key signaling pathways determine whether
cells are able to maintain homeostasis upon
temporary or persistent exposure to stress. A variety
of stressors including inflammation, an imbalance
in nutrients, lack of oxygen (hypoxia), or improper
folding of proteins, contribute to dysregualtion
of critical pathways, ultimately resulting in
disease. Enzo Life Sciences products are used by
researchers around the world to investigate cellular
stress signaling pathways involved in diabetes,
cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD), Alzheimer’s disease
and depression.
ZZ-W0610-1001
8-iso prostaglandin F2α
Arachidonic acid
Adenylyl cyclase
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Apoptosis-inducing factor
Amyloid precursor protein
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator
Ataxia telangiectasia-mutated gene
Amyloid beta
Beta 2 adrenergic receptor
Bcl2-antagonist of cell death
B-cell lymphoma protein 2
Brain derived neurotrophic factor
cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Cyclin dependent kinase
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate
Cyclooxygenase
Cyclic AMP response element binding
C-terminal
Cytochrome C
Diacylglycerol
Disheveled
Epidermal growth factor receptor
Endonuclease G
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
Prostaglandin receptors
Frizzled receptor
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehyrogenase
Guanylyl cyclase
Glucose transporter 4
Glutathione peroxidase
Glucocorticoid receptor (Neurohormonal Stress)
Glutathione reductase (COPD)
Reduced glutathione
Gycogen synthase kinase
Glutathione disulfide
Hydrogen peroxide
Hypoxia inducible factor
Heme oxygenase-1
Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal
Hormone response element
Heat shock protein
Hu antigen R
Immunophilin
Inducible nitric oxide synthase
Inositol triphosphate
Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
Mouse double minute 2 homolog
Nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NADPH oxidase
NF-E2-related factor 2
Phosphodiesterase
Prostaglandin E2
Prostaglandin G2
Prostaglandin H2
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
Phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphate
Protein kinase A
Protein kinase C
Protein kinase G
Phospholipase D2
Reactive oxygen species
Superoxide dismutase
Signal transducer and activator of transcription
Transforming growth factor beta
Tyrosine receptor kinase B
Thromboxane A2
Vascular endothelial growth factor
von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis
8-iso-PGF2α
AA
AC
ACTH
AIF
APP
ARNT
ATM
Aβ
B2AR
BAD
Bcl-2
BDNF
cAMP
CDK
cGMP
COX
CREB
CT
CytC
DAG
DSHV
EGFR
EndoG
eNOS
EP2/4
Fz
GAPDH
GC
GLUT4
GPX
GR
GR
GSH
GSK
GSSG
H2O2
HIF-1
HO-1
HPA
HRE
Hsp
HuR
IM
iNOS
IP3
Keap-1
MDM2
NFκB
NOX
Nrf2
PDE
PGE2
PGG2
PGH2
PI3K
PIP2
PKA
PKC
PKG
PLD2
ROS
SOD
STAT
TGF-β
TrkB
TXA2
VEGF
VHL
XIAP
Abbreviations