This document provides a service core optimal proposal for a proposed 4-story chef colony building in Klang, Malaysia. It includes an analysis of the site conditions, introduction and purpose of the project, calculations of occupant load and escape provisions to comply with fire safety regulations. Fire appliance access, travel distance, lift core and staircase design are proposed and analyzed against the Uniform Building By-Law 1984 requirements. The firefighting system requirements are also identified based on the purpose group and building height.
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Taylor’s University School of Architecture,
Building & Design
Service Core Optimal Proposal
Student Name: Beh Nianzi
Student ID: 0319445
Subject: Environment and technology II (ARC71003)
Date: 17 November 2019
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Table of Content
1. Project Brief
2. Site Analysis
2.1 Introduction to site
2.2 Site analysis
3. Introduction to project
3.1 Purpose group and occupant load
4. Fire Appliance Access
5. Escape Provision and Computation and Fire Escape
6. Travel Distance
7. Lift Lobby
7.1 Lift core and fire staircase position
7.2 Lift core and fire staircase design strategies
7.3 Stair component and M&E rooms
8. Fire Fighting
3. 1
1. Project Brief
This project aims to integrate the fire cores design and design analysis with the study
of the fire fighting requirements of Uniform Building by Law 1984. It included the
design strategies on lift positions, fire staircases and climate design strategies. The
project focuses on a proposed chef colony with 4 stories height in Klang for Project 2
of Urban Design Studio.
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2.1 Introduction to site
Klang can be know as divided into 2 parts of North and South Klang by the Klang
River, with the south know as the heritage district and North as the commercial
district. The site islocated in south Klang, 500m from Klang KTM station and
surrounded by government buildings and old shophouses. Landmarks around the site
are the Royal Gallery, Alam Shah Palace, Little India and the Royal Klanf Club. The
site is sandwiched between Klang courthouse, a row of shophouse and facing Dato
Hamzah street and Sk Klang.
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2.2 Site Analysis
Wind Direction and Speed
The wind rose observed shows the dominant wind direction comes from South South
East with wind speed consistent at 3m/s throughout the year, except for November
which has the least wind at 2m/s. The annual average wind speed is 2m/s.
Rainfall
Rainy days are in March, April, May, September, October, November and December.
November is the rainiest and July has the least. The average annual amount of rainy
days is 195 days.
Cross Analysis of Wind & Rain
Cross analysis of rainfall table and wind data shows rain frequency will be highest on
the month of April, October and November. The dominant wind direction of the
mentioned months are North East and South South East. Therefore, North and West
elevation façades should be designed to deter rain water from entering the building.
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2.2 Site Analysis
21 March/ September 21 June 21 December
09:00 - 17:00 09:00 - 17:00 09:00 - 17:00
Sunpath Analysis
Using Ecotect software, the sun's paths were simulated together with a model of the
site and its surrounding buildings in order to learn where the shadows and solar
exposed areas are throughout the year. The sunpath diagrams also allow architects to
design effective shading devices. By analyzing the two extreme angles for Malaysia's
sunpath, with Malaysia being slightly above the equator line, the sun is further south
in the month of December while not as far north in the month of June.
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2.2 Site Analysis
21 March/ September 21 June 21 December
09:00 - 17:00 09:00 - 17:00 09:00 - 17:00
Shadow Analysis
From the shadow range diagrams generated by Ecotect, the site is sufficiently shaded
from the morning sun with a row of shophouses spanning across the right east side of
the site. The site is also slightly shaded from the late evening sun due to the small hill
located on the west side of the site. From the diagrams, during both winter and
summer solstices, the north and south of the building elevation is exposed to direct
solar radiation due to no neighboring buildings which offer shading to the site.
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3.0 Introduction to Project
Chef colony
Since we have proposed incubation hub in the master planning, the final proposed
building is a chefs colony. This allow the food craft to be shared to the bigger context
outside of Klang. the propose chefs colony will focusing on cultivation and
supporting by food consumption program. The idea of chefs colony come from the
precedent study of the existing artists colony. Artists colony is a place where artists
may live for a specific period of time (1-12months) in an atmosphere conducive to
reflection on their creative work, process and practice. These type of collaboration,
creative environment afford artists the opportunity to have the time, space and
materials needed to create a new work or to focus on their work related research. By
derived the idea from artists colony, chefs colony aimed to provide opportunity for the
chefs or who are interested to learn, improve and exchange the cooking skills. The
program are not only involve by the local residents of Klang, people from other states
or even from other countries may share their skills together, live together and promote
a lively city.
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3.1 Occupant Load
The chef colony is under the following purpose group:
By-Law 167
(1) Except as provided for in by-law 194 every compartment shall be provided with
at least two storey exits located as far as practical from each other and in no case
closer than 4.5 meters and in such position that the travel distances specified in the
Seventh Schedule to these By-laws are not exceeded.
(2) The width of storey exits shall be in accordance with the provisions in the
Seventh Schedule to these By-laws.
By-Law 168
(1) Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of
egress via at least two separate staircase.
(2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being
available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest
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occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with
provisions in the Seventh schedule to these By-laws.
(3) The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls but
handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75millimeters.
(4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length
including at landings.
(5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no
point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.
By-Law 170
Where unenclosed openings are permitted between floors and for a mezzanine floors,
egress may be by way of an open staircase to an adjacent floor and thence to a story
exit:
(a) The layout is such that a fire originating anywhere within the compartment will be
obvious to the occupants of all communicating levels or areas.
(b) The travel distances specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-Laws are not
exceeded.
By-Law 171
(c) For institutional occupancies the total exit capacity other than horizontal exits
shall not be reduced by more than one-third that would otherwise be required for the
entire area of the building.
By-Law 175
Calculation of occupancy loads and capacity of exits shall be in accordance with the
provisions of the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws.
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4. Fire Appliance Access
According to UBBL By-law 140:
All building in excess of 7000 cubic meters shall abut upon a street or road or open
space of not less than 12 meters width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. The
proportion of the building abutting the street, road op open space shall be in
accordance with the following scale.
The volume of the proposed building is approximately 19025m3. Hence, the proposed
building falls under the first category with the minimum proportion of perimeter of
building as one-sixth.
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4. Fire Appliance Access
Fire Appliance Access
According to UBBL By-Law
140, the fire appliance access
has to be one-sixth of the
proposed building volume. The
volume of building in cubic
meter is approximately
19025m3. The existing roads at
the front and side of the
building are width enough for
fire appliance to access.
Fire Hydrant
By-Law 225
2) Every building shall be
served by at least one fire
hydrant located not more than
91.5 meters from the nearest
point of fire brigade access.
3) Depending on the size and
location of the building and the
provision of access for fire
appliances, additional fire
hydrant shall be provided as
may be required by the Fire
Authority.
As the existing fire hydrant is too far away from our site and exceeding 90.5m
distance, hence the fire hydrant is proposed with the location beside the main Bomba
access road which is accessible for the proposed fire appliance access.
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5. Escape Provision Computation
By-Law 175. Calculation of occupant load.
Calculation of occupancy loads and capacity of exits shall be in accordance with the
provisions of the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws.
By-Law 176. Computing storey exit widths.
To computing the required exit width from individual floors of a building-
(a) Calculate the floor area net or gross which ever is applicable;
(b) Determine the allowable occupancy load factor from Table;
(c) Divide the floor area by the number of square metre per person to determine the
number of persons for which exits must be provided for that floor;
(d) Determine from the table the capacity of the type of exit to be used for the
purpose group being designed; and
(e) Calculate the number of units of exits width for each type of exit used based upon
the capacity.
By-Law 177. Computing number of staircases and staircase widths.
The following factors shall be used in computing the exit widths;
(a) In a multi-storeyed building if x units of exit width are required from each floor
the staircases serving those floors do not need to be x times the number of floors
served in units of exit width. The staircase need to be only wide enough to serve each
floor but not less than minimum width allowed and in every case one of the protected
staircases shall be assumed to be inaccessible and the remaining protected staircase
shall be of sufficient width and number to accommodate the relevant occupancy;
(b) Depending on the occupancy, street floor exits have to be sized to handle not only
the occupant load of the street floor but also a percentage of the load of the exits
discharging to the street floor from floors above and below;
(c) Exits should never decrease in width along their length of travel and, if two or
more exits converge into a common exits, the common exit should never be narrower
than the sum of the width of the exits converging into it;
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(d) Except as provided in these By-Laws, the minimum number of exits is two;
(e) At least one of the staircase should be minimum of two units width except that
900 millimeters may be allowed where total occupancy of all floors served by
staircases is less than 50; and
(f) There should be no decrease in width along the path of travel of a staircase.
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6. Escape Provision Computation
Institutional / purpose group II and place of assembly/ purpose group VII
Floor area:
Ground floor
Purpose group IV / Space: reception, office
Place of assembly: Open space
Area: 1496m2
1st
floor to 3rd
floor
Purpose group II/ Space: workshop
Place of assembly: terrace
Area: 1268m2
A Level GF 1st
to 3rd
floor
B Purpose group /
Occupancy load
IV/10 II/4.5
C Floor area (m2) 1496m2 1268m2
D (C) / (B) 149.6 occupancy 281.8 occupancy
E Exit capacity
required for stair
149.6 / 100 person
= 1.46 unit
281.8 / 100 person
=2.82 unit
F Minimum staircase
width (E x 550mm)
1.46 unit x 550mm
=803mm
2.82 unit x 550mm
=1551mm
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5. Fire Escape
According to UBBL 1994,
Seventh Schedule, the width of
an access to exit should be
700mm.
The proposed exit door width is
950mm.
A Level GF
B Purpose group /
Occupancy load
IV/10
C Floor area (m2) 1496m2
D (D) / (B) 149.6 occupancy
E Exit capacity required for stair 149.6 / 100 person
= 1.46 unit
F Minimum staircase width
(E x 550mm)
1.46 unit x 550mm
=803mm
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5 Fire Escape
According to UBBL 1994,
Seventh Schedule, the
width of an access to exit
should be 700mm.
The proposed exit door
width is 950mm.
A Level 1st
to 3rd
floor
B Purpose group /
Occupancy load
II/4.5
C Floor area (m2) 1268m2
D (E) / (B) 281.8 occupancy
E Exit capacity required for stair 281.8 / 100 person
=2.82 unit
F Minimum staircase width
(E x 550mm)
2.82 unit x 550mm
=1551mm
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6 Travel Distance
As the purpose group of ground floor falls under the category of Purpose group of
Office. Therefore, the maximum travel distance to alternative exits according to
Seventh Schedule is:
Dead end limit - 15m
Unsprinklered - 45m
Sprinklered - 60m
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6 Travel Distance
As the purpose group of falls under the category of Purpose group of Institutional.
Therefore, the maximum travel distance to alternative exits according to Seventh
Schedule is:
Dead end limit - 6m
Unsprinklered - 45m
Sprinklered - 60m
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6 Travel Distance
As the purpose group of falls under the category of Purpose group of Institutional.
Therefore, the maximum travel distance to alternative exits according to Seventh
Schedule is:
Dead end limit - 6m
Unsprinklered - 45m
Sprinklered - 60m
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7.2 Lift core and fire staircase design
Circulation - The lift cores are place strategically and with two side opening will
allow public to reach each floor without disturbing the people that staying in the
accommodation.
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7.2 Lift core and fire staircase design
Environmental consideration - According to the wind rose diagram, wind occurs
most frequently from the South South East. Hence, the lift core are uninterrupted to
permit maximum wind flow passing the core.
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7.3 Stair component and M&E rooms
Because the proposed building height is not over 18.5m, so fire lift and lift lobby are
not required. The propose building only have service lift and standard fire staircases.
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8 Fire Fighting
By-Law 225
(1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire
and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the
requirements as specifies in the Tenth schedule to these By-laws.
By-Law 237
(1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these
By-Laws.
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8 Fire Fighting
1. According to By-Laws 175, calculated the occupant load referring to seventh
schedule.
2. Referring to Tenth schedule according to By-Laws 225&237 to get the
requirements for fire extinguisher alarm system and emergency lighting.
3. Proposed building belongs to Institutional, under category of vocational school
with three storeys or more. Requirement for extinguishing system of Type G and Fire
alarm system of 1&2.
4. Referring to notes of Tenth Schedule,
Extinguishing system G: Hose reel
Fire alarm system 1. Automatic Fire detectors System
2. Manual Electrical Fire Alarm
System
