Plant morphology- Root and Shoot system and their modification

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ROOT SYSTEM

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ROOT SYSTEM TAP ROOT ADVENTITOUS ROOT
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 Root is a significant part of a plant.
 It is usually an underground part of a plant which fix the
plant on the soil.
 Its main function is to absorb water and food material from
soil.

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ROOT SYSTEM TAP ROOT ADVENTITOUS ROOT
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ROOT SYSTEM TAP ROOT ADVENTITOUS ROOT
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 The root system that develops from any
part of the plant body other than the
radicle is called the adventitious root
system.
 It is mostly seen in monocotyledonous
plants.

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ROOT MODIFICATION TAP ROOT MODIFICATION
ADVENTITOUS ROOT
MODIFICATION
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 Plants have different root structures for specific purposes.
 There are many different types of specialized roots, but two of the more familiar
types of roots include aerial roots and storage roots.
 Aerial roots grow above the ground, typically providing structural support.
Storage roots (for example, taproots and tuberous roots) are modified for food
storage.

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ROOT MODIFICATION TAP ROOT MODIFICATION
ADVENTITOUS ROOT
MODIFICATION
Conical
Napiform
Fusiform
The main root is conical in shape
with broad base and tapers
Gradually at the apex.

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ROOT MODIFICATION TAP ROOT MODIFICATION
ADVENTITOUS ROOT
MODIFICATION
Conical
Napiform
Fusiform
The tap root is spherical in shape
and tapers sharply at the
Tip

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ROOT MODIFICATION TAP ROOT MODIFICATION
ADVENTITOUS ROOT
MODIFICATION
Conical
Napiform
Fusiform
The tap root is swollen at the middle region
And tapers at both the ends.

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1. Storage Roots
2. Epiphytic or Aerial Absorbing Roots
3. Assimilatory Roots
4. Reproductive Roots
5. Respiratory Roots or Pneumatophores
6. Sucking Roots or Haustoria
7. Mycorrhizal Roots
ROOT MODIFICATION TAP ROOT MODIFICATION
ADVENTITOUS ROOT
MODIFICATION

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ROOT MODIFICATION TAP ROOT MODIFICATION
ADVENTITOUS ROOT
MODIFICATION
Adventitious roots also become swollen due to the storage of food. These are of five
Types:
Tuberous
Fasciculate
Nodulose
Moniliform
Annulated

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ROOT MODIFICATION TAP ROOT MODIFICATION
ADVENTITOUS ROOT
MODIFICATION
Tuberous:
 These roots are swollen but have no definite
shape.
 They arise from the nodes of the stem. For ex:
Sweet potato.

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ROOT MODIFICATION TAP ROOT MODIFICATION
ADVENTITOUS ROOT
MODIFICATION
The swollen roots develop in clusters at base of
the stem and have definite shapes.
Ex: Asparagus.
Fasciculated

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ROOT MODIFICATION TAP ROOT MODIFICATION
ADVENTITOUS ROOT
MODIFICATION
Nodulose
Theses are only the tip of the roots
become swollen due to accumulation of
food.
EX: Mango ginger, Arrow root

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ROOT MODIFICATION TAP ROOT MODIFICATION
ADVENTITOUS ROOT
MODIFICATION
Moniliform
These roots are swollen at regular
intervals giving a beaded
appearance. Ex: Grass, Bitter gourd

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ROOT MODIFICATION TAP ROOT MODIFICATION
ADVENTITOUS ROOT
MODIFICATION
Annulated
These roots appear as if they are
formed of numerous discs placed one
above the other. Ex: Ipecac

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Palmate Roots:
The fleshy roots are thickened like the palm of human
hand. They similarly possess finger-like outgrowths, e.g.,
Orchits
ROOT MODIFICATION TAP ROOT MODIFICATION
ADVENTITOUS ROOT
MODIFICATION
Palmate Roots

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ROOT MODIFICATION TAP ROOT MODIFICATION
ADVENTITOUS ROOT
MODIFICATION
Anchorage Roots
Certain shrubs where the anchorage is not very strong. In these cases,
short roots grow obliquely downwards from near the base of the stem
and act like stilts providing additional support as well as anchorage to
the stem. Ex: Pandanus

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ROOT MODIFICATION TAP ROOT MODIFICATION
ADVENTITOUS ROOT
MODIFICATION
Climbing- root
Some climbers can climb
up their supports as
adventitious roots growing
from the nodes of the frail
climber twine round and
clasp the support as if the
climber has been tied to
the support at those
points.
Ex: betel vine

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ROOT MODIFICATION TAP ROOT MODIFICATION
ADVENTITOUS ROOT
MODIFICATION
Epiphytic Roots
Epiphytic- Vanda,
Epiphytic or Aerial
absorbing roots are
the peculiar common
roots seen hanging
from the orchids .
Epiphytes are
provided with these
aerial roots in
addition to the
clinging roots

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ROOT MODIFICATION TAP ROOT MODIFICATION
ADVENTITOUS ROOT
MODIFICATION
Haustorial Roots
The roots occur in parasites for absorbing nourishment
from the host. Hence, they are also called sucking roots or
suckers. Cuscuta

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ROOT MODIFICATION TAP ROOT MODIFICATION
ADVENTITOUS ROOT
MODIFICATION
Floating Roots
Floating-Jussiaea
These roots arise
from each node.
Some of them store
air, become
inflated, project
out of water, make
the plant light and
function as floats.
The root floats help
the plant in
floating on the
surface of water.

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ROOT MODIFICATION TAP ROOT MODIFICATION
ADVENTITOUS ROOT
MODIFICATION
Respiratory Roots
Respiratory- Avicennia
 Some trees and
shrubs growing in
saline marshes
(mangrove plants)
suffer from the lack
of oxygen.
 These root branches
grow vertically up
(i.e., negatively
geotropic).
 Atmospheric air
enters these roots
through the minute
pores of special
lenticels called
pneumathodes

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ROOT MODIFICATION TAP ROOT MODIFICATION
ADVENTITOUS ROOT
MODIFICATION
Assimilatory Roots
Assimilatory- Vanda.

25. The Shoot System
The aerial portion of the plant that develops
from the plumule of the embryo.
• It consists of
• a main stem,
• Nodes and internodes,
• leaves,
• buds,
• flowers,
• fruits and
• seeds
Characteristics
feature

26. The Shoot System
Parts

27. Shoot System Example of plant
Tree Mango
Shrub Croton
Grass Sugarcane
Creeper Black Pepper
Twiner Yam
Runner Sweet Potato
The Shoot System
Types

28. Types of Shoot Systems
Tree Creeper
Shrub
Twiner
Grass Runner
The Shoot System
Types

29. New shoots usually develop from the terminal and
axillary buds of the plant. If they develop from the
root system they are called adventitious shoots.
They are stems that grow and develop
underground. They are also known as organs of
perennation, because they store food and give rise
to new plants.
The Shoot System
UNDERGROUND STEM
ADVENTITIOUS SHOOTS

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The Shoot System
Branches

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The Shoot System
Branches

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The Shoot System
Forms of stem

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The Shoot System
Branches
1. It is a mode of racemose branching.
2. Lateral branches develop acropetally.
3. Lateral branches develop from axils of leaves.
4. Apical bud remains active throughout.
5. Axis is simple and represents the main axis.

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The Shoot System
Branches
1. It is mode of cymose branching.
2. Lateral branches develop in basipetal succession
3. Lateral branches appear opposite the leaves
4. Apical or terminal bud stops activity after some time. It is
replaced by
5. axulliary bud which becomes terminal
6. Axis is formed by fusion of bases of axillary branches and
main stem

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The Shoot System
Twiners
 A twining vine, also known as a bine, is one that climbs by
its shoots growing in a helix, in contrast to vines that climb
using tendrils or suckers.
 Many bines have rough stems or downward-pointing bristles
to aid their grip.

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The Shoot System
Climbers
• Climbers are weak stemmed plants that
derive support from climbing up trees and
other tall objects.
• Many of them are vines whose stems twine
round trees and branches.
• They use special structures called tendrils to
climb on trees. Examples are pea plant, money
plant

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The Shoot System
Types of twiners

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The Shoot System
Climbers

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The Shoot System
Tendrils
Tendrils are the thin, thread-like
growths on the stems or leaves of
climbing plants.
The two types of tendrils are stem
tendrils and leaf tendrils.
The tendrils grow towards the
things they happen to touch

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The Shoot System
Tendrils

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The Shoot System
Hooks

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The Shoot System
Thorne

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Shoot System
Modification stems
Modification of Stem
Modification stems-root stock,
rhizome, corm, tuber and bulb

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The Shoot System
Modification stems
Stem root stock can be refer to a
rhizome or underground stem
Rhizome: a horizontal
underground stem of some
plants that sends out roots and
shoots from its nodes

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The Shoot System
Rhizome

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The Shoot System
Corm a short, vertical, swollen
underground stem of a plant that serves
as a storage organ to enable the plant
to survive winter or other adverse
conditions such as drought.
Corm

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The Shoot System
Corm

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The Shoot System
Tuber
Tuber : a fleshy, thickened,
underground stem of a plant,
usually containing stored starch,
as for example a potato or
arrowroot

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The Shoot System
Tuber

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Bulb : the bulb-shaped root
portion of a plant such as a tulip,
from which the rest of the plant
may be regrown
The Shoot System
Bulb

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The Shoot System
Tuber

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The Shoot System- Aerial stem
modification
Cladode : green branches of
limited growth which have taken
up the functions of
photosynthesis
Cladode

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The Shoot System
Cladode

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The Shoot System
Phylloclade
In Opuntia, the leaves are modified
into spines and the stems becomes
fleshy leaf like phylloclade. In Casuarina
the leaves are modified into scales. The
phylloclade in Ruscus is leaf like and
bear flowers.

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The Shoot System
Phylloclade