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Instructional Presentation on Basic Genetics
- 1. Bio101: An Introduction toHuman Genetics Instructional Presentation Adam Wasilko Amnah Albuloushi Michaela Noakes
- 2. Genetics: The Basics •The science of biological inheritance • The study of heredity, how traits are passed on from one generation to another, and what makes each species unique
- 3. What traits doyou share with your: • parents? • Grandparents? • Siblings?
- 4. The discovery ofgenetics – Gregor Mendel – Austrian monk – The ‘father of genetics’ – Famous experiments with pea plants
- 5.
- 6. Pea Plants? – Whatmight make this a good plant to study?
- 7. Main reasons: • Presenceof observable traits with contrasting forms • Produces many offspring in one cross • Short life cycle • Ease in manipulating pollination (can easily cross pollinate)
- 8. • Mendel usedtrue-breeding plants which means if they were left to breed with themselves they would produce offspring identical to themselves. • Mendel studied 7 different traits in pea plants. • A trait is a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another.
- 9. The language ofgenetics Gene: A segment of a chromosome that produces a particular trait.
- 10. • Each traitis produced by a pair of hereditary factors collectively know as GENES. • Within a chromosome, there are many genes, each of which controls the inheritance of a particular trait. • A gene is a segment of a chromosome that produces a particular trait. • As we discussed, in pea plants, there’s a gene on the chromosome that holds the code for seed coat color
- 11. Alleles A pair ofhereditary factors that make up a gene or (different forms of a gene)
- 12. • A geneusually consists of a pair of hereditary factors called alleles. • Each organism carries two alleles for a particular trait, one from the mother and one from the father. • Another way to say this is that two alleles make up a gene, which in turn produces a particular trait.
- 13. • Dominant Allele •A hereditary factor that “takes over” the gene determining the trait • Recessive Allele • A hereditary factor that is hidden by a dominant allele • A genetics ‘boxing match’ • The ‘winner’ gets to express their trait
- 14. • some allelesare dominant and others are recessive. • Dominant alleles are always expressed. • Recessive alleles are only expressed if both alleles are recessive.
- 15. • an allelecan be DOMINANT or RECESSIVE. • A Dominant allele – ‘wins’. • Written with an UPPERCASE letter. T, B, N • A Recessive allele – hidden by the dominant. Written with a lowercase letter. t,b,n
- 16. • Homozygous Two identicalalleles for a particular trait. BB or b (blue eye, blue eye) (brown eye, brown eye) • Heterozygous Two different alleles for a particular trait. Bb (brown eye, blue eye)
- 17. • Genotype •The geneticmakeup of an organism due to the genes present •The biological coding that expressed your eye color, hair color, etc.
- 18. • Phenotype The actualtrait that is expressed by your genes such as hair color or eye color
- 19. Parent vs. filialgeneration • The first generation is always called the parent or P1 GENERATION. • The offspring of the P1 generation are called the first filial or F1 generation. • The offspring of the F1 generation are called the F2 generation.
- 20. How can wepredict outcomes? • Punnett Squares used to predict genetic crosses. • Make a two by two box, fill in known information and “cross” them
- 21. • Here wewill cross two heterozygous traits, tT and tT • Which trait will be expressed in each of the four scenarios? • What is most likely to happen?
- 22. • These canbe very complicated, or simple, depending on what you are trying to predict • Back to Mendel and the peas:
- 23. Mendel’s Laws • Overmany generations Mendel was able to observe some things that always happened! Here is what he said: • The inheritance of biological characteristics are determined by genes. • For two or more forms of a gene, dominance and recessive forms may exist. • Most sexually reproductive organisms have two sets of genes that separate during gamete formation. • Alleles segregate independently.
- 24. It’s not alwaysthat easy! • Codominance – Both alleles contribute to the phenotype. Red cow X White Cow = Roan Cow.
- 25. • Incomplete Dominance– One allele is not completely dominant over the other. White flower crosses with a red = pink flower.
- 26. • Multiple Alleles– More than two alleles control the phenotype. Coat color of rabbits.
- 27. • Polygenic traits– Several genes control the trait. Skin color in humans.
- 28. Research Assignment • Nowthat we know some basics of genetics, we can apply them to real world situations. • Many common diseases are classified as genetic diseases, meaning they are passed on through family lines
- 29. • 22q11.2 deletionsyndrome • Angelman syndrome • Canavan disease • Celiac disease • Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease • Color blindness • Cri du chat • Cystic fibrosis • Down syndrome • Duchenne muscular dystrophy • Haemochromatosis • Haemophilia • Klinefelter's syndrome • Neurofibromatosis • Phenylketonuria • Polycystic kidney disease • Prader-Willi syndrome • Sickle-cell disease • Tay-Sachs disease • Turner syndrome
- 30. Wiki Assignment • Formgroups of 3 • Using the blackboard wiki tool write a wiki based on the genetic disease of your group’s choice • Include – background information, – what type is it (dominant, sex linked, recessive) – Treatment and detection of the disease – Current research on the disease
- 31. Supplemental Material • Gothrough the flashcards a few times • Become familiar with the vocabulary of genetics • This will be our “language” for the whole semester! http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcar ds/view/1555508)