The document discusses facebows, which are dental devices used to relate the maxillary arch to the hinge axis of opening and closing. A mandibular facebow can locate the exact hinge axis by using condylar rods to determine the axis of rotation. A maxillary facebow relates the maxilla to this axis and transfers it to the articulator to allow for accurate mounting. It describes how facebows help duplicate opening/closing arcs and lateral jaw movements. Common landmarks and methods for arbitrary and exact hinge axis determination are also outlined.

3. Dr. Amal FathyDr. Amal Fathy
KaddahKaddah
Professor of Prosthodontic,Professor of Prosthodontic,
Faculty of Oral &Dental Medicine,Faculty of Oral &Dental Medicine,
Cairo UniversityCairo University

4. When you realize you've made a mistake,
take immediate steps to correct it.

5. FacebowFacebowss

6. For semi adjustable articulator

7. Definition
AA dental device which is used todental device which is used to
determine the relationship betweendetermine the relationship between
the maxilla and the axis of rotationthe maxilla and the axis of rotation
(hinge axis) of the(hinge axis) of the
tempromandibular joint and transfertempromandibular joint and transfer
this relation to the open axis of thethis relation to the open axis of the
FACE-BOWSFACE-BOWS

8. FACEBOWSFACEBOWS
• The face-bow isThe face-bow is a caliper-likea caliper-like
devicedevice that is used to record thethat is used to record the
relationship of the jaws to therelationship of the jaws to the
tempromandibular joint or (openingtempromandibular joint or (opening
axis of the jaws) and to orientaxis of the jaws) and to orient
the casts in this same relationshipthe casts in this same relationship
to the opening axis of theto the opening axis of the
articulator.articulator.

9. FacebowFacebow
• It is an instrument used to
record the spatial position of
the maxillary arch relative to
opening & closing axis
(hinge axis).
• Face bow registration is used
to mount the maxillary cast
on the articulator.

10. Is an imaginaryIs an imaginary transversetransverse line aroundline around whichwhich
the mandible can rotate without translatorythe mandible can rotate without translatory
movement of the condylesmovement of the condyles..

11. Hinge movementHinge movement
An opening or closing movement ofAn opening or closing movement of
the mandible about the hinge axis.the mandible about the hinge axis.

12. Hinge MovementHinge Movement
Free way
space

16. MP
MO
ICP
RCP
HA
MP = Maximal protrusion
ICP = Intercuspal position
RCP= Retruded Contact position
HA = Hinge axis
MO = Maximum opening
EE=edge to edge
Posselt’s Figure

17. Posselt’s Figure – top edge
RCP
ICP
IG
EE
MP

18. Arbitrary Method For Determination
Of The Open Axis Of TMJ
?2 planes
3 lines

19. ? ? ?
2 planes
3 lines

20. Occlusal Plane

21. It was decided that a plane passing through the inferiorIt was decided that a plane passing through the inferior
margin of the leftmargin of the left orbitorbit (the point called the left(the point called the left
orbitaleorbitale) and the upper margin of each ear canal or) and the upper margin of each ear canal or
external auditory meatus, a point called theexternal auditory meatus, a point called the porionporion,, waswas
most nearly parallel to the surface of themost nearly parallel to the surface of the EARTHEARTH, and, and
also close to the position the head is normally carried inalso close to the position the head is normally carried in
Frankfurt plane (Auriculo-Orbital plane)Frankfurt plane (Auriculo-Orbital plane)
(Orbitale-Porion plane)(Orbitale-Porion plane)
(Orbitale-Tragion plane)(Orbitale-Tragion plane)

23. PorionPorion
Orbital-Orbital-
PorionPorion

24. Cranial baseCranial base
asymmetryasymmetry

25. 1.1. Exact hinge axisExact hinge axis:: Accurate method usingAccurate method using
“kinematic” hinge axis locator“kinematic” hinge axis locator
(mandibular) face bow.(mandibular) face bow.
2.2. Arbitrary hinge axisArbitrary hinge axis:: based on anatomicbased on anatomic
averages:averages:
a)a) Beyron’s point 11-13 mm from tragusBeyron’s point 11-13 mm from tragus
b)b) Palpate condylar pole.Palpate condylar pole.
c)c) Earbow.Earbow.

26. 13mm
The condylar axis lies nearly
11 mm anterior to the
tragus of the ear on an
imaginary line between the
outer canthus of the eye and
the upper surface of the
tragus of the ear or lies 13
mm in front of the anterior
margin of the external
auditory meatus.
Arbitrary methods

27. Arbitrary methods of determination of
Terminal Hinge Axis based on anatomic
averages
13mm
Beyron’s point was located 13
m.m. anterior the posterior margin
of the tragus of the ear on a line
from the center of the tragus
to the outer canthus of the eye.
Gysi’s point was located 10
m.m. anterior to the posterior
margin of the tragus on a line
from the center of the
tragus to the outer canthus of
the eye.
10mm

28. 13mm
Bergstrom’s
point was
marked 11m.m.
anterior to the
posterior margin
of the tragus on a
line parallel to
and 7 mm below
the Frankfort
horizontal
x
11mm

29. Teteruck and
Lundeen’s point was
located 13 m.m. anterior
to the tragus on a line
from the base of the
tragus to the outer
canthus of the ear.
The experimental arbitrary
point selected was placed 10
mm anterior to the superior
border of the tragus on
Camper’s line. (Camper’s line
connects the superior border of
the tragus and the inferior
border of the ala of the nose).
x
13mm
10mm

30. MAXILLARY FACE BOW

31. Establishes the relationship betweenEstablishes the relationship between
the maxillary arch and the horizontalthe maxillary arch and the horizontal
plane.plane.
Transfers this relationship to theTransfers this relationship to the
articulator.articulator.
Provides for an accurate mounting ofProvides for an accurate mounting of
the maxillary cast to the articulator.the maxillary cast to the articulator.

32. PurposePurpose
To accurately mount the maxillary cast toTo accurately mount the maxillary cast to
articulatorarticulator

34. FACEBOWSFACEBOWS
• The face-bow
transfer ensures
that the casts are
mounted centrally
in correctrelation to the inter-condylar axis
and to the centers of lateral
movements.

35. The Facebow RecordThe Facebow Record
Face-bow: records the 3-d
position of the maxilla relative to
a pre-determined planes.
This allows:
1) Duplication of the same
opening & closing arc as natural
teeth and
2) Aids in reproducing lateral movements.

36. Face-bow FunctionFace-bow Function
DuplicatesDuplicates
openingopening
and closing arc ofand closing arc of
natural teeth bynatural teeth by
relating maxillaryrelating maxillary
archarch
to the hinge axis ofto the hinge axis of
opening andopening and
closing.closing.

37. The closure of the mandible does not occur in a straight upward
movement but rather in a curve.
The intercondylar widthThe intercondylar width will change the radius of tooth movementwill change the radius of tooth movement
which in turn will affect the arc traveled by a tooth cusp in the horizontalwhich in turn will affect the arc traveled by a tooth cusp in the horizontal
plane during a lateral excursion of the mandible.plane during a lateral excursion of the mandible.

38. Face-bow FunctionFace-bow Function
Aids in reproducingAids in reproducing
lateral jaw movementslateral jaw movements

39. Deficiencies and inherentDeficiencies and inherent
inadequacies of articulatorsinadequacies of articulators
As the mandibleAs the mandible
closes aroundcloses around
hinge axis (mha),hinge axis (mha),
the cusp tip ofthe cusp tip of
each mandibulareach mandibular
tooth moves alongtooth moves along
an arc.an arc.

40. The distance between theThe distance between the
teeth and the axis ofteeth and the axis of
rotationrotation on the smallon the small
instrumentinstrument isis
considerably shorter thanconsiderably shorter than
it is in the skull with ait is in the skull with a
resultant less of accuracyresultant less of accuracy..
If the location of the axis ofIf the location of the axis of
rotation relative to the cusprotation relative to the cusp
tip differs markedly from thetip differs markedly from the
patient to the articulator,patient to the articulator, thethe
radius of the arc of closureradius of the arc of closure
of the cusp tips may beof the cusp tips may be
different producing an error.different producing an error.
The large dissimilarity between
the (aha) and (mha) will
produce a large discrepancy
between the arc of closure of
the articulator and of the
mandible.

41. Much shorter radius ofMuch shorter radius of
movement leads to a steepermovement leads to a steeper
arc during closure.arc during closure.

42. What if patient doesn’t matchWhat if patient doesn’t match
articulator?articulator?
Articulator
Patient

43. ArticulatorsArticulators
mha
aha

44. ArticulatorsArticulators
Therefore the distance from the condyle to the
teeth is crucial
We obtain a measurement of this distance
with a facebow
aha
mha

46. The closure of the mandible does not occur in a straight upward
movement but rather in a curve.
The intercondylar widthThe intercondylar width will change the radius of tooth movementwill change the radius of tooth movement
which in turn will affect the arc traveled by a tooth cusp in the horizontalwhich in turn will affect the arc traveled by a tooth cusp in the horizontal
plane during a lateral excursion of the mandible.plane during a lateral excursion of the mandible.

47. A major discrepancy exists between the non-A major discrepancy exists between the non-
working cusp path on the small articulator (a) andworking cusp path on the small articulator (a) and
that in the mouth (m).that in the mouth (m).
There is only a slight difference between cusp pathsThere is only a slight difference between cusp paths
on a full size articulator (a) and those in the mouthon a full size articulator (a) and those in the mouth
(m), even though the cast mounting exhibits a slight(m), even though the cast mounting exhibits a slight
discrepancy.discrepancy.

48. Occlusal discrepancies in theOcclusal discrepancies in the
mouth.mouth.
If discrepancies are leftIf discrepancies are left
uncorrected, occlusal &uncorrected, occlusal &
associatedassociated neuromuscularneuromuscular
disordersdisorders may resultmay result..

49. There will not be the border movements, whichThere will not be the border movements, which
are usually employed in making lateralare usually employed in making lateral
movements. In the protrusive movement it will bemovements. In the protrusive movement it will be
an unlikely piece of luck if the condyle path isan unlikely piece of luck if the condyle path is
copiedcopied.. Deflective cuspDeflective cusp
interferences will therefore beinterferences will therefore be
inevitable in these movementsinevitable in these movements ..

50. Mounting the upper cast
1.By face bow record.
2.By Bonwill triangle.

52. I- Mandibular or kinematic face-bowMandibular or kinematic face-bow (
hinge axis face-bow ). Locates the
exact axis of rotation of the
condyles.
II- Maxillary face-bows.Maxillary face-bows. RRelate the
maxilla to the exact or arbitrary
position of the condylar axis and
transfers this relationship to the
articulator.

53. (Mandibular Face Bow=H(Mandibular Face Bow=Hinge axis locator=inge axis locator=
adjustable axis face-bow= hinge bowadjustable axis face-bow= hinge bow ))
A device, with adjustable side arms, which is attached to the
mandible and used to locate the retruded hinge axis.

54. ( Mandibular Face Bow )( Mandibular Face Bow )
The Kinematic face-bow is
attached to the mandible
that is why it is
sometimes called the
mandibular face-bow.

55. Uses
1- Determines the axis of rotation of the TMJ .
( Mandibular Face Bow )( Mandibular Face Bow )

56. 1.1. To locate the exact terminalTo locate the exact terminal
hinge axis (rotational axishinge axis (rotational axis of
the TMJ ) for subsequent use) for subsequent use
of maxillary face-bowof maxillary face-bow
2.2. To record the centric relation.To record the centric relation.

57. Mandibular Face BowMandibular Face Bow
Limited opening and closing allows the condylar rods to
draw arcs. The rods are moved towards the center of the
arcs, until they move in a point . The latter is called the still
point and represents the condylar axis. The condyle in this
position lies in the most retruded unstrained position in the
glenoid fossa, so mandible and maxilla are in centric.

58. I-I- Mandibular or kinematic face-bowMandibular or kinematic face-bow ((
hinge axis face-bow ). Locates thehinge axis face-bow ). Locates the
exact axis of rotation of theexact axis of rotation of the
condyles.condyles.
II- Maxillary face-bows.Maxillary face-bows. RRelate the
maxilla to the exact or arbitrary
position of the condylar axis and
transfers this relationship to the
articulator.

59. ComponentsComponents::
Graduated
Condylar Rods
Tightening clamp
U Shaped Bow
Bite Fork
Universal Joint /
Jack Clamp
Infraorbital Pointer
Graduations on the rod

60. 1- Facebow with infra-orbital
pointer.
2- The ear-bow uses
the external auditory
meatus reference point
when determining the
arbitrary hinge axis
location.

61. Facebow LandmarksFacebow Landmarks
External auditory meatusExternal auditory meatus

Arbitrary hinge axis locationArbitrary hinge axis location
Anterior reference pointsAnterior reference points
Maxillary archMaxillary arch
Facebow

62. II-II- MAXILLARYMAXILLARY
FACE-BOWFACE-BOW RECORDRECORD

63. 1 . Maxillary face-bow or ear-bow.
2 . Bite-fork.
3 . Bunsen burner
4. .Millimeter rule.
5 . Indelible pencil (Transfer Sticks)
6 . Semi-adjustable articulator.
7 . Plaster bowl and spatula.
8 . A second maxillary record base with
occlusion rim.
EQUIPMENT NECESSARY

64. Casts are prepared for mounting by cutting inCasts are prepared for mounting by cutting in
thickest part of the base: three V-shapedthickest part of the base: three V-shaped
grooves, two in the posterior section andgrooves, two in the posterior section and
one in the anterior.one in the anterior.
Before Face Bow RecordBefore Face Bow Record

65. Or by using mandibular
face bow record.
11- 13 mm
1- The condylar axis is
determined either
arbitrarly

66. 1-1- Mark the relative positionMark the relative position
of the condylar axis.of the condylar axis. ThisThis
can be done by drawingcan be done by drawing
a line from the uppera line from the upper
margin of the externalmargin of the external
auditory meatus to theauditory meatus to the
outer canthus of theouter canthus of the
eye.eye.
The condylar axis lies nearly 13 mm. inThe condylar axis lies nearly 13 mm. in
front of the anterior margin of thefront of the anterior margin of the
external auditory meatus or 11 mm.external auditory meatus or 11 mm.
anterior to the tragus of the ear.anterior to the tragus of the ear.

67. 2- A third point of reference2- A third point of reference
placed on the lowest pointplaced on the lowest point
on the infra orbital margin,on the infra orbital margin,
is determined foris determined for
establishing the axio-establishing the axio-
orbital plane.orbital plane.

68. 3- Bite fork is heated and inserted3- Bite fork is heated and inserted
into the rim midwayinto the rim midway its height andits height and
parallel to its plane.parallel to its plane.
Maxillary face-bow recordMaxillary face-bow record
XX

69. 4- Insert occlusion4- Insert occlusion
block in patient’sblock in patient’s
mouth and keep itmouth and keep it
in place.in place.
The lower occlusionThe lower occlusion
block may be used forblock may be used for
this purpose tothis purpose to
support the uppersupport the upper
block.
Maxillary face-bow recordMaxillary face-bow record

70. 5- Slip the clamp5- Slip the clamp of face-bow onof face-bow on
the stem of bite fork. Letthe stem of bite fork. Let
the clamp be loose.the clamp be loose.
Maxillary face-bow recordMaxillary face-bow record

71. A- Both condylar rods lie on cheekA- Both condylar rods lie on cheek
marks.marks.
B- Condylar rods show equalB- Condylar rods show equal
calibration with slight tension.calibration with slight tension.
6- Adjust the condylar6- Adjust the condylar
rods of face-bow torods of face-bow to
the width of thethe width of the
faceface in such a wayin such a way
that :that :
Maxillary face-bow recordMaxillary face-bow record

72. The equal calibration can be done by:The equal calibration can be done by:
A- Lock one condylar rod to show calibration ofA- Lock one condylar rod to show calibration of
6, for example, place it over the mark of the6, for example, place it over the mark of the
condylar axis.condylar axis.
b- Bring the other cond. rod over the oppositeb- Bring the other cond. rod over the opposite
mark of cond. axis, apply slight tension andmark of cond. axis, apply slight tension and
read calibration on that side. Say it reads forread calibration on that side. Say it reads for
example 8. Add both calibrations togetherexample 8. Add both calibrations together
and divide them equally 6+8=14/2=7.and divide them equally 6+8=14/2=7.
c- Lock condylar rods firmly.c- Lock condylar rods firmly.

73. The equal calibration can be done
by:
d- Recheck and be sure that nod- Recheck and be sure that no
displacement occur during locking ofdisplacement occur during locking of
clamp.clamp.
E- Lock the clamp firmly on the stem ofE- Lock the clamp firmly on the stem of
bite fork then release condylar rodsbite fork then release condylar rods
after adjustmentafter adjustment of infra orbital pointer.of infra orbital pointer.
this establishes the elevation of thethis establishes the elevation of the
face bow in relation to the axis-orbitalface bow in relation to the axis-orbital
plane.plane.

74. The equal calibration can be done
by:
d- Recheck and be sure that nod- Recheck and be sure that no
displacement occur during locking ofdisplacement occur during locking of
clamp.clamp.
E- Lock the clamp firmly on the stem of biteE- Lock the clamp firmly on the stem of bite
fork then release condylar rods afterfork then release condylar rods after
adjustmentadjustment of infra orbital pointer.of infra orbital pointer. thisthis
establishes the elevation of the face bowestablishes the elevation of the face bow
in relation to the axis-orbital plane.in relation to the axis-orbital plane.

75. 7- Adjust the infra-orbital pointer7- Adjust the infra-orbital pointer toto
bebe placed on the lowest pointplaced on the lowest point
on the infra orbital margin.on the infra orbital margin.
Maxillary face-bow recordMaxillary face-bow record

76. 8- Generally8- Generally thethe
intercondylar axisintercondylar axis
will parallel thewill parallel the
interpupillary plane.interpupillary plane.
Check the alignmentCheck the alignment
of the face-bowof the face-bow
with that plane.with that plane.
9- The universal joint attachment is9- The universal joint attachment is
thenthen tightened with the locknuttightened with the locknut and theand the
entire assembly is inspected to makeentire assembly is inspected to make
certain that :certain that :
Maxillary face-bow recordMaxillary face-bow record

77. A- The maxillary record base isA- The maxillary record base is properlyproperly
seated.seated.
B- TheB- The fork parallelsfork parallels the occlusal planethe occlusal plane..
C- TheC- The frameframe of the face-bowof the face-bow
parallels the interpupillary planeparallels the interpupillary plane..
D- The condylar rods are justD- The condylar rods are just lightlylightly
contacting the facecontacting the face over the arbitrarilyover the arbitrarily
located axis.located axis.
E- The condylar rods showE- The condylar rods show equalequal
readings.readings.
F- AllF- All lock screwslock screws are firmly set.are firmly set.

78. When the patientWhen the patient’’s face is centralized in thes face is centralized in the
bow, all clamps are tightened.bow, all clamps are tightened.
Notice position of theNotice position of the
1- Condylar Rods1- Condylar Rods
2- Infraorbital Pointer2- Infraorbital Pointer
3- Bite Fork.3- Bite Fork.
OnceOnce thethe Universal jointUniversal joint
tightened , never opened.tightened , never opened.

80. III-III- MAXILLARYMAXILLARY
FACE-BOWFACE-BOW TransferTransfer

81. Maxillary Face Bow TransferMaxillary Face Bow Transfer
The slide bar clamp is unscrewed and The
entire assemblage is now removed
and transferred to the articulator.

82. Assembly is now centralized on the articulator.
Again notice position of - Condylar rods
- Infraorbital pointer
- L shaped bitefork
by passing incisal pin
Maxillary Face Bow TransferMaxillary Face Bow Transfer

83. The entire assemblageThe entire assemblage
is transferred to theis transferred to the
articulator.articulator. TheThe
articulator should bearticulator should be
located in centriclocated in centric withwith
the incisal pin flush withthe incisal pin flush with
the upper memberthe upper member..
Re-equalizing the calibrationsRe-equalizing the calibrations to bilaterallyto bilaterally
equivalent readings before tightening the condylarequivalent readings before tightening the condylar
rods.rods.
The face bow is adjusted by the elevating screw toThe face bow is adjusted by the elevating screw to
align the occlusal planealign the occlusal plane with the groove markedwith the groove marked

84. The third point ofThe third point of
reference, on thereference, on the
articulator, isarticulator, is thethe
infraorbitalinfraorbital
indicatorindicator, which, which
must be snug tomust be snug to
the right so that it will be above the tip of the infraorbitalthe right so that it will be above the tip of the infraorbital
pointer, the entire face bow with maxillary cast in placepointer, the entire face bow with maxillary cast in place
must be raised untilmust be raised until the tip of the pointerthe tip of the pointer
contacts the infraorbital plane indicatorcontacts the infraorbital plane indicator
(infraorbital plate).(infraorbital plate).

85. The cast is then supported in positionThe cast is then supported in position (using(using
Hanau mounting support or prop)Hanau mounting support or prop) to supportto support
the weight of the maxillary cast and plasterthe weight of the maxillary cast and plaster
during the mounting process.during the mounting process.

86. Not all the semi adjustable art. have orbitalNot all the semi adjustable art. have orbital
plane guides. It allows the casts to beplane guides. It allows the casts to be
mounted in relation to the axis-orbital planemounted in relation to the axis-orbital plane
of the patientof the patient

87. N.B.N.B.
The face bow records not onlyThe face bow records not only
the radius from the condyles tothe radius from the condyles to
the incisal contacts of thethe incisal contacts of the
upper central incisors but alsoupper central incisors but also
the angular relationship ofthe angular relationship of
occlusal plane to the axio-occlusal plane to the axio-
orbital plane, face bow must beorbital plane, face bow must be
positioned on the articulator inpositioned on the articulator in
the same axio-orbital relationthe same axio-orbital relation
as on the patient.as on the patient.

89. Accurately mount the maxillaryAccurately mount the maxillary
cast to articulatorcast to articulator

90. Face bowFace bow
• Arbitrary face bowsArbitrary face bows are less accurateare less accurate than thethan the
Kinematic type, but they suffice for manyKinematic type, but they suffice for many
routine dental procedures.routine dental procedures.
• Kinematic facebows are indicated when it isKinematic facebows are indicated when it is
critical tocritical to reproduce the exact opening &reproduce the exact opening &
closing movementclosing movement of the patient on theof the patient on the
articulator.articulator.
• When the relationship between the maxilla &When the relationship between the maxilla &
the axis of rotation has been reproduced, thethe axis of rotation has been reproduced, the
mandibular cast can bemandibular cast can be accurately positionedaccurately positioned

91. ...
...

94. Procedures

101. MAXILLARY EAR BOW

102. MAXILLARY EAR BOW

104. CENTRIC RELATION
Definitions
Centric Jaw Relation
Centric Occlusion
METHODS TO GUIDE THE MANDIBLE IN
CENTRIC RELATION
1 . Tongue retrusion
2 . Swallowing
3 . Fatigue
4 . Relaxation
5 . The Operator’s Fingers

105. Method Of Jaw Relation Records
WAX REGISTRATION METHOD
GRAPHIC TRAGING METHODS
TERMINAL HINGE AXIS METHOD
CHEW IN OR FUNCTIONAL RECORD METHODS

106. Centric Relation Record

107. Wax Registration Method

111. Graphic Tracing Method

112. THANK YOUTHANK YOU

114. ECCENTRIC JAW RELATIONS
Methods of Registration
1.Wax registration method.
2.Graphic tracing method.
3.Chew – in or Functional method.
Recording Protrusive and Lateral Relations
to Adjust the Controls of Articulator.

115. Christensen Phenomena
When the mandible moves to edge to edge position ,
separation
occurs distally between the natural dentition or
occlusion rims .
Protrusive Record

116. The occlusion rims are reestablished and checked
for 3mm. Clearance in a protrusive excursion

117. The protrusive relationship determines
the angle of the horizontal condylar path

118. N.B. Physiologically 2mm. protrusion is the limit of functional
range, But from the mechanical point of view, practically it is
found that less than 4mm. protrusion increase the error of
setting the condylar guidance of the articulator.

119. Horizontal condylar guidanceHorizontal condylar guidance
Lateral condylar guidanceLateral condylar guidance

120. Arrangement of Anterior Teeth to AdjustArrangement of Anterior Teeth to Adjust
the Incisal Guidancethe Incisal Guidance
The six maxillary and sixThe six maxillary and six
mandibular teeth are set up inmandibular teeth are set up in
arrangement dictated by thearrangement dictated by the
patient’s esthetic andpatient’s esthetic and
phonetic requirements.phonetic requirements.
Gently guide the maxillaryGently guide the maxillary
cast to bring the anteriorcast to bring the anterior
teeth into a straightteeth into a straight
protrusive edge-to-edgeprotrusive edge-to-edge
contact just slide upon onecontact just slide upon one
another.another.
The incisal guide is then rotatedThe incisal guide is then rotated
antero-posteriorlyantero-posteriorlyto make contact with the end of the incisal pin and the lock-nut isto make contact with the end of the incisal pin and the lock-nut is
tightened to maintain the registration. Then the frontal (lateral)tightened to maintain the registration. Then the frontal (lateral)
adjustment is determined.adjustment is determined.

121. Setting-Up of Posterior Teeth:Setting-Up of Posterior Teeth:
The teeth should be arranged so that there isThe teeth should be arranged so that there is maximummaximum
interdegitationinterdegitation of the cusps in the opposing fossaeof the cusps in the opposing fossae
(centric occlusion) with the casts in centric relation.(centric occlusion) with the casts in centric relation.
ThenThen Balance in lateral occlusion:Balance in lateral occlusion: Check for anyCheck for any
adjustments to free and balance the occlusion.adjustments to free and balance the occlusion.
Return to centric and adjust if necessary (lateralReturn to centric and adjust if necessary (lateral
position of the incisal pin of the articulator may beposition of the incisal pin of the articulator may be
slightly raised from the table).slightly raised from the table).
Repeat the procedure for the opposite lateral occlusion.Repeat the procedure for the opposite lateral occlusion.
Balance in protrusion:Balance in protrusion: Free the occlusion fromFree the occlusion from
any interlocking and balancing contacts will be soughtany interlocking and balancing contacts will be sought
between the position teeth or at least the molar teeth.between the position teeth or at least the molar teeth.
Return to centric occlusionReturn to centric occlusion and adjust if necessary.and adjust if necessary.

122. laboratory remounting is performed tolaboratory remounting is performed to
correct the occlusioncorrect the occlusion

123. laboratory remounting is performed tolaboratory remounting is performed to
correct the occlusioncorrect the occlusion

124. C.R. RecordC.R. Record

125. TerminologyTerminology
(Eccentric) Excursion(Eccentric) Excursion
The movement occurring whenThe movement occurring when
the mandible moves away fromthe mandible moves away from
maximum intercuspationmaximum intercuspation

126. Excursive MovementsExcursive Movements
Directions of Excursive MovementsDirections of Excursive Movements

ProtrusiveProtrusive

Laterotrusive (working movement)Laterotrusive (working movement)

Mediotrusive (non-working movement)Mediotrusive (non-working movement)

LateroprotrusiveLateroprotrusive

127. ProtrusiveProtrusive
A movement of the mandible towardsA movement of the mandible towards
the anterior, pushing it forwardsthe anterior, pushing it forwards
Excursive MovementsExcursive Movements

128. Protrusive MovementProtrusive Movement

129. Excursive MovementsExcursive Movements
Protrusive

130. Protrusive RecordProtrusive Record
Used to set condylar inclinationUsed to set condylar inclination
Record is taken with the mandible in aRecord is taken with the mandible in a
protrusive jaw relationshipprotrusive jaw relationship

WaxWax

131. Protrusive RecordProtrusive Record

132. Excursive MovementsExcursive Movements
LaterotrusiveLaterotrusive
Also called aAlso called a working movementworking movement
A movement of the mandibular condyleA movement of the mandibular condyle
in a lateral direction, away from thein a lateral direction, away from the
midlinemidline
Specify side movement is occurringSpecify side movement is occurring
on- e.g. Left or right.on- e.g. Left or right.

133. MediotrusiveMediotrusive
Also calledAlso called non-workingnon-working oror balancingbalancing
movementmovement
A movement of the mandibularA movement of the mandibular
condyle in a medial direction, towardscondyle in a medial direction, towards
the midline.the midline.
Excursive MovementsExcursive Movements

134. Lateral ExcursionsLateral Excursions

135. Lateral ExcursionsLateral Excursions

136. Excursive MovementsExcursive Movements
Laterotrusive and Mediotrusive
Balancing Side Working Side

137. Lateral ExcursionsLateral Excursions

138. LateroprotrusiveLateroprotrusive
A movement of the mandibularA movement of the mandibular
condyle with a protrusive and acondyle with a protrusive and a
lateral component.lateral component.
A combination of a protrusive andA combination of a protrusive and
laterotrusive movement.laterotrusive movement.
Excursive MovementsExcursive Movements

139. Hanau suggests that final occlusalHanau suggests that final occlusal
correction in the mouth or the use ofcorrection in the mouth or the use of
static lateral jaw relation records tostatic lateral jaw relation records to
mount the opposing casts in lateralmount the opposing casts in lateral
positionspositions will not eliminate allwill not eliminate all
possible interferences.possible interferences.

140. It should be remembered thatIt should be remembered that when lateral andwhen lateral and
protrusive records are used to adjust anprotrusive records are used to adjust an
instrument of classIII, the settings will beinstrument of classIII, the settings will be
accurateaccurate for only those positionsfor only those positions at whichat which
the records were made. What happens betweenthe records were made. What happens between
the position of centric relation and the position ofthe position of centric relation and the position of
the record remains unknown.the record remains unknown. The positionThe position
will be accurate, but the pathwayswill be accurate, but the pathways
between these positions will not bebetween these positions will not be..

141. RememberRemember
The Hanau H seriesThe Hanau H series is not capable ofis not capable of
acceptingaccepting llateralateral jjawaw rrelation records butelation records but
other semiadj. Art. are accepting L j rother semiadj. Art. are accepting L j r
Some semi-adjustable articulators (forSome semi-adjustable articulators (for
example,example, the Hanau H series, thethe Hanau H series, the
Dentatus, and the GysiDentatus, and the Gysi) have the) have the
condyles attached to the upper member ofcondyles attached to the upper member of
the instrumentthe instrument (non-arcon)(non-arcon),, whereaswhereas
others have the condyle attached to theothers have the condyle attached to the
lower member as occurs in naturelower member as occurs in nature (arcon )(arcon )

143. Mounting the upper cast
1.By face bow record.
2.By Bonwill triangle.

144. Mounting
the upper
cast
By
Bonwill
triangle
Plasticine

145. Semi-adjustable ArticulatorSemi-adjustable Articulator
Can be programmed to reproduceCan be programmed to reproduce
some MN movement capabilities;some MN movement capabilities;
usually limited to straight lineusually limited to straight line
movementsmovements
RememberRemember

146. Semi-adjust. Articulator MechanicsSemi-adjust. Articulator Mechanics
Maxillary Cast:Maxillary Cast: related with face-bow.related with face-bow.
Mandibular Cast:Mandibular Cast: related with interocclusalrelated with interocclusal
record or “hand articulate”. This relates therecord or “hand articulate”. This relates the
mandibular cast to the hinge axis through itsmandibular cast to the hinge axis through its
relationship with the maxillary cast.relationship with the maxillary cast.
Excursive Guidance:Excursive Guidance: set incisal guide tableset incisal guide table
and condylar guidance.and condylar guidance.
RememberRemember

147. THANK YOUTHANK YOU

149. PurposePurpose
Locate the terminal hinge axis by theLocate the terminal hinge axis by the
use ofuse of kinematic face bowkinematic face bow..
Relate the maxillary cast to theRelate the maxillary cast to the
transverse axis of the articulator in thetransverse axis of the articulator in the
same relationshipsame relationship as the maxilla isas the maxilla is
related to the mandibular hinge axisrelated to the mandibular hinge axis..

150. PurposePurpose
1.1. To accurately mount the maxillary cast toTo accurately mount the maxillary cast to
articulatorarticulator

152. Effect of mounting the upper cast without using anEffect of mounting the upper cast without using an infra-infra-
orbital pointerorbital pointer. Raising the occlusal plane will decrease the. Raising the occlusal plane will decrease the
cast-condylar angle and vice versa on the same patient.cast-condylar angle and vice versa on the same patient.
Therefore movements of the cast in relation to condylarTherefore movements of the cast in relation to condylar
inclination is not the same in all three positioninclination is not the same in all three position

153. Variance of condyle
registrations on the
articulator. (40, 45
and 50 degrees). , the
cast-condylar angle
remains the same in
all position, which is
135 degrees.
Therefore
movements of the
cast in relation to
condylar inclination
is the same in all
three position,

154. N.B.N.B.
The face bow records not onlyThe face bow records not only
the radius from the condyles tothe radius from the condyles to
the incisal contacts of thethe incisal contacts of the
upper central incisors but alsoupper central incisors but also
the angular relationship ofthe angular relationship of
occlusal plane to the axio-occlusal plane to the axio-
orbital plane, face bow mustorbital plane, face bow must
be positioned on the articulatorbe positioned on the articulator
in the same axio-orbitalin the same axio-orbital
relation as on the patient.relation as on the patient.

155. The reference
pointer helps to
relate the
maxillary cast on
the articulator in
a relation, which
simulates that of
the head in a
normal erect
position

156. Occlusion and the occlusal aspect with and
without a face-bow mounting on the articulator
The denture will
occlude properly only
on the articulator.
BUT will not duplicate
mandibular
movements
The clinical importance
of this failure is not
known.

157. Effects of mounting casts at different
distances from the inter-condylar axis.

158. Articulator
aha
Patient
maha
effects of mounting casts at different distanceseffects of mounting casts at different distances
from the inter-condylar axisfrom the inter-condylar axis

159. effects of mounting casts at different distanceseffects of mounting casts at different distances
from the inter-condylar axisfrom the inter-condylar axis

160. Therefore the distance from the condyle to the teeth is crucial
We obtain a measurement of this distance with a facebow

161. The distance between the teeth & the axis ofThe distance between the teeth & the axis of
rotation is considerably shorter than it is inrotation is considerably shorter than it is in
the patient’s mouththe patient’s mouth (shorter radius)(shorter radius) with awith a
resultant loss of accuracy.resultant loss of accuracy.
Differences between the radius of closure onDifferences between the radius of closure on
the articulator & the patient’s mouth canthe articulator & the patient’s mouth can affectaffect
the placement of morphological featuresthe placement of morphological features suchsuch
as cusps, ridges & grooves on the occlusalas cusps, ridges & grooves on the occlusal
surface.surface.
Leads to restorations with occlusalLeads to restorations with occlusal
discrepancies in the mouthdiscrepancies in the mouth..
If discrepancies are left uncorrected, occlusalIf discrepancies are left uncorrected, occlusal
& associated& associated neuromuscular disordersneuromuscular disorders maymay
resultresult..
4-

162. The direction of movement of
the lower molars in protrusion,
and therefore their cusp
angulation or inclination
necessary for balance, becomes
steeper as the casts are
mounted closure to the axis,
provided that condylar guidance
is steeper than incisal guidance.
The effect of variations in theThe effect of variations in the antero-posteriorantero-posterior
relationrelation of casts, and hence of the molar teeth,of casts, and hence of the molar teeth,
to the inter- condylar axisto the inter- condylar axis

163. Denture without a face-bow mountingDenture without a face-bow mounting
on the articulatoron the articulator
Change of the arc of closureChange of the arc of closure Occlusal discrepancies inOcclusal discrepancies in
the mouth.the mouth.
Raising the occlusal planeRaising the occlusal plane willwill decreasedecrease the relative readingthe relative reading
of the sagittal condylar path inclinationof the sagittal condylar path inclination and vice versa on theand vice versa on the
same patient.same patient.
The cast- condylar angle would have been changedThe cast- condylar angle would have been changed byby
CChanging the height of the upper cast.hanging the height of the upper cast.
The direction of movement of the lower molars in protrusion-and
therefore their cusp angulationcusp angulation or inclination necessary for balance-
becomes steeperbecomes steeper as the casts are mounted closure to theas the casts are mounted closure to the
axisaxis,, provided that condylar guidance is steeper than incisal
guidance.
The denture will thus occlude properly only
on the articulator but not in the mouth

164. Denture without a face-bowDenture without a face-bow
mounting on the articulatormounting on the articulator
Occlusal discrepancies in the mouth.
Decrease or increase the relative reading of
the sagittal condylar path inclination.
The cast- condylar angle would have been
changed.
The direction of movement of the lower molars
in protrusion-and therefore their cusp
angulation or inclination necessary for
balance- becomes steeper .

165. Occlusal discrepancies in theOcclusal discrepancies in the
mouth.mouth.
If discrepancies are leftIf discrepancies are left
uncorrected, occlusal & associateduncorrected, occlusal & associated
neuromuscular disordersneuromuscular disorders maymay
resultresult..
Denture without a face-bow mounting on theDenture without a face-bow mounting on the
articulatorarticulator

166. Wax Registration Method

167. •When the relationship between the maxilla & the axis of
rotation has been reproduced, the mandibular cast can be
accurately positioned & mounted through the use of an
interocclusal record.

170. It should be remembered thatIt should be remembered that when lateral andwhen lateral and
protrusive records are used to adjust anprotrusive records are used to adjust an
instrument of this class, the settings will beinstrument of this class, the settings will be
accurateaccurate for only those positionsfor only those positions at which theat which the
records were made. What happens between therecords were made. What happens between the
position of centric relation and the position of theposition of centric relation and the position of the
record remains unknown.record remains unknown. The position will beThe position will be
accurate, but the pathways between theseaccurate, but the pathways between these
positions will not bepositions will not be..

171. RememberRemember
The Hanau H series is not capable ofThe Hanau H series is not capable of
accepting lateral jaw relation records.accepting lateral jaw relation records.
Some semi-adjustable articulators (forSome semi-adjustable articulators (for
example, the Hanau H series, theexample, the Hanau H series, the
Dentatus, and the Gysi) have the condylesDentatus, and the Gysi) have the condyles
attached to the upper member of theattached to the upper member of the
instrument (instrument (non-arconnon-arcon ), whereas others), whereas others
have the condyle attached to the lowerhave the condyle attached to the lower
member as occurs in nature (member as occurs in nature (arconarcon ))

173. Mounting the upper cast
1.By face bow record .
2. By Bonwill triangle

174. Mounting
the upper
cast
By
Bonwill
triangle
Plasticine

175. Semi-adjustable ArticulatorSemi-adjustable Articulator
Can be programmed to reproduceCan be programmed to reproduce
some MN movement capabilities;some MN movement capabilities;
usually limited to straight lineusually limited to straight line
movementsmovements
RememberRemember

176. Semi-adjust. Articulator MechanicsSemi-adjust. Articulator Mechanics
Maxillary Cast:Maxillary Cast: related with face-bow.related with face-bow.
Mandibular Cast:Mandibular Cast: related with interocclusalrelated with interocclusal
record or “hand articulate”. This relates therecord or “hand articulate”. This relates the
mandibular cast to the hinge axis through itsmandibular cast to the hinge axis through its
relationship with the maxillary cast.relationship with the maxillary cast.
Excursive Guidance:Excursive Guidance: set incisal guide tableset incisal guide table
and condylar guidance.and condylar guidance.
RememberRemember

177. THANK YOUTHANK YOU