This document discusses a study that analyzed data on participants in substance abuse programs. It describes how the database was set up in SPSS, including variables for participant ID, program ID, age, sex, and pre- and post-assessment scores. Two assessment instruments were used: the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale for children ages 3-11, and the Addiction Severity Index for adults over 65. Setting up the database and coding variables correctly was challenging due to the large number of variables.

1. 1
Gastroenteritis
Name
United State University
Primary Health of Acute Client/Family Across the Lifespan: xxx
Professor xxxxx
Gastroenteritis in Children
Introduction
The presentation of the 6-months old male patient, brought in
by the mother to the clinic is a requirement since the prenatal
consent is needed for the best intervention. There was no
medical history since when the baby was born healthy and has
an exclusive breastfeeding that indicate that there are no
previous warning signs.
Below are the questions I would ask the mother.
1. Ask of the mother about the onset of the symptoms, knowing
when the symptoms began can assist determine the severity of
the dehydration
2. Ask the mother, when she check the temperature of the baby,
what does the thermometer show?
3. Have you given any over-the counter medication to help with
the fever and diarrhea? If so, what medication is it, how often
do you give it to the child, and when was the last time you gave
it to him?
4. How many times has the child had diarrhea in a single day,
what are the features of the baby's feces in terms of color,

2. volume, and frequency and how many soiled diapers do you
change every day on average?
5. Apart from your baby, is there anyone in your household that
is ill? Is there a recent travel with the baby?
The questions directed to the mother of the 6-months old baby
is important for the nurse practitioner to get the information
that would drive the evaluation and diagnosis of the diseases.
The mother sharing about the latest over-the counter medication
would guide about the intervention that would be done that
would ensure that there is no reaction that might affect the baby
in a detrimental manner (Fries, 2020). The nurse practitioner’s
questions are critical in guiding about the experiences with the
baby since there was no medical history and gives a hint about
the differential diagnoses that would be focused on to offer
quality evaluation and care.
Addition symptoms and Signs that Needs ER
At 100.4 degrees Fahrenhei t, a person has a fever. In many
cases, doctors advise against treating fevers below 101°F. Due
to the body's natural response to infection, a fever is a common
sign of illness. Fever is a sign that your child's immune system
is working properly (Fields, 2016). In case the child
temperature is measured and stated temperature above 100.3°F,
are sluggish, and aren't taking in any fluids should be sent to
the emergency room immediately.
Continuous Vomiting
A consistent vomiting in the 6-months baby is a serious
condition that demands for an immediate intervention and the
child must be taken in an emergency room. Vomiting result to
an excessive loss of fluids in the body of the baby and this puts
the life at high risk (Fields, 2016). Taking the baby to the
emergency room makes sure that the lost fluid is restored.
Fast breathing and Breathing Problems
The baby should be taken to an emergency room when fast
breathing or difficulty is experienced because it is considered

3. part of pediatric emergency. The issue of breathing challenges
is an urgent intervention that a doctor needs to undertake taking
the baby to the emergency room.
Other additional signs are difficult-to-rouse child with no tears
or mucous membranes, blood in the stool, higher or lower
respiration, reduced urine output, pale cool complexion with
irritation, hollow eyes, and sunken fontanelles would all
indicate that the infant should be taken to the ED (Munde,
2019).
Top 3 Differential Diagnoses
The differential diagnosis is an important clinical exercise that
makes sure that the nurse practitioners highlight the disease that
the patient is suffering from by eliminating those that share
some signs and symptoms. Based on the patient’s mother and
the medical history that shows that the baby was well all along
until the current symptoms of diarrhea and fever, there are three
top differential diagnosis that include
Parasitic gastroenteritis: ICD-10-CM B82.9 is a contagious
disease or spread by an invading organism.
Rotavirus: ICD-10-CM A08.0 is a viral infection that produces
gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and other
gastrointestinal issues.
Acute Gastroenteritis: ICD-10-CM A08.19 is a condition caused
by pathogenic bacteria such as Clostridium and Vibrio cholera
present in the food or water supply
The three diseases are the top because they have related
symptoms that can be confused by the nurse practitioners during
diagnosis. The highlighted signs that is diarrhea and fever are
present in the diseases highlighted and they also have kind of
interrelation, and this demands for differential diagnosis to get
the right disease for medication (Fries, 2020).
One of the most common causes of death among children in the
U.S is gastroenteritis. To put it another way, it is when you get
diarrhea for no apparent reason other than dehydration, and it

4. might come on suddenly or gradually. Prevalence is highest
amongst children as young age 5. Diarrhea in children is the
most common reason for their hospitalization. The bacteria
salmonella and shigella also cause severe gastroenteritis in
children younger than five years old, but they are not the only
cause. Giardia fragilis and Cryptosporidium are two parasites
that can cause gastroenteritis in a tiny percentage of the
population (Ögren et al., 2020). For children who can take oral
hydration but are vomiting, professionally prepared oral
hydration might be an option. Start with little amounts of liquid
and gradually increase the amount of liquid as the youngster is
able to handle. A trip to the emergency room is necessary if a
child is critically dehydrated and needs intravenous fluids and
hemodynamic monitoring (Malbrain et al., 2020). Proper
handwashing is the first step in preventing gastroenteritis.
Teaching children, mothers, and their caregivers how to wash
their hands properly is critical, as is making sure they are aware
of the dangers of food contamination that has been improperly
stored.
Conclusion
To conclude, acute diarrhea in children should be treated as
quickly as possible in order to avoid dehydration. The initial
treatment for mild dehydration is oral rehydration. Children
should be taught proper hygiene, for which cleaning hands
properly prevent gastroenteritis.
References
Fields, L. (2016). 7 Serious Symptoms in Babies and Toddlers.
WebMD. Retrieved 12 January 2022, from
https://www.webmd.com/children/features/serious-symptoms-
babies-toddlers
Malbrain, M. L., Langer, T., Annane, D., Gattinoni, L., Elbers,
P., Hahn, R. G., ... & Van Regenmortel, N. (2020). Intravenous
fluid therapy in the perioperative and critical care setting:
executive summary of the International Fluid Academy
(IFA). Annals of Intensive Care, 10(1), 1-19.

5. Munde, C. (2019). Hydriatic Treatment of Scarlet Fever in its
Different Forms. Good Press.
Ögren, J., Dienus, O., & Matussek, A. (2020). Optimization of
routine microscopic and molecular detection of parasitic
protozoa in SAF-fixed faecal samples in Sweden. Infectious
Diseases, 52(2), 87-96.
Running Head: WEEK ONE CAPSTONE 3 1
WEEK ONE CAPSTONE 3 4
Week One Capstone 3 Discussion
Name:
Instructor:
Date:
Week One Capstone 3 Discussion
Data analysis begins by first setting variables in states that they
can be analyzed in order to draw valid conclusions. Different
analysis software may require different database setups that can
ease running analysis. In this study a database was developed
using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Several
types of variables were included and the correct state of

6. variables was ensured to ease analysis. The database for this
study consists of the following;
1. Participant ID number.
2. Program ID.
3. Group
4. Age
5. Sex
6. Spence Children's Anxiety Scale - Child (SCASChild)
assessment instrument.
7. Addiction Severity Index (ASI) assessment instrument (pre
and post).
8. Assessment instrument totals for remaining assessment
instruments (pre and post).
Some challenges were encountered during setting up the
database. The variables were too many and requires a lot of
time and attention to ensure all of them are captured correctly.
Most of the variables utilized by this study required variable
coding in SPSS. This can cause misinterpretation if not done
carefully to ensure that labels represents exact value as
required. Some of the variables require transformation which
may pause a challenge getting the right code to perform the
task.
Three items were used in this study. Spence Children's Anxiety
Scale - Child (SCASChild) was used to determine children
anxiety for participants with ages between 3 and 11. The
assessment instrument consist of 42 items used to determine
level of anxiety in children (Spence, 2017). The assessment
instrument had 4 levels 0) Never, 1) Sometimes, 2) Often and 3)
Always. The second item used was Addiction Severity Index
(ASI) that determines drug abuse for adults aged 65 and above
(Clark, 2021). The instrument had 13 items (D1 to D13) and 5
levels, 0) Not at all, 1) Slightly, 2) Moderately, 3) Considerably
and 4) Extremely.

7. Reference
Spence, S.H. (2017). Structure of anxiety symptoms among
children: A confirmatory factor analytic study. Journal of
Abnormal Psychology, 106(2), 280-297.
Clark, V. (2021). Implementation of the Addiction Severity
Index Screening Tool (Doctoral dissertation, Brandman
University).