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oil_and_gas_101_training_2019_erg_20190703_0.pptx
1. Oil and Gas 101: An Overview of Oil and
Gas Upstream Activities, Regulations,
and Emission Inventories
Jennifer Snyder, U.S. EPA
Melissa Weitz, U.S. EPA
Adam Eisele, U.S. EPA
Regi Oommen and Mike Pring, Eastern Research Group
July 29, 2019
2019 Emission Inventory Conference
Dallas, TX
2. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2
Presenters
⢠Mike Pring, Eastern Research Group, Inc.
⢠mike.pring@erg.com
⢠Jennifer Snyder, U.S. EPA
⢠Snyder.Jennifer@epa.gov
⢠Adam Eisele, U.S. EPA
⢠Eisele.Adam@epa.gov
⢠Melissa Weitz, U.S. EPA
⢠Weitz.Melissa@epa.gov
⢠Regi Oommen, Eastern Research Group, Inc.
⢠regi.oommen@erg.com
3. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 3
Training Overview
⢠Oil and gas production in the United States
⢠Upstream oil and gas emission sources
⢠Data resources
⢠Federal oil and gas regulations
⢠EPAâs Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory (GHGEI)
⢠EPAâs Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP) (Subpart W)
⢠Oil and gas emission estimates in the National Emissions Inventory
(NEI)
⢠Future plans
⢠Use and application of the Nonpoint Oil and Gas Emission
Estimation Tool
4. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 4
Oil and Gas Production in the US
⢠Over 3 billion barrels of crude oil produced in 2017
⢠~50% increase since 2011
⢠~The same as 2015
⢠~18% of production offshore (was 30% in 2010)
⢠Texas, North Dakota, California
⢠Over 29 trillion cubic feet of gas produced in 2017
⢠~30% increase since 2009
⢠~4% of production offshore
⢠Texas, Pennsylvania, Oklahoma
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration
5. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 5
US Crude Oil Production (onshore)
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration
6. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 6
US Natural Gas Production (onshore)
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration
7. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 7
Natural Gas, NGLs, Condensate, Oil
⢠Natural Gas (C1 â primarily Methane)
⢠Natural Gas Liquids (C2 â C4)
⢠Ethane, Propane, Butane
⢠Extracted at gas processing plants
⢠âWet gasâ
⢠Condensate (~C5+)
⢠Condenses out of gas stream at surface
⢠Crude Oil (mixture of heavier hydrocarbons)
⢠Distilled into gasoline, kerosene, diesel, jet fuel
8. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 8
Eagle Ford Shale Oil and Gas Well Map
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration
11. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 11
Upstream Oil and Gas Emission Sources
Exploration Sources
⢠Drilling Rigs
⢠Hydraulic Fracturing Pumps
⢠Mud Degassing
⢠Well Completion Venting
Production Sources (continued)
⢠Fugitive Leaks
⢠Gas-Actuated Pneumatic Pumps
⢠Heaters
⢠Lateral Compressor Engines
⢠Liquids Unloading
⢠Hydrocarbon Liquids Loading
⢠Pneumatic Devices
⢠Produced Water Tanks
⢠Wellhead Compressor Engines
Production Sources
⢠Artificial Lift Engines
⢠Associated Gas Venting
⢠CBM Dewatering Pump Engines
⢠Condensate Tanks
⢠Crude Oil Tanks
⢠Dehydrators
12. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 12
Tool Estimation Methodologies
⢠Area (nonpoint) source methodologies
⢠Based on point source methodologies averaged
over the population
⢠Scaled to the county level using activity factors (well
counts, oil production, gas production)
⢠Refer to â2017 Nonpoint Oil and Gas Emission
Estimation Tool Version 1â (April, 2019) for details
13. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 13
Exploration - Drilling Rigs
⢠Used to drill wellbore to
target formation
⢠2 primary rig types
⢠Mechanical
⢠Diesel-electric
⢠Powered by large, diesel
engines (~1,000 â 1,500
HP)
⢠~2 â 4 weeks
EPA photo.
14. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 14
Drilling Rigs
⢠Emissions based on cumulative feet drilled
⢠Process characteristics needed to estimate
emissions
⢠Engine size and type (Horsepower, HP)
⢠Operating hours (hr/spud)
⢠Emission factors from EPA's NONROAD model
⢠Methodology accounts for different types of rig
configurations (mechanical and diesel-electric)
15. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 15
Mud Degassing
⢠Mud degassing refers to the process of âoff-gassingâ
of entrained gas in the drilling mud once it is outside
of the wellbore
⢠Drilling mud used to keep the drill bit cool, carry out
drill cuttings, and maintain wellbore pressure to
prevent formation fluids from entering wellbore
⢠Emissions based on total drilling days
⢠Emission factor derived from 1977 EPA report
âAtmospheric Emissions from Offshore Oil and Gas
Development and Productionâ
16. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 16
Hydraulic Fracturing Pumps
⢠Emissions based on number of fracture events
⢠Process characteristics needed to estimate
emissions
⢠Engine size (HP)
⢠Number of engines
⢠Operating hours (hr/event)
⢠Emission factors from EPA's NONROAD model
17. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 17
Well Completion Venting
⢠Emissions generated as gas is
vented prior to well being brought
into production
⢠For fractured wells, emissions are
generated as gas entrained in the
flowback fluid is emitted through
open vents at the top of flowback
tanks
⢠Fractured wells regulated under
NSPS OOOO and OOOOa Example of Green Completion Equipment
(Source: Weatherford)
18. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 18
Well Completion Venting
⢠Emissions based on number of completion events
⢠Process characteristics needed to estimate emissions
⢠Volume of gas released per completion (Million
Cubic Feet (MCF)/event)
⢠Oil and gas
⢠Conventional and unconventional
⢠Gas composition
⢠Controls
19. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 19
Production Sources
Source : Texas Commission on Environmental Quality Air Permit Reference Guide APDG 5942
20. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 20
Artificial Lift Engines
⢠âPumpjackâ engines
⢠Engines used to lift oil out of the well if there is
not enough bottom hole pressure for the oil to
flow to the surface
⢠Generally use casinghead gas
21. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 21
Artificial Lift Engines
⢠Emissions based on number of oil wells
⢠Process characteristics needed to estimate emissions
⢠Engine size (HP)
⢠Engine operating schedule (hr/yr)
⢠Fraction of oil wells with engines
⢠Emission factors from AP-42
⢠Electric engines are common, accounted for in
methodology
22. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 22
Associated Gas Venting
⢠Refers to the practice of venting gas produced at oil
wells where the well is not connected to a gas sales
pipeline
⢠May be flared (e.g. Bakken Shale)
⢠Process characteristics needed to estimate emissions
⢠Quantity of gas vented per barrel of oil production
(MCF/bbl)
⢠Fraction of gas flared
⢠Composition of the vented gas
23. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 23
Coalbed Methane Dewatering
Pump Engines
⢠Pumps used to remove water from the wellbore
⢠Similar to artificial lift engines
⢠Process characteristics needed to estimate emissions
⢠Engine size (HP)
⢠Engine operating schedule (hr/yr)
⢠Fraction of CBM wells with engines
⢠Electric engines are common, accounted for in
methodology
25. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 25
Condensate Tanks
⢠Emissions based on condensate production
⢠Emissions occur from flashing, working, and
breathing losses
⢠Flashing losses are generally the largest component
and occur when gases entrained in a liquid âflash
offâ as the pressure drops
⢠Emissions per barrel of condensate needed to
estimate total county-level emissions (lb/bbl)
⢠Regulated under NSPS OOOO and OOOOa
26. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 26
Crude Oil Tanks
⢠Used to store crude oil at a well
pad or central tank battery prior to
transfer to a refinery
⢠Some oil fields pipe oil directly
downstream and do not have
tanks in the field
⢠Accounted for in Tool
⢠Largest Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOC) source as
calculated by the Tool
Permian Basin Tank Battery
Source: Google Earth
27. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 27
Crude Oil Tanks
⢠Emissions based on oil production
⢠Emissions occur from flashing, working, and
breathing losses
⢠Emissions per barrel of crude oil needed to estimate
total county-level emissions (lb/bbl)
⢠Regulated under NSPS OOOO and OOOOa
28. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 28
Dehydrators
⢠Use glycol to remove water
from gas stream to prevent
corrosion or freezing issues
downstream
⢠Small reboiler used to
regenerate the glycol
⢠May be located at well pad,
or at centrally located
gathering station EPA photo.
29. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 29
Dehydrators
⢠Emissions generated from the still vent and the
reboiler
⢠Emissions from the still vent based on gas production
⢠Emissions per throughput (lb/MMSCF)
⢠Emissions from the reboiler based on gas well count
⢠Number of dehydrators per well
⢠Reboiler size (MMBtu/hr) and operating schedule
(hr/yr)
⢠NESHAP HH and HHH may require controls
30. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 30
Fugitive Leaks
⢠Emissions of gas that
escape through well site
components such as
connectors, flanges, and
valves
⢠Source category only covers
components located at the
well pad
⢠Regulated under NSPS
OOOOa
Source : Texas Commission on Environmental
Quality Air Permit Reference Guide APDG 5942
31. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 31
Fugitive Leaks
⢠Emissions based on well count
⢠Process characteristics needed to estimate emissions
⢠Counts of fugitive components by type per well
⢠Operating schedule (hr/yr)
⢠Composition of leaked gas
⢠Emission factors from âProtocol for Equipment Leak
Emission Estimatesâ (EPA, 1995)
32. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 32
Gas-Actuated Pneumatic Pumps
⢠Small gas-driven plunger pumps used to provide
a constant supply of chemicals or lubricants
⢠Commonly used in sites where electric power is
unavailable
⢠Gas-actuated pumps vent by design
33. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 33
Gas-Actuated Pneumatic Pumps
⢠Emissions based on well counts
⢠Kimray pumps
⢠Chemical injection pumps (CIP)
⢠Certain pumps regulated under NSPS OOOOa
⢠Process characteristics needed to estimate emissions
⢠Count of pumps per well (oil, gas, CBM)
⢠Pump vent rate (SCF per throughput or day)
⢠Composition of vented gas
34. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 34
Heaters
⢠Line heaters - used to
maintain temperatures as
pressure decreases to
prevent formation of
hydrates (Marcellus
Shale)
⢠Heater treaters â used to
heat oil/water emulsions
to aid in separation
(Bakken Shale, Permian
Basin)
Source : Texas Commission on Environmental
Quality Air Permit Reference Guide APDG 5942
35. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 35
Heaters
⢠Emissions based on the number of wells
⢠Heaters used as control devices regulated under
NSPS OOOO and OOOOa
⢠Process characteristics needed to estimate emissions
⢠Number of heaters per well
⢠Heater size (MMBtu/hr)
⢠Operating schedule (hr/yr)
⢠Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) content (to estimate sulfur
dioxide, SO2)
36. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 36
Lateral Compressor Engines
⢠Large âlineâ engines
⢠May serve ~10 to 100 wells
⢠Used at gathering or booster stations (mid-stream)
⢠Natural gas-fired
⢠Rich-burn or lean-burn
37. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 37
Lateral Compressor Engines
⢠Emissions based on the number of gas wells
⢠Compressors regulated under NSPS OOOO and
OOOOa
⢠Process characteristics needed to estimate emissions
⢠Number of gas wells served by a lateral engine
⢠Engine size (HP)
⢠Operating schedule (hr/yr)
⢠Control information
38. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 38
Liquids Unloading
⢠Used to remove accumulation of fluids in the wellbore
⢠Also known as âwell blowdownsâ
⢠May be controlled (flaring or plunger lifts)
39. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 39
Liquids Unloading
⢠Emissions based on the number of gas wells
⢠Process characteristics needed to estimate emissions
⢠Number of unloading events per well
⢠Volume of vented gas per liquids unloading event
(MCF/event)
⢠Composition of vented gas
⢠Control information
40. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 40
Hydrocarbon Liquids Loading
⢠Emissions generated during
transfer of liquids from
tanks to trucks
⢠As with storage tank
emissions, where liquids
are piped directly
downstream, no emissions
from this category
⢠Accounted for in Tool
Source : Texas Commission on Environmental
Quality Air Permit Reference Guide APDG 5942
41. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 41
Hydrocarbon Liquids Loading
⢠Emissions based on oil and condensate production
⢠AP-42 loading loss equation used to estimate
emissions
⢠Tank vapor composition needed to estimate VOC
and Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP) emissions
42. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 42
Pneumatic Devices
⢠Use high-pressure gas to produce mechanical
motion (levers, switches)
⢠Largest methane (CH4) source under Subpart W
and in the GHGEI (production sector)
⢠2nd largest VOC source as calculated by the
Tool
43. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 43
Pneumatic Devices
⢠Emissions based on the number of wells
⢠Process characteristics needed to estimate emissions
⢠Number of devices per well
⢠Type of devices (high, low, and intermittent-bleed)
⢠Volume of vented gas per device (SCF/hr/device)
⢠Operating schedule (hr/yr)
⢠Composition of vented gas
⢠Regulated under NSPS OOOO and OOOOa
44. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 44
Produced Water Tanks
⢠Store water separated at
the wellhead
⢠Emissions generated from
working and breathing
losses
⢠Water may be injected
underground to maintain
pressure (waterflooding) or
for disposal
Source : Texas Commission on Environmental
Quality Air Permit Reference Guide APDG 5942
45. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 45
Produced Water Tanks
⢠Emissions based on produced water production
⢠Emissions occur from working and breathing losses
⢠Process characteristics needed to estimate
emissions
⢠Emissions per barrel of production (lb/bbl)
⢠Fraction of produced water directed to tanks
⢠Composition of the tank vapors
46. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 46
Wellhead Compressor Engines
⢠Provide energy to move
produced gas downstream
to gathering or boosting
station
⢠Brought onsite as well
pressure drops
⢠Utilize produced gas as fuel
⢠Largest Nitrogen Oxides
(NOx) source as calculated
by the Tool
Source : Texas Commission on Environmental
Quality Air Permit Reference Guide APDG 5942
47. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 47
Wellhead Compressor Engines
⢠Compressors regulated under NSPS OOOO and
OOOOa
⢠Emissions based on the number of gas wells
⢠Process characteristics needed to estimate emissions
⢠Fraction of gas wells requiring compression
⢠Engine size (HP)
⢠Operating schedule (hr/yr)
⢠Control information
48. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 48
Data Resources
⢠National Oil & Gas Committee Information
Repository
⢠Existing studies
⢠EPA Natural Gas STAR Program
â https://www.epa.gov/natural-gas-star-
program/natural-gas-star-program
⢠Industry surveys
⢠State permitting/inventory data
49. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 49
Existing Studies
⢠National Oil & Gas Committee Information Repository
â http://vibe.cira.colostate.edu/ogec/home.htm
⢠Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)
â https://www.tceq.texas.gov/airquality/airmod/project/pj_repor
t_ei.html
⢠Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP)
â https://www.wrapair2.org/emissions.aspx
50. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 50
Industry Surveys
⢠Send directly to industry, focused or broad
⢠Recent industry surveys/examples
â CenSARA
â TCEQ
â WRAP
â PA
51. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 51
State Permitting/Inventory Data
⢠Permit applications
⢠Annual emissions inventory submittals
⢠Dehydrator simulation software
â Gas Research Institute (GRI) GLYCalc Model
â ProMaxÂŽ, Aspen HYSYSÂŽ, etc.
⢠Storage tank simulation software
â American Petroleum Institute (API) E&P TANKS
â ProMaxÂŽ, Aspen HYSYSÂŽ, etc.
52. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 52
State Permitting/Inventory Data
⢠EPA (Cindy Beeler) presentation
â GRI-GLYCalc and E&P TANK example applications
â http://vibe.cira.colostate.edu/ogec/docs/meetings/2015-03-
12/NationalOGEmissionWorkGroup_031215_GLYCalc_EPT
ank4.pdf
⢠Data may be used to develop ânonpointâ factors
â GRI-GLYCalc - fugitive gas composition and dehydrator
emission factors
â E&P TANK â VOC and HAP emission factors
58. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 58
Federal Oil and Gas Regulations
⢠New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)
â Applies to new or modified sources
â Subparts Kb, KKK, LLL, OOOO, and OOOOa
â Subparts IIII, JJJJ (engines)
⢠National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants (NESHAP)
â Applies to sources of hazardous air pollutants
â Subparts HH, HHH, ZZZZ
59. NSPS Subpart Kb - Storage Vessels
⢠Applicability
â Tanks modified/constructed after 7/23/1984
â Storage vessels (tanks) ⼠75 m3 (19,812 gal) containing volatile
organic liquids
â Tank size and vapor pressure cutoffs
â Does not apply to vessels with a design capacity less than or
equal to 1,590 m3 (420,000 gal) used for petroleum or condensate
stored, processed, or treated prior to custody transfer
⢠Requirements
â Fixed roof and internal floating roof; or
â External floating roof; or
â Closed vent system and a control device that reduces VOC
emissions by 95%
59
60. NSPS Subpart KKK â VOC Equipment Leak
Standards Onshore Natural Gas Processing Plants
⢠Applicability
â Modified/constructed between 1/20/1984 and 8/23/2011
â Process units (dehydration, sweetening, storage tanks, etc.)
⢠Requirements
â Establishes standards for VOC
â Refers to equipment leak standards in 40 CFR 60 Subpart
VV (LDAR)
â Closed vent systems and control devices used for
compliance must achieve 95% VOC control
60
61. NSPS Subpart LLL- SO2 Standards for
Onshore Natural Gas Processing
⢠Applicability
â Modified/constructed between 1/20/1984 and 8/23/2011
â Sweetening units and sulfur recovery units
⢠Requirements
â Establishes standards for SO2
â Achieve SO2 emissions reduction efficiency on a continuous basis
â Monitor sulfur production rate, H2S concentration in the acid gas,
acid gas flow rate, and sulfur dioxide emission reduction efficiency
â If compliance is achieved via oxidation or reduction control
systems, continuous monitoring of the sulfur emission rate is
required
61
63. NSPS Subpart JJJJ â Stationary Spark
Ignition Internal Combustion Engines
63
⢠Applicability
â Modified/constructed after 6/12/2006 (earliest date)
â Stationary engines (not mobile)
â Natural gas and gasoline-fired engines
⢠Requirements
â Manufacturer/owner requirements differ
â NOx, CO, VOC limits
â Fuel sulfur limits for gasoline
â Requirements depend on size, type, and date
64. NSPS Subpart OOOO - Crude Oil and Natural Gas
Production, Transmission and Distribution
⢠Applicability
â Modified/constructed between 8/23/2011 and
9/18/2015
â Gas well completions with hydraulic fracturing
â Compressor seals
â Pneumatic controllers
â Storage vessels
â Equipment leaks at natural gas processing plants
â Sweetening units located at onshore natural gas
processing plants
64
65. NSPS Subpart OOOO - Crude Oil and Natural Gas
Production, Transmission and Distribution (cont.)
⢠Requirements
â Gas well completion controls
â Centrifugal compressors using wet seals must reduce emissions by 95%
â Reciprocating compressors maintenance requirements
â Pneumatic controllers at natural gas processing plants must have a bleed
rate of zero
â Pneumatic controllers located elsewhere must have a bleed rate less
than or equal to 6 scf/hr
â Storage vessels: maintain actual VOC emissions < 4 tpy, or control VOC
by 95%
â Equipment leak monitoring at natural gas processing units (replaces
Subpart KKK)
â Limits SO2 from onshore gas processing (replaces Subpart LLL)
65
66. NSPS Subpart OOOOa - Crude Oil and Natural Gas
Production, Transmission and Distribution
⢠Applicability
â Modified/constructed after 9/18/2015
â Gas and oil well completions with hydraulic fracturing
â Compressor seals
â Pneumatic controllers and pumps
â Storage vessels
â Equipment Leaks at natural gas processing plants, well
sites, and compressor stations
â Sweetening units located at onshore natural gas
processing plants
66
67. NSPS Subpart OOOOa - Crude Oil and Natural Gas
Production, Transmission and Distribution (cont.)
⢠Requirements
â Carries forward NSPS Subpart OOOO
requirements
â Additions
⢠Standards for CH4
⢠Oil well completion controls (green completions)
⢠Control requirement for pneumatic pumps at well sites
and processing plants
⢠LDAR requirements for well sites and compressor
stations
67
68. NSPS Subpart OOOOa - Crude Oil and Natural Gas
Production, Transmission and Distribution (cont.)
68
69. NESHAP Subpart HH- Oil and Natural
Gas Production Facilities
⢠Applicability
â Covers major and area sources of HAP that process, upgrade, or store
hydrocarbon liquids or that process, upgrade, or store natural gas
⢠Major sources: Glycol dehydration units, storage vessels, and equipment
in volatile HAP service
⢠Area sources: Triethylene glycol (TEG) dehydration units
⢠Requirements
â Glycol dehydration units and storage vessels
⢠95% control
⢠Inspect and monitor using Method 21
â Equipment in volatile HAP service must comply with Subpart V (LDAR)
â Area source TEG dehydration units
⢠In urban areas, use same control as for major sources
⢠In rural areas, operate at optimal glycol recirculation rate
69
70. NESHAP Subpart HHH - Natural Gas
Transmission and Storage Facilities
⢠Applicability
â Applies to major sources of HAP
â New and existing glycol dehydration units
⢠Requirements
â Large units must route emissions to a control device
⢠reduce TOC/HAP by 95%, or
⢠reduce outlet concentration of TOC/HAP to 20 ppmv, or
⢠reduce benzene emissions to less than 0.90 Mg/year (1 tpy).
â Small units must limit BTEX emissions
⢠route emissions to a control device, or
⢠meet an emissions limit through process modifications.
70
71. NESHAP Subpart ZZZZ - Stationary Reciprocating
Internal Combustion Engines
⢠Applicability
â Applies to major and minor sources of HAP
â Applies to new and existing reciprocating engines
â Tighter requirements for new engines
⢠Requirements
â Includes emissions standards and O&M requirements
⢠Oil and filter change, air filter, spark plugs
â Formaldehyde, CO limitations
â Oxidation catalysts
â Requirements complicated, dependent on major/minor
status, size, type, location, function (emergency, limited use)
71
73. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 73
Acknowledgements
⢠National Oil and Gas Committee
⢠ERG Staff
o Bebhinn Do
o Stacie Enoch
o Karla Faught
o Steve Mendenhall
o Mike Pring
o Jody Tisano
74. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 74
Overview of the Presentation
⢠Introduction/Timeline of the Tool Development
⢠2017 NEI Oil and Gas Tool Coverage
⢠Walking through the Tool
⢠Case Studies using the 2017 Tool
⢠Discussion/Future Plans
75. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 75
Where We Were
⢠2011 Oil and Gas Tool
o Converted from Excel Workbook to Access
o Spreadsheet-type formatted tables
76. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 76
Where We Are
⢠2017 Oil and Gas Tool
o Re-engineered to enhance user experience
o Dashboard, buttons, import/export procedures
77. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 77
2017 Tool Coverage â Source Categories
⢠Exploration Sources:
o Drilling
o Mud degassing
o Hydraulic fracturing
o Well completions
78. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 78
2017 Tool Coverage â Source Categories
⢠Production Sources:
o Artificial Lifts
o Associated Gas
o CBM Dewatering Tanks*
o Condensate Tanks
o Crude Oil Tanks
o Dehydrators
o Fugitives
o Gas-Actuated Pumps
o Heaters
o Lateral/Gathering Compressors
o Liquids Unloading
o Loading Operations
o Pneumatic Devices
o Produced Water
o Wellhead Compressors
* New Source Category added for 2017
79. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 79
2017 Tool Coverage â Pollutants
⢠Criteria Pollutants:
o CO, NH3, NOx, PM10-PRI*, PM2.5-PRI*, SO2, VOC
⢠HAPs:
o BTEX, formaldehyde, and Other HAPs**
⢠Other Pollutants:
o Hydrogen sulfide
* Filterable and condensable were added for the 2017 NEI
** Additional HAPs were added for the 2017 NEI
80. 12/13/2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 80
2017 Tool Data Sources
⢠Methodologies: EPA, CenSARA, and Texas calculation tools
⢠Activity Data: HPDI, state-provided activity data, state OGC
databases, EIA, GHGRP, RigData
⢠Emission Factors: mostly EPA AP-42; API, Climate Registry,
GHGRP
⢠Basin Factors: EPA; CenSARA; state feedback; SPECIATE
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2017 Tool Results
⢠Source category coverage: 57 Source Classification Codes
(SCCs) from 19 source categories
⢠Pollutant coverage: 70 pollutants
⢠Geographic coverage: 34 states, 1,173 counties, 66 basins
⢠Emission records generated:
o From Tool = 1,063,828
o To EIS = 865,046
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Letâs Walk Through the ToolâŚ
⢠Tool Modules:
o OIL_GAS_TOOL_2017_NEI_PRODUCTION_V1_1.zip
o OIL_GAS_TOOL_2017_NEI_EXPLORATION_V1_1.zip
⢠Each Module contains:
o Tool in MicrosoftÂŽ AccessÂŽ format
o Blank Area Bridgetool database
o Instructions
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Production Sources â Getting Started
⢠If using the Tool for the first time from unzipping, then you will
need to âEnable Contentâ
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Production Sources â Linking to EIS
Staging Tables
⢠Click on the âLINK TO EIS STAGING TABLESâ button, and a
pop-up box will appear. Follow the instructions to link in the
EIS Staging tables in the ânonpoint_bridge_tool.accdbâ
database (see figure below). If successfully linked, 11 tables
will be linked.
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⢠Once you have identified the location of the
âarea_bridgetool.accdbâ database to link, click on the âLink
Tablesâ button. If successful, 11 tables will be linked. When
finished click on the âWhen finished, Click here.â button.
Production Sources â Linking to EIS
Staging Tables
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⢠Select the geographic-level of the emissions inventory based
on interest. Most Users will select the âSTATEâ view. When
finished, click the âWhen finished, click here to complete this
step.â button. A message box will appear instructing the User
to proceed to Step 2.
Production Sources â Step 1
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⢠Select the specific geographic location of interest. The User
may select more than one specific location. When finished,
click the âWhen finished, click here to complete this step.â
button. A message box will appear instructing the User to
proceed to Step 3.
Production Sources â Step 2
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⢠The User may generate emission estimates for all oil and gas
production source categories or individually select source
categories. When finished, click the âWhen finished, click
here to complete this step.â button. A message box will
appear instructing the User to proceed to Step 4.
Production Sources â Step 3
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⢠Select the specific Source Categories to generate emission
estimates. A message box will appear instructing the User to
proceed to Steps 5, 6, and 7 to review/edit the activity data,
basin factors, and emission factors; or to proceed directly to
Step 8 for Point Source Activity Adjustments.
Production Sources â Step 4
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⢠The User can view and edit the activity data that EPA has
compiled for the geographic area and source categories
selected
Production Sources â Step 5
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⢠Once the county-level data set is selected, an Activity Data
form will appear that the User can view or edit.
Production Sources â Step 5 (cont.)
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⢠The User may also edit activity data in MicrosoftŽ ExcelŽ by
using the âImport/Export DataâŚâ button.
Production Sources â Step 5 (cont.)
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⢠If the user elects to edit activity data in ExcelŽ, after clicking
the button, the data is then exported into Excel as shown
below.
Production Sources â Step 5 (cont.)
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⢠An ExcelŽ workbook will open when finished exporting. It is
required that the User save this file to the hard drive for later
upload. In the Excel file, the User can only edit the yellow
shaded cells. When completed, simply save the file.
Production Sources â Step 5 (cont.)
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⢠The User will need to go back to the Tool and click on the
âImport/Export DataâŚâ button to initiate importing the edited
data file. After clicking, the Import/Export form will appear.
Production Sources â Step 5 (cont.)
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⢠In Step 6, the User can view and edit the basin factor data
that EPA has compiled for the geographic area and source
categories selected.
Production Sources â Step 6
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⢠In Step 6, the User can view/edit the basin factor data. If the
User updates values for one county in a basin, then all other
counties in the basin and state can be updated by clicking on
the âClick to apply these values to all other counties in the
same basin for the state.â button.
Production Sources â Step 6 (cont)
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⢠In Step 7, the User can view or edit the emission factors that
are used to generate the emission estimates for the source
categories selected.
Production Sources â Step 7
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⢠Once a Source Category has been selected, the User can
view or edit the emission factors. The User should update the
reference field (EMISSION_FACTOR_SOURCE) for any
updated emission factors.
Production Sources â Step 7 (cont)
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⢠In Step 8, the User may enter point source activity data to account for
emissions that are to be reported to the point sources emissions
inventory. If the User does not have any point source activity adjustments,
then they will need to click the âWhen finished, click here to complete this
step.â button.
Production Sources â Step 8
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⢠Point source activity adjustments are preferred over point
source emission adjustments. Additionally, Users should pay
careful attention to ensure that the point source activity data
is entered in the same units as the nonpoint activity data
(e.g., MMBBL vs. MBBL).
Production Sources â Step 8 (cont.)
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⢠In Step 9, the User can make point source emission
adjustments directly in the emission tables. Select a Source
Category to open. If a User has no point source emissions
adjustments, they may click on the âWhen finished, click here
to complete this stepâ button.
Production Sources â Step 9
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⢠Point source emission estimates are to be entered in the
âPOINT_EMISSIONS_TPYâ field.
Production Sources â Step 9 (cont.)
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⢠In Step 10, the User can review the final emissions; update
county-level activity data, emission factors, and/or basin
factors they provided in Steps 5 through 7; or generate the
Emission Inventory System (EIS) data tables.
Production Sources â Step 10
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⢠Point source activity and/or emissions adjustments can also
be saved within the Tool for future use.
Production Sources â Step 10 (cont)
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⢠In the EIS Staging Tables, the following tables are populated:
o ControlApproach
o ControlMeasure
o ControlPollutant
o Emissions
o EmissionsProcess
o Location
o ReportingPeriod
⢠The Exploration Module runs the same way as the
Production Module.
Additional Notes
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⢠If the User wishes to reset the tool, and regenerate the
emissions, the following steps are recommended:
o Click on the âReset All Selections/Go to Step 1â button at
the top of the Dashboard.
o Compact and Repair the database.
Additional Notes (cont.)
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⢠References cited for the original data in the Tool are found in
the âMaster Referencesâ tab.
Additional Notes (cont.)
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Case Studies.
(please have both the Production and Exploration modules open)
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Case Study #1
⢠The Permian Basin consists of 4 counties in New Mexico
and 62 counties in Texas. In 2014, the basin produced:
o 582,987,082 barrels of oil from 125,421 wells
o 552,747,870 MSCF of natural gas from 24,606 wells
o 121,407 MSCF coalbed methane from 12 wells
Use the Tool to calculate the nonpoint VOC emissions for
crude oil tanks for each state, and the % of total production
sources.
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Case Study #1 (cont.)
⢠Crude Oil Tank VOC emissions in Permian Basin in:
o New Mexico = 69,740 tpy
o Texas = 275,690 tpy
⢠All Production Sources, VOC emissions in Permian Basin in:
o New Mexico = 102,209 tpy
o Texas = 420,112 tpy
⢠% Crude oil Tank VOC emissions to All VOC Production
Sources in Permian Basin:
o New Mexico = 25.2%
o Texas = 65.6%
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Case Study #2
⢠Based on new permit applications, unconventional drilling
activity is expected to begin in Wake County, NC (FIPS =
37183). Calculate NOx emissions from exploration sources.
ď 100 natural gas wells drilled horizontally; total estimated
feet drilled is 425,000 ft.
ď 85 natural gas wells completed
NCDENR is also wanting to evaluate the impact of limiting
hydraulic fracturing engines to 3.5 g/hp-hr for NOx from the
current factor of 5.831 g/hp-hr for NOx. Calculate the NOx
impact.
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Case Study #2 (cont.)
⢠Baseline NOx Exploration emissions in Wake County. NC:
o Drilling = 145 tpy
o Hydraulic Fracturing = 13 tpy
o Completions, natural gas wells = 7.6 tpy
⢠Total Baseline NOx Exploration emissions in Wake County.
NC = 165.6 tpy
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Case Study #2 (cont.)
⢠Controlled NOx emissions in Wake County. NC:
o Drilling = 145 tpy
o Hydraulic Fracturing = 7.8 tpy (40% reduction)
o Completions, natural gas wells = 7.6 tpy
⢠Total Baseline NOx Exploration emissions in Wake County.
NC = 160.4 tpy (3.1% reduction)
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Case Study #3
⢠EPA is considering reducing the NOx emission factor for 4-
cycle lean-burn wellhead compressor engines at gas wells
(SCC = 2310021202) to 0.5 g/hp-hr in nonattainment areas
(current factor = 3.07359 g/hp-hr. Using the tool, assess:
ď Impact of total NOx emissions within nonattainment
counties.
ď Impact of total NOx emissions within nonattainment
counties for SCC 2310021202
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Case Study #4
⢠The state of Oklahoma provides point source emissions in the
NEI for several upstream oil and gas wells. Using the Tool,
calculate benzene emissions from Dehydrators in Alfalfa
County, OK (FIPS = 40003), after making point source activity
adjustments.
ď Alfalfa County, OK Gas Production = 5,017,381 MSCF from
170 gas wells (No CBM production in Alfalfa County, OK)
ď Alfalfa County, OK Associated Gas Production =
107,564,300 MSCF from 783 oil wells
ď Point sources activity = 1,706,326 MSCF from 12 gas wells;
92,718,640 MSCF from 613 oil wells
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Case Study #4 (cont.)
⢠Alfalfa County, OK, benzene Dehydrator emissions:
ď Without point source activity subtraction = 4.50 tpy
ď With point source activity subtraction = 0.73 tpy
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⢠Include âTribalâ as a geographic option.
⢠Include additional pollutants
o SPECIATE profiles include pollutants not in the Tool
o Gas analysis includes pollutants not in the Tool
⢠Include/Update additional control options/scenarios
o Electric-powered engines
o Vapor recovery units
⢠Update basin factors
o Recent studies?
Future Tool Updates