3. PERMANENT AND DECIDUOUS TEETH
• The teeth of the
adult mouth are
permanent, or
secondary teeth;
• Most of them are
replacements for
primary, or
deciduous, also
called milk teeth,
teeth that are lost
during childhood;
4. PERMANENT AND DECIDUOUS TEETH
• The deciduous
teeth erupt
between about 6
moths and 24
months of age;
• The permanent
teeth begin
replacing the
deciduous teeth
by about 5 years
and the process
is completed by
about 11 years.
5. PERMANENT AND DECIDUOUS TEETH
• Normal adults have 32 teeth, which are distributed in two dental
arches: maxillary and mandibular arch.
• Teeth are divided
into four quadrants;
• In each quadrant
include:
- 1 central and lateral
incisor,
- 1 canine,
- 1st and 2nd
premolars,
- 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
molars .
Permanent teeth
7. PERMANENT AND DECIDUOUS TEETH
Each tooth consists of:
• A crown with one or more
cusps (points), a neck, and a
root.
Clinical crown: part of the tooth
exposed in the oral cavity.
Anatomical crown: the entire
enamel-covered part of the tooth.
8. PERMANENT AND DECIDUOUS TEETH
- The center of the tooth is a pulp cavity, filled with blood vessels,
nerves , and connective tissue called pulp.
- The pulp cavity within the root is called the root canal.
9. PERMANENT AND DECIDUOUS TEETH
- The nerves and blood vessels of the tooth enter and exit the pulp
through a hole at the point of each root called the apical foramen.
10. PERMANENT AND DECIDUOUS TEETH
- The pulp cavity is surrounded by a living, cellular, and calcified tissue
called dentin.
- The dentin of the tooth crown : covered by an acellular substance -
enamel - protects the tooth against abrasion and acids produced by
bacteria in the mouth.
11. PERMANENT AND DECIDUOUS TEETH
- Surface of the dentin in the root: covered with a cellular, bonelike
substance - cementum - helps anchor the tooth in the jaw.
The teeth are set in alveoli
along the alveolar processes;
Dense fibrous connective
tissue and stratified
squamous epithelium –
gingiva - cover the alveolar
processes;
Periodontal ligaments secure
the teeth in the alveoli.
12. DENTAL DISEASES
Dental caries:
• Is caused by a breakdown of enamel by acids produced by
bacteria on the tooth surface;
• If the decay reaches the pulp cavity with its rich supply of
nerves, toothache pain may result;
• In some cases in which
decay has reached the pulp
cavity, it may be necessary
to perform a dental
procedure called a “root
canal” - removing the pulp
from the tooth.
13. DENTAL - CLINICAL CASES
Periodontal disease:
- Inflammation and degradation of the periodontal ligaments,
gingiva, and alveolar bone - Tooth loss in adults.
Gingivitis:
- Inflammation of the gingiva by food deposited in gingival crevices
and not promptly removed by brushing and flossing – leads to
periodontal disease.
Pyorrhea is a condition in which pus occurs with periodontal
disease.
Halitosis, or bad breath, often occurs with periodontal disease and
pyorrhea.
