1FEDBACK ASSIGNMENT GRADING CRITERIA1) RationalAdoption

1
FEDBACK: ASSIGNMENT GRADING CRITERIA
1) Rational/Adoption (30 points): - 25 POINTS ( You cover the
rational but did not state how the reform was adapted/voted)
2) Funding Structure 30 points:- 25 POINTS (be very specific
about what percentage from Federal and what percentage form
State? Private? Etc.
3) Impact on Healthcare 30 points: - 25 POINTS (you repeated
the same sentence 7 times)
4) APA Format 10 points: - 5 POINTS (you did not add the
citations in the memo, it becomes plagiarism. You repeated the
same information over and over
TOTAL POINTS: 80
MEMO
TO: DR. Odiane Medacier
FROM: Lianet Aroche, Fridny Eglantin, Buenalynn Sagrado
DATE: June 11, 2022
SUBJECT: State Health Policy Reform Innovation
Comment by Medacier, Odiane: YOUR SUBJECT
SHOULD BE: Florida Health Choices in 2014
Introduction
In response to the Affordable Care Act, Florida state
implemented a health insurance marketplace called Florida
Health Choices in 2014. The marketplace is designed to help
residents compare and purchase health insurance plans. The
marketplace offers a variety of health plans, including private
plans and plans from the state's Medicaid program. Florida
residents can also use the marketplace to apply for federal
subsidies to help pay for health insurance. Comment by
Medacier, Odiane: CAPITAL: State

Adoption of the Act Comment by Medacier, Odiane: You
did not say how this reform was adopted/voted in the
legislature. Everything you say here ia about rational and what
the reform is.
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was the rationale for Florida
state implementation of a health insurance marketplace called
Florida Health Choices in 2014. The ACA was passed by the
federal government in 2010, requiring all states to create a
health insurance marketplace. The marketplace is designed to
help residents compare and purchase health insurance plans.
The marketplace offers a variety of health plans, including
private plans and plans from the state's Medicaid program.
Florida residents can also use the marketplace to apply for
federal subsidies to help pay for health insurance. In addition to
the health insurance marketplace, Florida has implemented
several other health reform initiatives in response to the ACA.
For example, the state has expanded its Medicaid program to
cover more low-income residents. The expansion is funded by a
combination of federal and state resources.
In addition, Florida has created a statewide health insurance
exchange, a marketplace for health insurance plans. The
exchange offers a variety of health plans, including private
residents can also use the exchange to apply for federal
subsidies to help pay for health insurance. Florida has also
implemented several reforms to improve the quality of health
care. For example, the state has created a quality improvement
organization to help health care providers improve the quality
of care. The organization provides resources and technical
assistance to health care providers. In addition, Florida has
implemented several initiatives to improve the quality of care in
nursing homes. For example, the state has created a quality
assurance team to inspect nursing homes and identify problems.
Comment by Medacier, Odiane: You already stated that
The Funding Structure Comment by Medacier, Odiane: How
much money is spent what is the percentage? Is it only the state

the funds it or also federal? Private? Where did the money come
from?
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) provides funding for the heal th
insurance marketplace in Florida. The state of Florida also
spends money on several health care quality initiatives. Florida
also spends money on public health initiatives. The state also
funds a program called Florida Healthy Kids.
Its Impact
The health insurance marketplace has helped millions of Florida
residents obtain health insurance. The marketplace offers a
variety of health plans, including private plans and plans from
the state's Medicaid program. Florida residents can also use the
marketplace to apply for federal subsidies to help pay for health
insurance.
Expanding Medicaid has helped millions of low-income Florida
residents obtain health insurance. The expansion is funded by a
combination of federal and state resources.
The creation of the health insurance exchange has helped
millions of Florida residents obtain health insurance. The
exchange offers a variety of health plans, including private
residents can also use the exchange to apply for federal
subsidies to help pay for health insurance. Comment by
Medacier, Odiane: This is the 5th time you repeat the same
thing
The quality improvement organization has helped Florida health
care providers improve the quality of care. In addition, the
organization provides resources and technical assistance to
health care providers. Comment by Medacier, Odiane: Is this
part of the same reform? You have to make that clear…
The quality assurance team has helped Florida nursing homes
improve the quality of care. In addition, the team provides
technical assistance to nursing homes to help them improve the
quality of care.
Florida Quitline has helped thousands of Florida residents quit
smoking. In addition, the program provides counseling and

medication to residents who want to quit smoking.
Florida Healthy Kids has helped thousands of Florida children
obtain health insurance. The program provides health insurance
to children in low-income families.
The health insurance marketplace has helped Florida residents
save money on health insurance. The marketplace offers a
variety of health plans, including private plans and plans from
the state's Medicaid program. Florida residents can also use the
marketplace to apply for federal subsidies to help pay for health
insurance. Comment by Medacier, Odiane: 6th time
The expansion of Medicaid has helped Florida residents save
money on health care. The development is funded by a
combination of federal and state resources. Comment by
Medacier, Odiane: A lot of repeat of the same information
The creation of the health insurance exchange has helped
Florida residents save money on health insurance. The exchange
offers a variety of health plans, including private plans and
plans from the state's Medicaid program. Florida residents can
also use the exchange to apply for federal subsidies to help pay
for health insurance. Comment by Medacier, Odiane: 7th time
References
Choi, S. J., & Mortensen, K. (2020). Financial Trends of Florida
Hospitals Pre and Post the Affordable Care Act. Journal of
Health Care
Finance.http://healthfinancejournal.com/index.php/johcf/article/
view/234
Hsiang, W. R., Lukasiewicz, A., Gentry, M., Kim, C. Y., Leslie,
M. P., Pelker, R., ... & Wiznia, D. H. (2019). Medicaid patients
have greater difficulty scheduling health care appointments
compared with private insurance patients: a meta-
analysis. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization,
Provision, and Financing, 56, 0046958019838118.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0046958019838118
Kates, J., Dawson, L., Horn, T. H., Killelea, A., McCann, N. C.,
Crowley, J. S., & Walensky, R. P. (2021). Insurance coverage
and financing landscape for HIV treatment and prevention in the
USA. The Lancet, 397(10279), 1127-1138.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00397-4
Segment of an article
Zimmerman, Jonathan. "A Confederate Curriculum How Miss
Millie taught the Civil War." November 6, 2017. Accessed
December 7, 2017.
https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/millie_rutherford.
“Miss Millie” was the popular nickname of Mildred Lewis
Rutherford, one of the most important Southern figures that
Americans know the least about. Born into a wealthy slave-
owning family in 1851, Rutherford became the principal of a
female academy in Athens, Georgia. She was an early and active
member of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, working
her way up to become the organization’s “historian general” in
1911.
From that perch, Rutherford led the effort to purge Southern
school textbooks of “Yankee” sentiment. That meant
eliminating any books that tried to strike a balanced or neutral
stance, “on the order of ‘we thought we were right,’ rather than
‘we were right,’” wrote one Confederate military veteran in
1902. “We did know we were right then, and we do know it
now,” he added. “And we have the right, therefore, to insist that
our children shall be told the truth about it, and we should be
content with nothing less.”
Rutherford sent hundreds of women into classrooms and school
offices to make sure their truth remained unqualified into the
next generation. They came armed with her pamphlet, A
Measuring Rod to Test Textbooks. It provided a handy checklist
to help them define and defend Confederate orthodoxy.

“Reject a book that speaks of the Constitution other than [as] a
compact between Sovereign States,” Rutherford instructed, “that
calls the Confederate soldier a traitor or rebel, and the war a
rebellion…that says the South fought to hold her slaves…that
speaks of the slaveholder of the South as cruel and unjust to his
slaves…that glorifies Abraham Lincoln and vilifies Jefferson
Davis.”
To Rutherford, the first point was the most important one. If the
Constitution was an agreement between states rather than a
national bond of citizens, then each state retained the right to
leave the nation when it so chose. So it was the North—and not
the South—that had violated America’s founding compact, by
using force to prevent secession. “There was a rebellion,”
Rutherford told her assembled aides at a UDC convention, “but
it was north of Mason and Dixon’s line.”
Nor was the war about slaves, who, according to Rutherford,
“were the happiest set of people on the face of the globe, free
from care or thought of food, clothes, home.” Why, then, did
the North invade the South? Rutherford’s pamphlet blamed it all
upon Lincoln, whose imperious and vengeful character led him
into a war of conquest. Hardly a suitable model for young
children, Lincoln used uncouth language and once even denied
the divinity of Christ. By comparison, the Confederacy’s
president was a paragon of virtue, she argued. Davis “never
stood for coarse jokes, never violated the Constitution, never
stood for retaliation. Lincoln,” Rutherford wrote, “stood for all
of these.”
But wherever Rutherford and her lieutenants looked, Southern
textbooks flouted these Confederate truths. Angry
correspondents reported that some history books still praised
Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation, which Rutherford
called unconstitutional. Nor were other school subjects immune
from the “Yankee” virus. One observer found that New Orleans
schools taught music from a book that included “The Battle
Hymn of the Republic,” the iconic fight song of the Union
Army. In Texas, an arithmetic textbook asked children to

calculate Union general Ulysses S. Grant’s age on the day he
captured Vicksburg.
After Confederate veterans petitioned Texas governor Thomas
M. Campbell in 1908 to remove the math book from the state’s
list of approved texts, its publisher issued a new edition that
replaced the offending “Yankee word problem” with a more
regionally appropriate one. The revised version asked students
to determine the amount of time that elapsed between Texas’
independence from Mexico and its annexation into the United
States.
The Texas episode illustrated a common pattern: when
Confederate organizations complained, textbook publishers
altered their wares. Some book companies issued so-called mint
julep editions to satisfy the Southern market, expunging words
such as treason and rebellion. But Rutherford and her aides
found that many districts continued to use “Yankee” versions,
which included the hated language of shared valor and
responsibility.
In response, the UDC sponsored essay contests that exposed
children to Confederate mythology in case their textbooks failed
at the task. State and local chapters offered prizes to the best
essays drawing on interviews with ex-slaveholders, who
presumably would teach youngsters about the benign nature of
the institution. Slavery was “the happiest time of the negroes’
existence,” read a winning entry in 1915 by one Virginia high
school student. “The slave was a member of the family, often a
privileged member. He was the playmate, brother, exemplar,
friend, and companion of the white man from cradle to grave.”
Nadir of Race Relations
1890 – 1960s

Beginning in about 1890 and continuing until 1968, white
Americans established thousands of towns across the United
States for whites only. Many towns drove out their black
populations, then posted sundown signs. ... Other towns passed
ordinances barring African Americans after dark or prohibiting
them from owning or renting property; still others established
such policies by informal means, harassing and even killing
those who violated the rule. Some sundown towns similarly kept
out Jews, Chinese, Mexicans, Native Americans, or other
groups.
1
PROGRESS
1865: Civil War ends
1866: 14th Amendment passed, granting citizenship rights to
African-Americans
1869: 15th Amendment passed, granting voting rights to
African-American males
1870: 1st black diplomat appointed
12.7% of US population is black
1870: 700,000 black voters
1872: 1st black governor
Pinckney Benton Stewart Pinchback
Pinckney Benton Stewart Pinchback
1st African-American governor of any state.
Louisiana – for 15 days
It was not until 1990 that another African American, Douglas
Wilder of Virginia, served as governor of any U.S. state.
http://www.math.buffalo.edu/~sww/toomer/toomerphoto.html

On February 25, 1870, exactly 143 years ago today, Hiram R.
Revels was sworn into the U.S. Senate, making him the first
black person to ever sit in Congress.
After the Reconstruction Act of 1867 was passed by a majority-
Republican Congress, the South was divided into five military
districts and all men, regardless of race were granted voting
rights. Revels was elected by the Mississippi legislature, and
seven black representatives were later elected for states like
Alabama, South Carolina, Florida and Georgia thanks, in large
part, to the support of African American voters.
Revels and some 15 other black men served in Congress during
Reconstruction, and more than 600 served in state legislatures,
while hundreds held local offices.
4
PROGRESS
1875: 1st black senator elected
Rep. Hiram Revels of MS, served 1 year
1877: 1st black graduate from West Point – Henry O. Flipper
1880: 13.1% of US population is black
1877 – 1890: Acreage owned by freedmen tripled
Black literacy rates:
1870: 18.6%
1890: 42.9%
Interracial marriage:
1861: 27 states it is illegal / 11 states it is legal
1890: 25 states it is illegal / 18 states it is legal

https://picryl.com/media/members-of-the-legislature-state-of-
mississippi-1874-75-photographed-by-e-von
75 members
6
PYRAMID OF HATE
WHAT HAPPENED???
1866: KKK founded
1890: MS PLAN
MS passed literacy test requirements to prevent blacks from
voting
SC, LA, NC, AL, VA, GA, OK adopted similar plans
1895: Black voting decreased by 65%
Bill Tillman elected governor of SC
Called his election, “a triumph of white supremacy”
WHAT HAPPENED???
1882-1890: 619 known lynchings of African-Americans
1891-1900: 1,105 known lynchings
1901-1920: 1,248
1921-1930: 248
1931-1964: 387
1882 - 1968: 3,446 known lynchings of African-Americans
1881: Segregation of public transportation began in TN
Followed by: FL, MS, TX, LA, AL, KY, AR, GA, SC, NC, VA,

MD, OK
1883-1921: 21 race riots and massacres
Wilson quote: A History of the American People (1901),
describing the Klan as a brotherhood of politically
disenfranchised white men; famously quoted in The Birth of a
Nation (1915).
9
Strange Fruit
NAACP Poster, circa 1926
WHAT HAPPENED???
1896: Plessy v. Ferguson, legalizing segregation, was passed
1909: 29 states interracial marriage is illegal / 18 states it is
legal
Beginnings of white only neighborhoods
1913: Pres. Wilson admin. began gov’t-wide segregation of all
public places
“The white men were aroused by a mere instinct of self-
preservation - until at last there sprung into existence a great
Ku Klux Klan, a veritable empire of the South, to protect the
Southern country.” ~Pres. W. Wilson
1922: Anti-Lynching Bill failed to pass through Congress

https://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2017/08/the-real-
story-of-all-those-confederate-statues/
Stone Mountain Monument - Georgia
https://www.theatlantic.com/video/index/547253/confederate-
monuments-graven-image/
The carving was conceived by Mrs. C. Helen Plane,[12] a
charter member of the United Daughters of the Confederacy
(UDC). Sam Venable, active in the Ku Klux Klan and owner of
the mountain, deeded the north face of the mountain to the UDC
in 1916. The UDC was given 12 years to complete a sizable
Civil War monument. Gutzon Borglum, also heavily involved
with the Klan, was commissioned to do the carving. Borglum
abandoned the project in 1925 (and later went on to begin
Mount Rushmore). The US Mint issued a 1925 Commemorative
silver US half dollar, bearing the words "Stone Mountain", as
part of a fundraiser for the monument.[13] American sculptor
Augustus Lukeman continued until 1928, when further work
stopped for thirty years. In 1941 segregationist Governor
Eugene Talmadge formed the Stone Mountain Memorial
Association (SMMA) to continue work on the memorial, but the
project was delayed once again by the U.S. entry into World
War II (1941–45)
14

1890 – 1968: Sundown Towns
Anna, IL – stands for “Ain’t No Niggers Allowed”
Hawthorne, CA – had a sign at its city limits until the 1930s
that read, “Nigger, Don’t let the sun set on YOU in Hawthorne”
Minden and Gardnerville, NV – sounded a whistle at 6pm to tell
all Native Americans to get out of town before sundown.
Alva
Apache
Barnsdall
Bixby
Blackwell
Blair
Boise City
Broken Arrow
Caddo
Carnegie
Cherokee
Cleveland
Collinsville
Colony

Comanche
Commerce
Durant
Edmond
Erick
Fox
Gore
Greer County
Haileyville
Healdton
Henryetta
Hinton

Hooker
Jenks
Lawton
Lexington
Lindsay
Madill
Marlow

Marshall
Medford
Minerva
Morris
Norman
Okeene
Okemah
Ottawa County
Paden

Picher
Purcell
Sapulpa
Skiatook
Stilwell
Taft
Tioga
Walters
Welch
Oklahoma Sundown Towns:
In 1922, when college students in Norman, OK., hired a black
jazz band to play at a dance one night, a white mob carrying
guns and nooses attacked the dance hall. "Negroes are
occasionally seen on the streets of Norman in the daytime, but
the 'rule' that they leave at night is strictly enforced," the
Oklahoma City Black Dispatch, a black newspaper, reported,
and noted, "Several other Oklahoma towns have similar
customs."
Among those other towns was Marlow, OK. In 1923, a mob
killed a Marlow hotel owner and the black man he'd hired as a
janitor. The Pittsburgh Courier, a black newspaper, reported:
"Marlow's unwritten law, exemplified by prominent public signs
bearing the command: 'Negro, don't let the sun go down on you
here,' caused the death Monday night of A.W. Berch, prominent
hotel owner, and the fatal wounding of Robert Jernigan, the first
colored man who stayed here more than a day in years. Marlow,
one of the several towns in Oklahoma which has not allowed
our people to settle in their vicinity for years, has abided by the
custom of permitting no members of the race to remain there
after nightfall."

16
https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2008/07/18/sundown-
towns-no-blacks-after-dark/
Daily Oklahoman
September 11, 1904
18 Jim Crow laws were passed between 1890 and 1957 in
Oklahoma:
1908: Miscegenation. Unlawful for a person of African descent
to marry any person not of African descent. Penalty: Felony
punishable by a fine of up to $500 and imprisonment for 1 to 5
years.
1915: Telephone companies required to maintain separate
booths for whites and blacks.
1921: Prohibited marriage between Indians and Negroes.
1921: Misdemeanor for a teacher to teach white and black
children in the same school. Penalty: Cancellation of teaching
certificate without renewal for one year.
Several Oklahoma towns designated housing areas in which
blacks could not own or rent property.
Drumright City Codes, 1950.
Cemeteries were also segregated.

Racial etiquette: informal set of rules
Blacks give up the sidewalk
Don’t look whites (esp. women) in the eyes
Whites are Mister and Missus.
Blacks never are but are addressed as Uncle or Aunt; as in
Uncle Ben’s Rice or Aunt Jemima syrup.
The lynching of Laura Nelson and her son, several dozen
onlookers.
May 25, 1911, Okemah, Oklahoma.
Austin, Laura and their son L.D. Nelson were taken into custody
after L.D. Nelson allegedly shot and killed George H. Loney,
Okemah's deputy sheriff, when Loney and a posse turned up at
the Nelson's home to investigate the theft of a cow belonging to
a Mr. Claude Littrell. Laura's husband pleaded guilty to the
theft and was sent to the state prison at McAlester in the town
of the same name for three years. Some accounts say in an
effort to save her son, Laura said she had fired the fatal shot.
Both she and L.D. were arrested and placed in jail at Okemah
before their position their was compromised at the Old
Schoolton Bridge by lynching.
A teen, Lawrence Nelson, thought the officer was going for his
weapon and shot the deputy in the leg. Loney was refused water
and bled to death, outraging whites. A posse formed to arrest
the Nelson family, which was transported to the Okemah jail,
according to Klein’s book. A week later, a mob of Okemah

citizens transported Laura Nelson, Lawrence and her infant to a
North Canadian River bridge west of town.
“The woman was raped by members of the mob before she was
hanged,” The Associated Press reported.
Photographer George H. Farnum captured the image of two
corpses dangling over the river as several dozen Caucasian
onlookers posed on the bridge. After no one claimed the bodies,
the two Nelsons were buried at nearby Greenleaf Cemetery, in
unmarked graves. The elder Nelson went to prison, and the
baby’s fate is unclear, according to conflicting reports.
The Okemah Ledger published the lynching photo, which
became a reprinted postcard sold as a novelty item at local
stores, Klein wrote.
21
A postcard showing the burned body of Jesse Washington,
Waco, Texas, 1916. Washington, a 17-year-old mentally
challenged farmhand, confessed to raping and killing a white
woman.
He was castrated, mutilated, and burned alive by a mob,
including included the mayor & the police chief.
The lynching of Elias Clayton, 19, Elmer Jackson, 19, and Isaac
McGhie, 20. June 15, 1920, Duluth, Minnesota.
Alleged to have assaulted a young white girl
An investigation proved that none of the murdered men
participated in the assault.
RED SUMMER, 1919
26 race riots in 5 states
76 known lynchings
Will Brown was accused of assaulting Agnes Loebeck.

"Black Beast First Stick-up Couple"
~The Omaha Bee, 1919
Brown ended up in the hands of the crazed mob. He was beaten
into unconsciousness. His clothes were torn off by the time he
reached the building's doors. Then he was dragged to a nearby
lamp pole on the south side of the courtho use at 18th and
Harney around 11:00 p.m. The mob roared when they saw
Brown, and a rope was placed around his neck. Brown was
hoisted in the air, his body spinning. He was riddled with
bullets. His body was then brought down, tied behind a car, and
towed to the intersection of 17th and Dodge. There the body
was burned with fuel taken from nearby red danger lamps and
fire truck lanterns. Later, pieces of the rope used to lynch
Brown were sold for 10 cents each. Finally, Brown's charred
body was dragged through the city's downtown streets.
Although some of the leaders of the lynching were placed on
trial, most received suspended sentences, or were convicted of
minor offenses such as destruction of public property.
23
The lynching of Thomas Schipp and Abram Smith in Marion,
Indiana, 1930.
Charged with robbing and murdering a white factory worker and
raping his girlfriend. A large crowd broke into the jail with
sledgehammers, beat the two men, and hanged them.
When Abram Smith tried to free himself from the noose as his
body was hauled up by the rope, he was lowered and then his
arms broken to prevent him from trying to free himself again.
Police officers in the crowd cooperated in the lynching.

Milwaukee, WI
Founded in 1983 by Dr. James Cameron (1914 – 2006), the
only known lynching survivor.
“I didn’t want to know any of it, but I understood that I needed
to. “ Writer Syreeta McFadden
25
Lynching memorial and slavery museum - Montgomery, AL
https://museumandmemorial.eji.org/
Opened April 2018
Tulsa, OK, May 31-June 1, 1921
Believed to be the worst incident of racial violence in
American history
May 30: Dick Rowland, 19, an African American shoe shiner,
got onto an elevator operated by Sarah Page, 17.
Page screamed & stated that Rowland grabbed her by the arm.
He was arrested that afternoon by city police.
May 31: The Tulsa Tribune reported that Rowland had
attempted to rape Page.
June 1: Mob of angry whites looted and burned the Greenwood
Avenue business district, known as “Black Tulsa”
June 2: 35 city blocks lay in ruins, 800+ treated for injuries
Official estimate 10 whites and 26 blacks killed. Later reports

stated 300 killed.
Rowland was exonerated. No whites were ever sent to prison for
the crimes that occurred during the riot.
1997: a team of scientists and historians uncovered evidence
that unidentified riot victims had been buried in unmarked
graves.
While it is still uncertain as to precisely what happened in the
Drexel Building on May 30, 1921, the most common
explanation is that Rowland stepped on Page's foot as he
entered the elevator, causing her to scream.
27
Tulsa, OK: May 31- June 1, 1921

Loving vs Virginia
June 12th
Click on the above link and click through the map’s years.
https://anitanyoung.wordpress.com/2014/02/28/moments-in-
history-loving-v-virginia/
Mildred Loving died May 5, 2008 at the age of 68. Richard
Loving had died about thirty-three years earlier in a car
accident. Each June 12, the anniversary of the ruling, Loving
Day events around the country mark the advances of mixed-race
couples.
35
Ann Coulter
lawyer, conservative social and political commentator, author,
and syndicated columnist.
July 22, 2010:
Coulter declared that
"we don't have racism in America anymore."

2008: Obama elected. 2000 people joined the KKK.
36
“I don't want to go on a lynching party against Michelle Obama
unless there's evidence, hard facts, that say this is how the
woman really feels. If that's how she really feels - that America
is a bad country or a flawed nation, whatever - then that's legit.
We'll track it down.”
~Bill O’Reilly, Feb. 2008
Rep. Tim Scott from South Carolina, appointed to the U.S.
Senate in Dec. 2012, is the South's first Black Republican
senator since Reconstruction.
Appointed but not elected
Only 10 African-American U.S. Senators in American History.
Pres. Obama was #5
April, 2016: Austin Peay State University in Clarksville, Tenn.
“An Art Project”
She wanted to do a project “about cycles of life and death and,
in particular, how that relates to the arrival of spring,” he said.

She used rainbow colored yarn because it was “bright and
spring-like,” Mr. Jones said, and she wove them into nooses,
which were covered in crocheted flowers, because she thought i t
symbolized death.
39
September, 2018 - California barbershop owner hung a Colin
Kaepernick doll from noose
November 2018 - 7 nooses found outside Mississippi Capitol
to a U.S. Senate election were found Monday — the day before
a runoff between appointed Republican Sen. Cindy Hyde-Smith,
who is white, and Democrat Mike Espy, who is black
41
PYRAMID OF HATE

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