- The document discusses the classification, treatment, and management of burn wounds in animals. It covers superficial burns affecting only the epidermis, deep partial thickness burns affecting the dermis, and full thickness burns affecting all skin structures. Burn wound treatment involves fluid resuscitation, analgesia, wound cleaning, dressing, and surgical excision of dead tissue. Wound management progresses from the emergent phase through intermediate excision and grafting to the rehabilitation phase focusing on nutrition and scar management.

2. • NAME :AMEER HAMZA
• CLASS# 01
• DVM 4TH YEAR
(SEMESTER:08)
• SEC:A
• SESSION:2016-2020
• ASSIGNMENT SUBMITTED TO :
DR HAMID SATTAR

3. MANAGEMENT &
TREATMENT OF
BURN WOUND

4. Burns occur when heat energy is applied at a faster
rate than tissue can absorb and dissipate it.
OR
BURNS is a type of injury to flesh or skin caused by
heat, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation.
The extent of injury is influenced by the
temperature of the heat source, duration of contact,
and tissue conductance.

5. CLASSIFICATION OF BURNS:
Superficial (first-degree) burns affect only the epidermis.
The area is painful, thickened, erythematous, and
desquamated.
• Healing occurs rapidly (within 3–6 days) by epithelialization
from stratum germinativum(epidermis deepest layer).
• Superficial partial-thickness burns are moist, blanch with
pressure, and are sensitive to pain.They usually heal within
3 weeks because of epithelialization from deeper portions of
the skin appendages. Healing is usually complete and
occurs without grafting.

6. • Deep partial-thickness (second-degree) burns cause
major destruction of the dermis.
Subcutaneous edema and notable inflammation occur, and the
hair does not remove easily.
Progressive damage during the first 24 hours results from the
heat of injury and the release of proteolytic
enzymes,prostaglandins, and vasoactive substances. Although
these burns frequently heal without grafting, healing takes
months, and scarring may be extensive. Healing occurs by
reepithelialization from deep adnexa and wound margins.

7. • Full-thickness (third-degree) burns form a dark brown, insensitive,
leathery eschar. All skin structures are destroyed,and hair removes easily.
Third-degree burns are less painful than first- or second-degree burns as
nerves have been destroyed.
• Superficial vascular thrombosis and deep vascular permeability cause
subcutaneous edema and necrosis. Healing occurs by contraction and
reepithelialization unless the wound is reconstructed.

8. • Burns that extend beyond the dermis are sometimes
classified as fourth-degree burns. They have the same
characteristics as third-degree burns but with additional
tissue damage extending into the muscle and bone.
Healing by reconstruction is usually required

10. Treatment
• The first priority in treating burns is to minimize tissue loss by
administering first aid and preventing shock. Prevention of septic
complications by good wound management is the next priority.
Cooling affected areas immediately after thermal injury (within 2 hours) may
limit extension of tissue destruction. The area should be lavaged with cold
water, or cold packs should be applied to the wound; however, it is important
to prevent systemic hypothermia.

11. Fluid resuscitation
• Lactated Ringer’s solution remains the standard crystalloid for resuscitation. Shock
doses of lactated Ringer’s solution or hypertonic saline solution should be
administered to minimize and reverse signs of shock. The amount of isotonic fluid
required during the first 24 hours may be estimated using the formula 3 to 4 mL/kg
per percentage TBSA burned.
• Analgesia
Local anaesthetic agents may also be delivered topically before removal of the
bandage contact layer; a solution of lidocaine (2 percent) and sodium bicarbonate in a
9:1 ratio has been described . Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, opioids and other
analgesics, such as ketamine, delivered as constant rate infusions are then used for
managing background pain.

12. EXTENT OF BODY SURFACE AREA INJURED:
THE RULE OF 9:
As an alternative, a rough estimate can be gained using the rule of nine:
each forelimb of the animal represents approximately 9% of the total body
surface area (TBSA); each rear limb is 18% and the dorsal and ventral
thorax and abdomen are each 18%.
• Animals with partial-thickness burns involving less than 15% TBSA
require minimal supportive therapy, whereas those with burns involving
more than 15% TBSA require emergency supportive care.
• Euthanasia should be considered for those with burns involving more
than 50% TBSA.

13. THE RULE OF 9

14. Total body surface area =
weight0.425 × height0.725 ×
0.007184
(m2 = kg0.425 × cm0.725 ×
0.007184)
Total body surface area = 0.1
× weight (kg)2/3.

15. •Burn Wound Management
•1.EMERGENT PHASE/ON SCENE
CARE
•2.INTERMEDIATE PHASE
•3.REHABILITATION PHASE

17. INTERMEDIATE PHASE
Removal of dead tissue is essential to the control of sepsis and
promotion of a viable vascular bed suitable for surgical closure. Loose
and obviously devitalized tissue in partial-thickness burns may be
removed with scissors, hydrotherapy, or gauze sponge abrasion. With
full-thickness burns, sharp excision to muscle fascia is necessary. Early
burn excision is recommended to minimize secondary infections and
systemic effects (e.g., endotoxins and blood loss).
Small burn wounds can be excised and closed primarily. Closure is
achieved by skin advancement or skin flaps.
Larger wounds may be allowed to heal by contraction and
epithelialization, or they may be grafted.

18. • wound dressings most dressings have a beneficial effect on wounds, silver sulfadiazine delivers
the best protection against wound colonization and infection. Silver sulfadiazine is bactericidal with
activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and Candida spp.
• However, aloe vera is associated with faster rates of reepithelization in partial-thickness burns.
• Paraffin gauze dressings have been shown to be associated with short healing times in superficial
burns, and silver-based dressings are of most benefit in deeper burns.
• Nanocrystalline silver dressings (Acticoat) have stronger antibacterial activity and are associated with
less pain and reduced frequency of bandage changes.
• Clip the wound and surrounding hair before gently lavaging with an antiseptic solution (e.g., 0.05%
chlorhexidine diacetate).
• Cover the wound with a topical aloe vera compound or silver sulfadiazine, and then apply a hydrophilic
bandage.
• After the first 24 hours, apply watersoluble, 1% silver sulfadiazine cream (Thermazene, Silvadene) to
the wound once or twice daily or a slow-release silver sulfadiazine dressing once every 3 to 7 days .

20. REHABILITATION PHASE
• Nutritional and metabolic management
Major burns cause a hypermetabolic state characterised by hyperglycemia and
catabolism of body protein stores. A high-energy critical care diet is therefore
recommended, with some evidence suggesting that additional vitamin E
supplementation may improve clinical outcomes, particularly for smoke inhalation
injury.
• Wound management
Small partial-thickness burns often heal well because the dermis is partially intact.
Small full-thickness burns can also be managed in this way, but healing will result in
scar formation . Priorities for treatment are adequate analgesia, and protecting the
wound from further trauma and infection. The bandage should include a moist contact
layer to minimise pain, reduce fluid loss and promote autolytic debridement and re-
epithelialisation. Topical antimicrobial (silver sulphadiazine) is advised and is preferable
to systemic treatment unless this is specifically indicated

21. • Topical antibiotics can be divided into two classes:
salves and soaks
• Salves are generally applied directly to the wound with
cotton dressings placed over them

22. Soaks
 Soaks are generally poured into cotton dressings on the
wound

23. FISH SKIN GRAFTING:
• Unlike gauze and other bandage material, fish skins eg: TILAPIA
SKINS are harmless if eaten by animals, and they can be left on for
up to 2 weeks, avoiding painful bandage changes. The skins can be
applied in 3 ways, depending on the location and stage of the burn:
A. gauze area replaced by the fish skin
B. Sutured or stapled to the burned animal
C. Adhered directly to the burned animal
• cat paw burn the idea, adapted from a Brazilian medical team using
it on human burn patients, has been used in 8 animal species to
date, all with resounding success.

25. REFERENCE:
• Small Animal Surgery Textbook by Theresa Fossum
• Integrative Medicine Service at the University of
California, Davis, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital
(VMTH).
https://www.americanveterinarian.com/news/ingenious-
treatment-saves-animals-burned-by-wildfires
• https://veterinary-practice.com/article/how-to-manage-
thermal-burn-wounds
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23016810

26. THANK YOU