An apology for poetry paragraph 32-63

 Topic: An Apology for poetry (Para no 32- Para no 63)
 Review of each paragraph
 Allusions (historical, mythical, biblical)
 Themes
 Style and language(vocabulary)
 Literary Criticism
 Presented by: Group no 2
 Names: Roll num’s:
 Asma Zahid BSF1700660
 Wajeeha Shad BSF1700534
 Sana Khalid BSF1700466
 Nimra Shoukat Bsf 1700452
 Maryam Jabbar BSF1700603
 Presented to: Mam Sumayya Abid
 Program: BS(Hons) English SEM(5th) – MOR
 University of Education, Bank Road Campus, Lahore

Synopsis: (para no 32 to 63)
1)Superiority of poet over historian in following terms:
 Analysis of past events and past personalities
 Subjection of historian in different matters
 Teaching and delighting
 Commendation for notable learning
 Moving human being to well-doing(action)
2)Poet as monarch
3)Effects of poetical inventions
4) Kinds or species of poetry:
 Pastoral
 Elegiac
 Iambic
 Comic
 Tragedy
 Lyric
 Heroic(Epic)

Continue………
5) Most ancient among all learnings
6) Objections against poetry:
• Useless and waste of time
• Mother of lies
• Give rise to evil fancies
• Banishment of poets from Plato’s ideal state
7) Refutation of objections:
 Poetry impacts -> Delightful instructions, and Moves man to -> Virtuous action
 Poet never lies as; he offers not fact but fiction
 Poetry has evil effects as all other sciences have but without detraction

Para no: 32
Theme line: Poetry Vs History( Art of narrating past
personalities and events)
Review of paragraph:
o Narration of historical figures and events
o Possession of Universal consideration of doctrine
o Historian struck in bare ‘was’ ; Poet framing examples
reasonably in different matters

Allusions:
Mythical Allusions:
Tantalus: Greek mythological figure
Atreus: King from Greek mythology
Aeneas: Trojan hero from Greek mythology
Historical Allusion:
Cyrus the great: Persian King
Quintus Curtius: Historian of Alexander the great

Para no: 33 and 34
 Theme line: Poetry Vs History( Subjection of Historian to Poet)
 Review of Paragraph:
 Historian is subject to the poet in terms of:
Action or faction counsel or policy
war-stratagem
 Examples of historical narratives upon which poet could improve:
Herodotus: Zopyrus (Hitory.3)
Livy: Tarquinius
Xenophone: Abradates
Sidney speaks of: Art rather than artificer

Allusions:
 Historical Allusions:
Feigned examples from historical fictions to teach better:
 Zopyros’(King Darius’ faithful servant) story; Herodotus(History.3)
 Livy mentioning Tarquinius (King of Rome)
 Xenophone narrated fictional story of Abradates
Sidney for highlighting Poetry as the source of teaching and delighting
mentioned:
Dante Alighieri’s: Divine comedy( Heaven to hell: three realms of afterlife)

Para no 35:
 Theme line: Poetry Vs History (Superiority of Poetry regarding notable
learning)
 Review of paragraph:
 Peculiarity to poetry; virtue exalted and vice punished
 Historian is terror from well-doing and encouragement to wickedness;
examples
 In history virtue is punished and vice is rewarded
 History presents cruel tyrants instead of philosopher and poet

Allusions:
 Historical allusions:
Virtuous historical figures that were punished as traitors
allegedly:
 Phocion: Athenian statesman
 Socrates: The great Greek philosopher
 Excellent Severus Alexander Severus; Roman Emperor
Wicked and cruel tyrants those were rewarded
 The cruel Severus Septimius; Roman Emperor
 Sylla: Lucius Corneliu Sylla

Para no 36
 Theme line: Poetry Vs history( Poet as ‘Victorious figure’ in setting
forward and well-doing)
 Review:
 Excellence of poetry over history in moving towards well-doing
 Comparison of poet with Philosopher in teaching process
 Aristotle’s philosophy of Gnosis and Praxis
 Poetry helps in moving to practice

Allusions:
 Reference from Aristotle:
Aristotle says:
“It is not Gnosis(knowledge) but
Praxis(action) that must be the fruit”

Style and language of Sidney:
 Use of personal pronoun:
Sidney uses personal pronoun ‘I’ to explain excellence of poetry
in his point of view.
Example:
I say and say again, I speak of the art and not of artificer.
 Use of poetic forms or language:
 Sidney uses rhyming words: the best of the historian is subject to the poet
for whatsoever action or faction….
 Nay, truly, learned men have learnedly thought….

Style and language continue….
 Readers are friends to Sidney:
Involvement of readers in discourse and confirmation of their point of
views.
Example: Who will be taught, if he be not moved with desire to be
taught?
Rhetorical questioning technique:
Ask rhetorical questions from readers to engage them:
Example: Why do you not as well learn it of
Xenophone’s fiction…?

Devices and strong vocabulary
 Use of Metaphor:
‘Fortune’ is attributed the quality of being a Handmaid of poetry
(L-623: Defense o poesy)
‘Cruel and tyrannous’ historical Emperors are called as
Kennels(pack of hounds) L-649: Defense of poesy
 References from Greek language:
Caesar’s words of Sylla: Literas nescivit: was ignorant of letters(L-643)
Occidendos esse: The tyrants are to be slain(L-647)
Philophilosphos: Fond of philosophers (L-661)

Use of strong vocabulary:
 Latin quotation from Virgil:
‘hoc opus, hic labour est’
This is the toil, this is the labor
Strong vocabulary:
Inward light: Refers to ‘inward knowledge possessed by human being’
Philophilosophos: Love for knowledge
Truth of a foolish world: History
Gross conceit: Dull imagination

Para no: 38
Theme line: Poet-The Monarch
Review of Paragraph:
 Poet is the monarch of all human sciences.
 Poet offers an enticing journey e.g.
Passage through fair vineyard
Offer of cluster of grapes
 Poet exhibits characteristic as:-
words of delightful proportion
Skill of music
 Men prefer hearing poetic tales instead of philosophical descriptions e.g.
Tales of Hercules, Achilles

Allusions:
Historical Allusions:-
Poet is supposed to narrate details of following historical figures:-
 Hercules: A popular Greek hero.
 Xenophon's Cyrus:-
Cyrus The great, Persian King a model of statesmanship and valocu.
 Virgil’s Aeneas: The legendary Trojan Prince.
Mentioned in Vergil’s classical epic.

Para no: 39-40
Theme line: Poetical imitation is delightful
Review of Paragraph:
 Imitative nature of poetry explained by Aristotle.
 Men moved to courtesy, liberality, courage through poetic tales.
 Philosophy borrowing raiment of poesy.
 Purpose of poet to delight.

Allusions:
Literary Allusions:-
 Amadis de Gaule: Landmark chiralwc Romance.
 Poetic Tales making image in the imagination :-
Example: Tales of Turnus.
Turnus, King of Tutuli, was slained by Aeneas.
 Plato and Boethius: Philosophers

Para no: 41-42
Theme line: Strange effects of poetical Inventions
Review:
 Strange effects of poetical inventions
 Examples: (Power of poetry to teach virtue)
• Reconcilement of people in Rome by the poetic tale told by Menenius Agrippa Moral allegory
about Mutiny (told by Menenius).
• Old testament religious examples that of, Nathan the prophet and Psalmist David.

Allusions:
Historical Allusions:
 Moral allegory about Mutiny told by Menenius Agrippa.
 He was a Roman Consul.
Biblical Allusion:
 Old Testament religious example of Nathan the prophet.
 Hebrew prophet in Bible and Holy David the Psalmist.

Para no: 43
Theme line: Poetry teaching virtue
Review:
 Poet draws mind more effectually
 Poetry as an excellent workman to teach virtue.
Para no: 45-46
Theme line: Kind or species of Poetry ( Coupled Poesies)

Continue:
Review:
1. Coupling of poesies:-
 tragic-comical
 prose and verse mingle together
e.g. such as Sannazzaro and Boethius have done so.
2. Right use of Pastoral poems:
 Characters in Virgil's pastoral poetry describing different situations.
 Morality taught tales of wolfs and sheep's.
 Concept of telling victory achieved by contentions for trifles.

Allusions:
Literary Allusions:
Sannazzaro:
 Famous Italian poet. His chief work is Arcadia.
 A pastoral romance of mixed prose and verse.
Meliboeus and Tityrus:
 Characters of Virgil's 1st Eclogue that is pastoral poem.

Language of Sidney:
Metaphor:
 Now of all sciences is our poet the monarch. Poet is attributed the quality of being a
monarch. (L-690)
 “Poetry” attributed the quality of being “Princely” and the quality of being “most excellent
workman”.
 Poor pipe: The shepherd’s oaten pipe, celebrated in pastoral poetry is called as poor pipe.
Strong Adjectives:
 Your jealousy should lie through a fair vineyard (referring to a enticing journey). (L-693)

Continue….
 Point of view to readers:
 As is evident from tale of Menenius “Agrippa” and “Nathan the prophet”.
 Philosophy is attributed the earn of being Mistress. (L-733)
 The good fellow poet good natured.
 Poetry is called as medicine of cherries.
Style of Sidney's Language:
Descriptive style of writing.
 Sidney uses load of references and examples to prove nice.

Continue….
Humorous Element:
 “They must have learned geometry before they could well have conceived; the maxims
of philosophy”. (L751-752)
Sentence Structure:
 Sidney writes long and complex sentences having intervals and broken by commas.
Literary Criticism:
 Sidney the poet is the creator of a world which leads those who view it to follow virtue
and shun vice.
 Even Historian, bound to tell things as things were, cannot be liberal of a perfect pattern,
but, as in Alexander or Scipio himself, show doings, some to be liked, some to be
misliked. (David Daiches).

Para no: 46-47
Theme line: Elegiac, Iambic, Satiric Poem
Elegiac:
 It should evoke pity rather than blame.
 It reveals the “weakness of mankind” and “wretchedness of the world”.
 Elegiac poet is to be praised.
“For rightly painting out the passions of woefulness”.

Iambic:
 From “iamb” the iambic trimeter being first used by Greek writers for attack.
 It is bitter but wholesome iambic.
 Tries to unmask villainy.
 It openly decries moral corruption.
Satiric:
 In satiric the poet uses the indirect method of ridicule.
 It laughs at folly.
 It mocks folly in all sorts of people including the reader.

Allusions:
Historical Allusion:
Heraclitus
 He was pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of Ephesus.
 He refusing the chief magistracy of Ephesus lived in the mountains as a recluse.
 He has been called “The Obscure” and the “weeping philosopher” because he wept over the
follies of mankind.

Para no: 48
Theme line: The comic
 Comedy is an imitation of the common errors of our life.
 Errors are represented in the most ridiculous and scornful manner.
 He acknowledges that naughty play-makers and stage-keepers have made it odious.
 By seeing imperfect characters on stage a signifying badge given to the comedian i.e.
flattering Gnatho , crafty Davus.

Continue…..
• In the actions of our life we are not only sees the filthiness of evil but also sees the beauty of virtue.
• It identify our own faults which might otherwise remain invisible to us.
• The right use of comedy in which nobody be blame.
Allusions:
Mythical Allusions:
Demea: A pot bellied father in the Adelphi of Terence.
Davus: A servant in Terence’s Andria and Phormio.
Gnatho and Thraso: The names of two braggart captains in the Eunuchus of Terence.

Para no: 49
Theme line: Tragedy
Review of paragraph
 It opens the greatest wounds and shows forth the ulcers that are covered the tissues.
 Evoking admiration and commiseration with its suffering characters teaches about the
uncertainty of the world.
“ How weak foundations gilden roofs are builded”
 Nobody can resist the sweet violence of tragedy.

Allusions:
Plutarch:
 Greek biographer and essayist known primarily for his “Parallel Lives”.
 Parallel Lives is a series of 48 biographies of famous Greeks and Romans.
 He focused on individual characters, not the details of history.
Alexander Pheraeus:
 The cruel tyrant of Pherae in Thessaly.
 He ruled with great cruelty.

Para no: 50
Theme line: Lyric Poetry
Review of paragraph :
 A poem of praise which is mostly sung to musical accompaniment.
 It praises virtues and is used to praise God.
 It gives moral percepts and soars to the heavens in singing the praises of the Almighty, cannot be
displeasing.

Allusions:
Pindar: The celebrated Greek poet, well known for his Pindaric odes.
Hungry: Sidney spent some weeks there.
Mythical Allusions:
Lacedaemonians: A mythical king of Laconia in classical Greek mythology.
Songs of Percy and Douglas: The ballad of “Chevy Chase”. The old version of it, to which Sidney
doubtless refers, is given in Percy’s Reliques.

Paragraph: 51
Theme line: Heroic or Epic poem
The final genre is heroic whose very name should “daunt all backbiters”.
Heroic takes as its subject the heroes of the past such as Cyrus, Rinaldo and Aeneas.
Stories of these characters makes magnanimity and justice shine through all misty fearfulness and foggy
desires.
Teaches the highest and the best kind of virtue.
It is the best and most accomplished kind of poetry.

Allusions:
 Mythical Allusions:
• Tydeus: One of the seven heroes who fought against Thebes.
• Turnus: The Italian prince killed by Aeneas.
• Rinaldo: Orlando’s cousin in Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso and the Achilles of the Christian army.
• Archilles: He was the brave, handsome and greatest warrior of army of Agamemnon in the Trojan
war.
 Biblical Allusion:
• Cyrus: Cyrus is a king mentioned more than 30 times in the Bible and identified as Cyrus the great.

Style and language of Sidney:
Use of personal pronouns:
 Sidney uses personal pronouns I to explain the subdivisions of poetry.
Example:
There rests the heroical, whose very name, I think, should daunt all backbiters.
I must confess my own barbarousness.
 Sidney means to define and classify. He wants to be very clear about what he is going
to discuss to avoid confusion.
 He uses a lot of examples to prove his point.

Use of strong vocabulary:
 He uses strong vocabulary.
Example:
A great foil: Ugliness of evil
Signifying badge: Characteristic
Concurred: To unite
Reference from Other language:
 Greek Language:
Circum Praecordia ludit: Plays round (our heart) (L-830)
 Latin Language:
Est Elubris, animus si nos non deficit aequus: Latin phrase (L-832)

Nimra Shoukat
Paragraph no. 950 to 1040

Para no 950-60
Theme line:
 Poetry is all of Human Learning.
Review:
 It is ancient way to learn.
 Respected by Romans and Greeks.
 Poetry is the chief knowledge of all.
Poetry is not Evil because it teach us goodness.

Continue:
 Poets learns a conceit out a matter but make matter for a conceit.
 Poetry in which kinds are not only united form but in different
dissections.
 Appointed poets as Laurel Crown.
 Poetry has unique power to move its audience to “virtuous action”.

Allusions
 Historical Allusion:
Romans and Greeks,Barbarious nations
 Biblical Allusion:
Holy scripture and Saviour Christ

Para no 970-80
Theme line:
 Objections against Art
 Good lie hid in nearness of the evil.
Review:
 Firstly he talk about Poet’s haters.
 Their subject to quips and scoffs.
 They have personal grudge.
 They spend more words for Taunting.

Continue:
 Poet hater’s criticize because they want to get attention.
 Fault-finders, who will correct the verb before understand noun.
 They are the mere fools.
 Forefather termed as the Humorous kind of jester.

Allusions
 Mythical Allusions:
Greek terms “Misomousi”
 Historical Allusions:
“Agrippa” author of on the vanity of Arts and Science.
“Eramas” Famous Renaissance Dutch scholar, author of irony work, The Praise of
Folly”.

Para no (990-1010)
Theme line:
 “It is not rhyming and versing that make a poet”
 Significance of Verse
 “ Verse as a tool for memorization.”
Review:
 Verse is very useful for memory which is important part of learning.
 A reasonable person can't object it.
 Music is the most divine striker of the senses.

Allusions
 Historical Allusion:
Scaliger: Italian critic, his poetry exercised great influence on
Renaissance criticism. He says that the ‘Poet’ is ‘a maker of verse’
References:
Oratio next to Ratio: qualities which distinguished man from animal.
 Oratio-power of speaking
 Ratio-power of reasoning

Para no 1020-1040
Theme line:
 Poetry is an “Art of Memory”.
Review:
 Words are in poetry in knitting form.
 If we remove any word from the verse. The verse will not be able to provide
meaning
 All the words in poetry, provide delight and pleasure because each word in a
verse or in a poetry has its own meaning.

Continue:
 Poetry provide us power of memorization.
 If we talk about Virgil, Horace these poetry not only provide the
knowledge to older generation but also to new generation.
 So, poetry is that art which always remain in all memory.
 Poetry is the fittest art as compared to all kinds of art.

Style and Language of Sidney
 Personal pronouns:
Sidney used “I think” to give his own suggestions.
Like:
I think the Laurel crown appointed….poet’s triumph.
 He used strong vocabulary like:
Misomousi-poet hater’s
Quips and Scoff-Taunting and laughing
Commodity-Advantage

Literary Criticism:
 1. The poet, teaches by presenting an ideal world for the imitation of the
reader.
 2. Sidney's favors poetic justice that is possible in poet's world where good are
rewarded and wicked people are punished
 3. Sidney's arguement, poetry is simply a superior means of communication
and its value depends on what is communicated.
 Literary Criticism By David Daiches

Refutation of objections
MARYAM JABBAR
BSF1700603

FOUR MAIN IMPUTATIONS FOR POETRY
 Man might spend his time in other fruitful knowledge then
poetry.
 Poetry is the mother of lies.
 It is the nurse of abuse.
 Plato banished poetry out of his Commonwealth

 Literary Allusion
Chaucer : Before poetry men were more stronger not only
physically but psychologically
 Historical Allusion
Robinhood :Most famous Prince of the state
Balleds were written in his praise
 Intensive vocabulary
serpent’s tail : snake’s tail
pestilent desires : evil thoughts
lulled : lazy , calm
Siren: Attractive woman
 Adjective
Shady Idleness
sinful fancies
Fruitfull knowledge

Poetry is unprofitable
 A man might better spend his time is a reason indeed but the question
rises which learning is profitable?
 According to the Sidney, only that learning is better which not only
teaches but also please the reader.As he said
‘no learning is so good as that which teaches and moves to
the virtue’
 Sidney did not find any subject that moves to virtue and teaches side by
side.
‘none can both teach and moves thereto as much as poesy’
It concludes that just writing a content cannot be a satisfactory amount for
completion of the purposes of learning.

Poetry is the mother of lies
 Poets are liars because they do not affirm their writings as
a truth.
 But Sidney tells all wirter under the sun the poet is least
liar.
 Poet tells less lies than other scientists like astronomers
and physicians
Only those people affirm who have doubt in their debates or
writings.
 The poet nothing affirms,therefore never lies.

CONTI….
 Lie is to affirm that to to be true which is false.Poets never lie ,for they
never claim to their poem to be truth
Historian Poets
Affirms, cloudy knowledge of mankind
Never affirms
Gets differ after geographical
boundary
Never makes circle to one’s
imagination
What did or did not? What should or should not be?
Recounts untrue things Recounts things not for true

Historian Poet
In search of true facts they add
falsehoods
Fiction is untrue but not a lie.
Eg:THEBES
He give the story of man and his work His persons and doings are picture
what should be. Eg: Cyrus
Use narration for what has been done
which can be differ with boundaries.
Use narration as an imaginative
ground plot of a profitable inventions
Characters are already named Poet gives name to characters that
are not exist

Nurse of abuses
 Poetry leads to sinful behavior.
 It abuses the man’s wit and training it to the lustful love.
 Comedy ,elegiac ,lyric and heroic reprehend lustful desires
 Sidney replies ,not say that poetry abuses man’s wit but
the men’s wit abuses poetry.
 an ill pleased eye with wanton shows of better hidden
matters.

Conti..
 Poetry is abused due to its sweet charming force.
 Why do you not abused the physics who teach poison the
most violet destroyer?
 Why do you not abused to the law whose end is not equal
all the time?
 The fact is all based on human wit.
 A person can kill his father or defend the nation with the
same sword its depend on his wit that how he uses his
sword.

Language Analysis
USE OF PERSONAL PRONOUN
Sidney uses personal pronoun ‘I’ to explain his point of view
EXAMPLE:
I answer paradoxically, I think , I affirm
USE OF 3RD PERSONAL PRONOUN
Sidney uses they to dominate the critics of poetry
Example ;
they cry out with an open mouth
Rhetorical questioning technique:
Ask rhetorical questions from readers to engage them:
Example: Shall the abuse…..?
Do we not …..?

 Use of conjunctive adverb
A conjunctive adverb is not so common in everyday speech, but occurs frequently
in written prose.
Example :And therefore , now ,And certainly , although, Paradoxically
 Interjection
BUT WHAT! Alas love! Why they keep you!
 Metaphores
Example : Ink and paper cannot be to a more profitable purposes employed
There is sprung out of the earth a more fruitful knowledge
 Strong Vocabulary
Siren: Attractive woman
Commendation :Praise

 Adjectives
a very partial champion
lustful love
Charming force
Sweet muses
 Mythical Allusion
John a Stile
John a Noakes
 Historical Allusion
Thebes and cyrus
 Irony
Thanks to call the love a beastly fault

An apology for poetry paragraph 32-63

An apology for poetry paragraph 32-63

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An apology for poetry paragraph 32-63