You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts. Post #1 Jenna Horgan NUR 420 Professor Roberts January 12, 2023 Who are the clients in Community Health nursing? Individuals, families, and groups who live in a specific geographic area and may be at risk for health problems or in need of health services are considered clients in community health nursing. People of all ages, from infants to the elderly, as well as those with physical, mental, or social challenges, may be included. The purpose of community health nursing is to promote the health and well-being of the entire community by addressing the health needs of its individual members (Rector & Stanley, 2021). Community health nurses work with clients to identify and address health risks, provide health and wellness education, and connect clients to suitable health services. What government resources might they be eligible for? Individuals and families may be eligible for a variety of government resources depending on their circumstances. Some of these resources are intended specifically for people with low incomes or who are experiencing financial hardship, while others are open to anyone who meets certain criteria. Among the resources available to them are (ISPOR, n.d): 1. Medicaid: It is a federal-state partnership program that provides health insurance to low-income individuals and families. Individuals must meet income and asset limits, as well as other requirements, to be eligible. 2. Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP): It is a federally funded program that provides health insurance to low-income children that are not eligible for Medicaid but cannot afford private health insurance. It provides coverage for a variety of medical services, such as preventive care, doctor visits, hospital stays, and prescription medications. Eligibility is determined by income and family size. 3. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): It is also known as food stamps and it provides financial assistance to low-income individuals and families in order for them to purchase food. Income and assets, as well as other factors, determine SNAP eligibility. 4. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF): This program helps low-income families with children by providing financial assistance as well as other services such as job training and childcare. Income and assets, as well as other factors, determine TANF eligibility. 5. Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP): It is program funded by the federal government that provides low-income households with financial assistance to help them pay for home energy costs such as heating and cooling. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) administers the program, which is intended to assist households that are struggling to pay their energy bills and may face having their service disconnected. Eligibility is determined by income and family size. What ag.

1. You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or
adding additional nuance to their posts.
Post #1
Jenna Horgan
NUR 420
Professor Roberts
January 12, 2023
Who are the clients in Community Health nursing?
Individuals, families, and groups who live in a specific geographic area and may be at risk for
health problems or in need of health services are considered clients in community health nursing.
People of all ages, from infants to the elderly, as well as those with physical, mental, or social
challenges, may be included. The purpose of community health nursing is to promote the health
and well-being of the entire community by addressing the health needs of its individual members
(Rector & Stanley, 2021). Community health nurses work with clients to identify and address
health risks, provide health and wellness education, and connect clients to suitable health
services.
What government resources might they be eligible for?
Individuals and families may be eligible for a variety of government resources depending on
their circumstances. Some of these resources are intended specifically for people with low
incomes or who are experiencing financial hardship, while others are open to anyone who meets
certain criteria. Among the resources available to them are (ISPOR, n.d):
1. Medicaid: It is a federal-state partnership program that provides health insurance to low-
income individuals and families. Individuals must meet income and asset limits, as well as other
requirements, to be eligible.
2. Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP): It is a federally funded program that provides
health insurance to low-income children that are not eligible for Medicaid but cannot afford
private health insurance. It provides coverage for a variety of medical services, such as
preventive care, doctor visits, hospital stays, and prescription medications. Eligibility is
determined by income and family size.
3. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): It is also known as food stamps and
it provides financial assistance to low-income individuals and families in order for them to
purchase food. Income and assets, as well as other factors, determine SNAP eligibility.

2. 4. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF): This program helps low-income families
with children by providing financial assistance as well as other services such as job training and
childcare. Income and assets, as well as other factors, determine TANF eligibility.
5. Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP): It is program funded by the
federal government that provides low-income households with financial assistance to help them
pay for home energy costs such as heating and cooling. The Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS) administers the program, which is intended to assist households that are
struggling to pay their energy bills and may face having their service disconnected. Eligibility is
determined by income and family size.
What agencies are responsible for those resources?
There are numerous agencies that provide resources for clients in community health nursing.
Federal agencies such as the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), the Health
Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), and the Department of Health and Human
Services may be responsible for providing these resources (HHS). Clients in community health
nursing may also be served by state and local agencies such as state health departments and local
health clinics (Lundy & Janes, 2014). Non-profit organizations like the American Red Cross and
the United can also aid in dispensing resources.
References
ISPOR - US Healthcare System Overview-Backgound . (n.d.). https://www.ispor.org/heor-
resources/more-heor-resources/us-healthcare-system-overview/us-healthcare-system-overview-
background-page-1
Lundy, K. S., & Janes, S. (2014). Community Health Nursing: Caring for the Public’s
Health: Caring for the Public’s Health (3rd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Rector, C., & Stanley, M. J. (2021). Community and Public Health Nursing (Tenth, North
American). LWW.
Post #2
Community Health Nursing
Community health nursing also referred to as public health nursing, is a specialized practice of
nursing that focuses on providing health services, prophylaxis, and health training to the
community. Community health nursing aims to advance and safeguard the well-being of the
members of the community. It maximizes the health condition of individuals, families, groups,
and the community through direct contact. It puts into consideration the physical, psychological,
and social well-being of members of the community. Community health nurses work in various
environments, such as public health clinics, community centers, schools, and private practices.

3. In community health nursing, clients can range from individuals to entire populations. For
instance, they may work with individuals and families in a home health setting, providing
preventive care, health education, and treatment of various illnesses (Mengistu & Misganaw,
2007). They may also work with larger populations, such as a school or community, to provide
health promotion, disease prevention, and health education services. However, in most cases,
healthcare nurses deal with the community, not anyone.
Public health nurses work to ensure their clients have access to the resources they require to
maintain high health standards (Mengistu & Misganaw, 2007). Various governmental resources
are available to aid community members in accessing health care services. These resources may
include but are not limited to; Medicaid, Medicare, and other government health insurance
programs. Furthermore, programs are available to assist individuals and families with basic
needs such as food, housing, and transportation.
There are different governmental resources available to clients in community health nursing. At
the national level, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Health
Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) provide monetary assistance for medical care,
health insurance, and other services to those who meet the requirements (USA.gov, 2019).
Moreover, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS) provide research and funding for health promotion and disease prevention
programs. At the state level, Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP)
provides health care and other services to low-income households (HealthCare.gov, 2018). In
addition, many states offer programs such as the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program
and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) to provide nutritional assistance to
needy families. At the local level, county or city health departments may provide immunizations,
screenings, and other services, as well as community health clinics that offer primary care and
preventive health services.
In summary, community health nursing is an essential practice that targets public health and the
prevention of an illness. Community health nurses provide healthcare to individuals and
communities with limited healthcare services and work to ensure their clients have access to the
resources they need to maintain high health standards. Government resources such as Medicaid,
Medicare, and other government health insurance programs are there to help individuals and
communities access health care services. Additionally, many non-profit organizations provide
additional resources to promote healthcare in society.
References
HealthCare.gov. (2018). Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) Eligibility
Requirements . HealthCare.gov. https://www.healthcare.gov/medicaid-chip/childrens-health-
insurance-program/
Mengistu, D., & Misganaw, E. (2007). LECTURE NOTES Community Health Nursing .
https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/health/ephti/library/lecture_notes/nursing_students/c
omm_hlth_nsg_final.pdf

4. USA.gov. (2019). Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services | USAGov . Usa.gov.
https://www.usa.gov/federal-agencies/centers-for-medicare-and-medicaid-services
Big pharma has been a hot button topic for some time in the United States. The costs of
medications can make obtaining easily affordable healthcare for the masses difficult to say the
least. Many other countries cap the costs of pharmaceuticals such as Spain, South Korea and the
UK, while the US continues to allow pharmaceutical companies to set the price point presumably
to allow innovation (Keyhani, et al., 2010). In the study written by Keyhani, et al., they analyze
288 new drugs developed in more than 20 different countries. What they found was interesting in
that pharmaceutical innovation that stemmed from the US was proportional to its spending on
prescription drugs. Other countries with direct price control were found to have proportionally
more innovation when compared to their own prescription drug spending (Keyhani, et al., 2010).
Take-away: price controlled countries produce proportionally more new drugs at a cheaper cost
to their patients compared to the United States where there is no price control.
Keyhani, S., Wang, S., Hebert, P., Carpenter, D., & Anderson, G. (2010). US pharmaceutical
innovation in an international context. American journal of public health, 100(6),
1075–1080. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.178491
Discuss the development of new drugs in the United States as compared to other countries
and evaluate the pharmacoeconomic issues that lead to high prescription costs in the
United States.
The development of new drugs in the United States is a long process. According to Adams et al.,
(2016), the process can take several years to be approved. Once the drug's trade name is
approved (proprietary product or brand name), the drug developer has the exclusive right to this
drug for 17 years. The reason behind having these exclusive rights is so the drug developer can
recoup the millions of dollars it costs in research and development of the new drug.
The pharmacoeconomic issues that lead to high prescription costs in the United States are
because the exclusive rights that are given to the developer can lead to an increase in the cost of
the drug because no one else has access to the drug and the generic form is not available yet.
once the drug name is approved (Adams, et al., 2016). In contrast with the United States, all
other countries have some form of drug pricing regulation to keep the cost of medications low
(Keyhani et al., 2010)
Adams, M. P., Holland, N., & Urban, C. Q. (2016). Pharmacology for Nurses (5th ed.). Pearson
Education (US). https://online.vitalsource.com/books/9780134255378
Keyhani, S., Wang, S., Hebert, P., Carpenter, D., & Anderson, G. (2010, June). US
pharmaceutical innovation in an international context. American journal of public health.
Retrieved January 7, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866602/
Docusate sodium (Colace)

5. Classification: Stool Softener
Indications: Constipation
Mechanism of action: lowers surface tension of stool, allowing water and lipid absorption into
stool mass. This results in softer stool that can pass through the intestines easier (Hannoodee,
2022).
Administration: Comes in a variety of forms for oral administration including tablet, capsules,
liquid and syrup. Can be administered rectally as enemas or suppositories. Frequency is in daily
or divided doses. Promote increased fluid intake to absorb into stool.
Adverse Effects: For normal use, abdominal cramping is the noted adverse effect. Excess use of
medication can result in diarrhea, vomiting and anorexia (Hannoodee, 2022).
Pregnancy Category: C. Considered generally safe for breastfeeding.
Contraindications: Allergy to any ingredients. Nausea and vomiting because increased fluid
intake is required. Acute abdominal pain, appendicitis or intestinal obstruction.
Examples of when drug is used: There is no textbook definition delineating what constipation
actually is, however many would consider infrequent bowel movements of less than three per
week (Hannoodee, 2022). Symptoms may include abdominal cramping, hard stool, difficulty
passing stool and incomplete evacuation of stool.
One interesting indication that many people don’t know about is its use as a ceruminolytic.
Buildup of cerumen in the ear canal may be treated with 1mL of liquid docusate. The ability of
docusate to lower the surface tension of cerumen allows it to soften for better irrigation with
normal saline afterwards. One clinical trial involving 50 individuals tested between using
Cerumenex versus docusate and favored better results with docusate 81% success rate versus
35% (Singer et al., 2000).
References:
Hannoodee, S. & Annamaraju, P., 2022. Docusate. StatPearls [Internet].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555942/
Links to an external site.
Singer, A. J., Sauris, E., & Viccellio, A. W. (2000). Ceruminolytic effects of docusate sodium: a
randomized, controlled trial. Annals of emergency medicine, 36(3), 228–232.
https://doi.org/10.1067/mem.2000.109166
There are several drug classifications (e.g., benzodiazepines, ACE inhibitors). Choose a
classification and one drug within that classification and discuss the pharmacological
aspects of this particular drug. Give examples of how and when this drug is used.

6. The medication I choose to discuss is Ativan or lorazepam. This drug classification is a
benzodiazepine. This medication is used to treat anxiety, The medication will have a sedative
effect on the patient by acting on the central nervous system. Benzodiazepines interact with
GABA-A allowing the medication to have a calming effect on the patient (Griffin et al., 2013).
Ativan has many uses, including anticonvulsants, acute agitation and mania treatment, alcohol
withdrawal, and sedation. I work in a neuro-intermediate unit and some of our patients come in
for epileptic monitoring for 5-7 days. Should the patient have a seizure, the provider has a
standing order available for nurses to administer Ativan, especially if the seizure lasts longer
than 5 minutes to stop the seizure activity. Ativan can also be used in cases of severe ETOH
abuse to prevent alcohol withdrawal. With the use of the CIWA tool, the nurse will know
whether to administer Ativan or not and how much to administer depending on the score (Knight
& Lappalainen, 2017).
Griffin, C. E., Kaye, A. M., Bueno, F. R., & Kaye, A. D. (2013). Benzodiazepine pharmacology
and central nervous system-mediated effects. The Ochsner journal. Retrieved January 7, 2023,
from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684331/
Knight, E., & Lappalainen, L. (2017, September). Clinical Institute withdrawal assessment for
alcohol-revised might be an unreliable tool in the management of alcohol withdrawal. Canadian
family physician Medecin de famille canadien. Retrieved January 9, 2023, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5597013/