This presentation deals with definition ,pathophysiology ,clinical features and investigation of Anemia

1. Anaemia
Dr Akshay Shetty
Assistant Professor
SSRAMC & H Inchal

2. Contents
Objectives
Definition of Anaemia
Pathophysiology of Anaemia
Clinical Features of Anaemia
Investigations of Anaemia
Summary
References
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3. Objectives
At the end of the presentation the
learners must be able to
• Define Anaemia
• Discuss pathophysiology of
Anaemia
• Explain Clinical Features of
Anaemia
• State Investigations of Anaemia
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4. Definition
Anaemia is defined as a haemoglobin concentration in blood below the
lower limit of normal range for age and sex of the individual.
Lower extreme
Adults
• Male 13.0g/dl
• Female 11.5g/dl
• Lower extreme
New born
• 15 g/dl
Lower extreme
3 months
• 9.5 g/dl
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5. Cont…
Although haemoglobin value is analysed as
major parameter for determining of anaemia
the RBC count ,haematocrit (PCV) and
Absolute value (MCV,MCH & MCHC) provide
alternate mean of assessing anaemia.
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6. Pathophysiology
of Anaemia
Subnormal level of Hb Causes
lowered carrying capacity of the
blood .
This in turn initiates compensatory
physiological adaptation
• Increases release of O2 from Haemoglobin
• Increases blood flow to the tissues
• Maintenance of blood volume
• Redistribution of blood flow to maintain the
cerebral blood supply
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7. Cont..
Eventually tissues hypoxia develops
causing impaired functions of the
affected tissues
Tissues with high oxygen
requirement such as heart ,CNS and
Skeletal muscle during exercise bear
the burnt of clinical effects of
anaemia.
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8. Clinical
features
The signs and symptoms
develop depend upon
four main factors
•Speed of onset of anaemia
•Severity of anaemia
•The age of Patient
•The haemoglobin
disassociation curve
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9. Symptoms
Tiredness
Easy Fatigability
Generalized muscle weakness
Lethargy
Headache
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10. Cont…
In older patients
Cardiac failure
Angina pectoris
Intermittent claudation
Confusion
Visual disturbance
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11. Signs
Pallor Mucus membrane ,Conjunctiva ,Skin
CVS Tachycardia, Collapsing pulse, Cardiomegaly ,mid systolic flow
murmur, Dyspnoea on exertion, Elderly CHF
CNS Giddiness ,Headache, Tinnitus ,Drowsiness, Numbness, Tingling
sensation of hand and feet
Ocular
manifestation
Retinal haemorrhages,/Bleeding diathesis
Reproductive
system
Menstrual disturbance , Amenorrhea, Menorreghia, loss of
libido
Renal system Mild proteinuria
GI system Anorexia, Flatulence, Nausea, Constipation and weight loss
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12. Investigations
• Hb estimation
• Peripheral blood examination
Variation in size (Aniscocytosis)
Macrocytes (Aplastic
Anaemia,
Megaloblastic
Anaemia)
Microcytes (Iron
deficiency anaemia )
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13. Cont..
Variation in shape (Poikilocytosis)---
variation in shape
Hypochromia
Compensatory erthrypoiesis
Miscellaneous changes
• Red blood indices
Iron deficiency anaemia & Thalessmia
MCV,MCH,&MCHC
Acute blood loss : MCV,MCH,CCHC
Megaloblastic anaemia : MCV
• ESR
• Bone marrow examination
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14. Summary
Define Anaemia
Discuss
pathophysiology
of Anaemia
Explain Clinical
Features of
Anaemia
State
Investigations of
Anaemia
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15. References
• Harrison’s PRINCIPLES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE
Seventeenth Edition
• Davidson Principles Of Medicine & Practice Of
Medicine .20th Ed.
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16. THANK YOU
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