Extension methodologies for transfer of agricultural technology

2. *
*Group discussion – it is the process of inculpating views of
team members to reach a common goal
*It’s a systematic and purposeful interactive oral process.
Here the exchange of idea, thought and feeling take place
through oral communication

4. *
*Lecture is a method of verbal presentation of a topic by a
speaker to a group of audience.
*The range of subjects that can be covered by this method is
unlimited.
*The lecture is an excellent method for presenting information
to a large number of persons in a short period of time.
*It is a one-way communication.
*The chief limitation of this method is passive role of the
audience.
* To compensate some what for this weakness, a discussion or a
question-and-answer period may be held following the speech.
This is generally called a forum.

5. The chief characteristics of the “Lecture
Method” are:
1. It is an organized presentation.
2. It can be used to cover thoroughly the subject matter.
3. It is adaptable to large groups.
4. It appeals to the “ear-minded”.
5. It conserves time.
6. Results are easy to check.
7. Listeners absorb information without thinking.

6. *
(1) With large groups where the individuals have some common
back-ground of information and experience
(2) When it is necessary to cover a large quantity of material in
a given time
(3) When giving factual information;

7. The lecture method is not effective:
*(1) When skills are to be developed;
* (2) When no testing is done;
* (3) When group participation is desired;
* (4) When problems are to be solved;
* (5) When “doing” ability is to be acquired

9. *
Extension Talk is verbal explanation / presentation /
communication to a group of people for sharing a common
interest to impart knowledge by activating listeners. This
method focuses on the involvement of the participants in the
talk.

10. *
*Effective for covering lot of material in short time.
*Imparts messages involving knowledge
*Method is suitable when the learners are active.
*Emphasizes more on informality and involvement of
audience.
*Transforms the people in terms of change in behaviour

12. *
* The common pattern is to have two teams, one representing the
affirmative, and the other the negative side of the question.
Usually there are two speakers for each side.
* Each speaker is allowed a definite amount of time to make his
main speech and rebuttal after the main speeches have been
completed.
* In this case, there is two-way communication between the
debaters, but one-way communication for the audience.
*The range of subject for debates is limited to controversial
topics.
*The big advantage in a debate is that more than one side of a
question is presented.
*In such a case, the motive to win the debate by any means may
lead to distortion of information, ignoring the primary need to
inform the audience.
*This objection to the debate is over-come by holding non-decision
debates or by having a forum after the debate.

13. *
*This is a short series of lectures; usually by 2 to 5 speakers.
* Each one speaks for a definite amount of time, and presents
a different phase or subdivision of a general topic.
* The topic should be large enough or general enough to permit
two or more subdivisions that are sufficiently significant to
justify separate discussion by speakers.
* The subject may or may not be controversial.
* It is important that the speakers are of approximately equal
ability, to avoid one speaker dominating the meeting or giving
the audience a distorted view of the subject.
*It also has an advantage over the debate as it is possible to
escape the antagonism that may accompany the latter.

15. *
*It is an informal conversation put on for the benefit of
the audience, by a small group of speakers, usually from
2 to 8 in number.
* They are selected on the basis of the information and
experience they have.
* Members are seated so that they can see one another
and also face the audience.
*The leader introduces the members of the panel to the
audience and announces the topic.
*He has the responsibility to see that the conversation
keeps going, by asking questions or making brief
comments, and encouraging the less talkative members.

16. *There are usually 3 types of panel:
* (a) the question-answer panel in which the presentation is
actually a series of questions by the leader (or chairman)
and answers by the members;
*(b) Set-speech panel, each one making a prepared speech;
*(c) the conversational panel in which members hold a
conversation among themselves on the topic, with questions
and comments going from one member to another.
* This third type is more nearly in line with the definition of
a panel than the other two, and is the pattern to be
achieved.
*The special advantage of a panel is that a spontaneous
conversation about some subject may have more interest
for the audience t

17. *
* Question – answer period -
*It consists of question period in which members of
the audience may ask questions or make brief
statements.
* The forum provides an opportunity for the
audience to clear up obscure points and to raise
questions for additional information.
*It also gives individuals an opportunity to state
briefly their understanding of a point and see
whether they have interpreted correctly the
material presented.
* It is primarily a means of understanding
information.

18. *
*With large groups when there is limited time for discussion,
the audience may be divided into smaller units for a short
period.
*Groups of 6 to 8 persons get together after receiving
Instructions to discuss about a specific issue assigned.
* The secretary of each small group will report the findings
or questions to the entire audience when they are
reassembled.
* This is actually a device to get more people to participate
in a forum than would be the case otherwise.

19. *
*Is a type of small group interaction designed to encourage the
free introduction of ideas on an unrestricted basis and without
any limitations to feasibility.
* It is a form of thinking in which judicious reasoning gives way
to creative initiative.
*Participants are encouraged to list for a period of time all the
ideas that come to their minds regarding some problem and are
asked not to judge the out come..

21. *
* It is one of the most important forms of group discussion and is
more formal in nature.
* The seminar enables a study in depth to be made in specific
areas under the guidance of experts.
* The discussion leader introduces the topic to be discussed. In
seminar, the discussion papers prepared by the participants on
the basis of their study and research are presented.
*Members of the audience discuss the subject to which ready
answers are not available.

22. *
* It is essentially a long meeting from one day to several
weeks, involving all the delegates in which the problems
being discussed are considered by delegates in small private
groups.
* There must be a planning session where all are involved in
the beginning.
*There must be considerable time for work sessions.
* There must be a summarizing and evaluation sessions at the
close.

24. *
* Pooling of experiences and opinions among a
group of people who have special qualifications in
an area.

25. *