6. Level hierarkhi ekologi
Biosistem sistem yg
t.a komponen biotik dan
abiotik
Dalam hierarki ini ada
posisi intermediet
Ex. Fungi-algae yang
membentuk lichen
merupakan
intermediet antara
populasi dan komunitas
7. Odum said “Ecology is largely, but not entirely,
concerned with the system levels beyond that of the
organism”
Sebab semua satu sistem, organ tidak dapat hidup
jika tidak menjadi organisme, organisme tdk hidup
jika tidak dalam populasinya
“Hierarchies in nature are nested-that is,each
level is made up of groups of lower-level units
(populations are composed of groups of organisms,
for example)
The first law of ecology is that everything is related to
everything.—Barry Commoner
14. Ekologi organisme/individu
Mrpk orgn tunggal
Biasanya mempunyai
struktur khusus yang
disebut adaptasi
Adaptasi morfologi
Adaptasi fisiologi
Adaptasi perilaku
Adaptasi morfologi
15. Adaptasi fisiologi: ex. osmoregulation
Over time, the rates of
water uptake and loss
must balance.
Animal cells - which lack
cell walls - swell and burst
if there is a continuous net
uptake of water or shrivel
and die if there is a
substantial net loss of
water.
Osmoconformer -
isoosmotic terhadap
lingkungannya (hewan
laut saja) : banyak minum
sedikit urin
An osmoregulator harus
mengeluarkan air yg
terlalu banyak akibat
dilingkungan hiposmotik :
sedikit minum sedikit urin
16. Desiccation is perhaps the largest regulatory problem
confronting terrestrial plants and animals.
Humans die if they lose about 12% of their body water.
Adaptations that reduce water loss are key to survival
on land.
Morfologi: punya lapisan pelindung terhadap kekeringan
Morofologi: lapisan berlilin pada exoskeleton serangga,
cangkang, lapisan keratin
Perilaku: Nokturnal
Perilaku: Hewan darat menyeimbangkan kehilangan air
dengan minum dan makan yg mengandung air
Osmoregulation: Terrestrial Organisms
17. Tardigrades, small
animals living in marine,
freshwater and soil
environments contain
85% water in their
hydrated state, but can
dehydrate to less than
2% water and survive.
To do this they have
adaptations that keep
their cell membranes
intact.
