Abstract Brassica species are of great importance for human food and animal feed supply. Brassica napus occupies the second position among the oilseed crops behind soybean. Brassica oleracea includes numerous species of vegetables. Salinity is one of the abiotic stresses that adversely affect the productivity of these crops globally. The objectives were: (1) to study the effect of salinity on two stages of plant growth, namely seed germination and the vegetative stage, and to map QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) for salt tolerance in both growth stages in doubled-haploid (DH) mapping populations of B. napus and B. oleracea, (2) to examine the variation in leaf gulcosinolates content and the impact of salinity on GSL. In all populations, several QTL were mapped under control and salt stress for, seed germination traits, vegetative growth and gulcosinolates content. A number of QTL hotspots were mapped on different linkage groups (LGs). No consistency was found between for seed germination and the QTL for vegetative growth.

1. Genetic mapping of QTL controlling salt
tolerance and glucosinolates in Brassica
napus and Brassica oleracea
Botany department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University
Date 11.12.2017
PhD project in University of Goettingen, Germany
Dr. Yasser Moursi
2017/2018

2. Genetic mapping of QTL controlling salt
tolerance and glucosinolates in Brassica
napus and Brassica oleracea
2
Presented by
Dr. Yasser Moursi
Botany department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University
Assiut University, 11.12.2017

3. 3
Brassica napus & Brassica oleracea
Salinity
Glucosinolates
Introduction

4. Brassica napus Brassica oleracea
4

5. 5
U’s Triangle shows the relationships between
different Brassica species

6. Salinity
Types of salinity
6
 Natural or primary salinity
 Secondary or human-induced
Effect of salinity on plant
 Physiological drought
 Ion toxicity
 Nutrient imbalance
 Oxidative stress

7. Plant-Salinity interaction
Escaping
Avoidance
Tolerance
7

8. Solutions
Technical solution
 Land reclamation
 New irrigation system
 Biological solution
 Selection of salt-tolerant varieties
 Domestication of halophytes
 Genetic modified
8

9. Indolic
Aromatic
Methionine
Precursors of glucosinolates (GSL)
9
Aliphatic
Tryptophan
Tyrosine

10. Glucosinolates biosynthesis main steps
1
Chain
elongation
Core
structure
Side chain
modification
Glucosinolates

11. 11Halkier and Gershenzon (2008) Annu.Rev.Plant Biol.
Glucosinolates degradation

12. Objectives:
Mapping QTL for salt tolerance at seed
germination
Mapping QTL for salt tolerance at the
young plant stage
Mapping QTL for glucosinolates under
salt stress
12

13. Mapping QTL for salt tolerance at
seed germination
Part I
13

14. Three DH
populations
B. napus
Alesi x H30
Mansholts x
Samourai
B. oleracea
TO1000DH3
x Early Big
Population Source Map
Alesi x H30 KWS Sebastian Miersch
Mansholts x Samourai Plant breeding
division(our institute)
Dr. Ecke
TO1000 DH3 x Early
Big (Bo1TBDH) Warwick University, UK
Iniguez-Luy et al.
(2009)
Plant materials
14

15. Methods
5 ml tap water
Germination conditions: 20°C /darkness for 8 days
Germination percentage (G%) = 𝐆% =
𝐧
𝐍
𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Germination pace (GP) = GP
𝐍
𝚺 (𝐧 𝐱 𝐠)
Salt tolerance index (STI) =
𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐚𝐥𝐭
𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥
x 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Estimated traits:
15
DH Line A: GP =
𝟏𝟎
𝟒 𝐱 𝟏 + 𝟑 𝐱 𝟐 +(𝟑 𝐱 𝟑)
= 0.52
DH Line 𝐁: GP =
𝟏𝟎
𝟐 𝐱 𝟏 + 𝟑 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟑 𝐱 𝟑 + 𝟐 𝐱 𝟒
= 0.37

16. Results of part I
16

17. Control
Salt
17

18. 18
G%GP
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 0.15 0.3 0.45 0.6
NumberofDHlines
c) Control M
S
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 20 40 60 80 100
NumberofDHlines
a) Control
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 20 40 60 80 100
NumberofDHlines
b) Salt
S
M
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
NumberofDHlines
SM
d) Salt
M
S
Frequency distribution of germination parameters under
control under salt stress in B. napus mapping population
Mansholts × Samourai

19. 19
Control
Salt
STI
RP1227.E10.0
OPAI2.1196.4
RP1457.H220.2
OPA15.89636.4
RP841.H147.1
GATA.H363.6
RP299.E168.8
OPQ9.159078.7
GP-1S
GP-STI-1
A8
[-] [-]
BRAS043a0.0
BRAS06723.9
WG1D7.H128.7
RP981.H337.7
RP1118.E143.3
RP1119.E152.1
E4060.159.6
E3362.1088.9
E3861.194.4
E3361.5127.9
G%-1C
G%-2C
C1
[-]
[+]
Localization of QTL for germination parameters in B.
napus DH population Mansholts x Samourai.

20. 20
FLC3aH0.0
pX141bH6.2
pW212bE10.2
fit27214.9
fit06628.1
fit26230.7
fit156c43.1
pW125dE50.8
pX111aD54.8
fit39464.8
fit47670.2
BRMS02574.9
fit22780.3
pW196aH84.3
BRMS01791.2
FC96.9
pW145cX108.2
pX146dH115.9
G%-STI
C3
[-]
pX103dD0.0
pW149cD15.5
pW205aH21.7
pX105cE25.3
pW120cX42.4
pW193bE47.3
fit139b54.2
fit100c58.2
pX130aD63.6
pW178bH72.0
pW137bX77.4
pX105dE82.8
PMR18190.5
fit10298.2
BRMS034101.5
pW177bH109.2
pW148bE116.9
G%-2CG%-3C
GP-1CGP-2C
GP-1S
C4
[+]
[+]
[+]
[+] [+]
Control
Salt
STI
Localization of QTL for germination parameters in B.
oleracea DH population Bo1TBDH

21. Conclusion I
 Salinity stress reduced the seed germination
parameters significantly.
 The effect of salinity on GP was higher than
the effect on G%.
 Adaptive (stress specific) QTL and constitutive
(stress nonspecific) QTL were mapped in all
populations.
21

22. Mapping QTL for salt tolerance at
the young plant growth stage
Part II
22

23. Two DH
populations
B. napus
Mansholts x
Samourai
B. oleracea Bo1TBDH
Plant materials
23

24. Methods
Brassica napus
Mansholts x Samourai
Brassica oleracea
Bo1TBDH
 140 DH lines (2 parental lines + 138 DH lines)
 10 greenhouse tables (5 for control and 5 for salt)
 5 pots per DH line; 2 plants per pot
 Salt treatment was 200 mM NaCl 100 mM NaCl
 The experiment has been terminated 35 das
 The salt stress began 21 days after sowing (das)
24

25. Control Salt
25
Replicate 1

26. ControlSalt
26
Replicate 2

27. The estimated traits:
 Fresh weight (FW)
 Dry weight (DW)
 Relative water content (RWC) =
 Chlorophyll content (SPAD)
 Sodium content (Na+ mg /g DM)
 Potassium content (K+ mg /g DM)
 Sodium/Potassium ratio (Na+/K+)
𝐅𝐖 − 𝐃𝐖
𝐅𝐖
𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎
27

28. Results of part II
28

29. SAM
SaltControl
1593
1656
SAM
1593
1656
29

30. Traits variation under control and salt stress in B. napus
Traits Control Salt
FW(g) 4.6 2.7
DW(g) 0.6 0.4
RWC 87.2 84.6
SPAD1 38.1 42.3
SPAD2 38.9 44.9
Na+ mg/g DM 1.1 24.2
K+ mg/g DM 47.9 50.3
Na+/K+ 0.03 0.5
30

31. 31
E3247.140.0
OPAH9.15028.7
RP1100.E137.1
E3347.645.0
MR13A50.8
CB1007558.0
RP825.H165.9
RP1359.H169.7
MR11679.0
RP668.E284.4
WG1G2.H197.0
WG3F7.H2138.1
Na-2S
Na/K-3S
C9 [+] [-]
TG2F12.E10.0
RP1240.H143.5
RP1565.E150.4
OPA18.82064.7
RP1365.H173.8
CB1002678.3
OPD20.84091.4
WG2D11.E197.6
RP1249.H1110.3
WG7A8.H1122.2
WG4E12.H1132.8
DW-2CRWC-1C
SPAD2-2C
K-1CSPAD1-3S
SPAD2-5S
C2
SPAD1-2C
[+]
[-]
[+]
[+]
[-]
[+]
[+]
Control
Salt
Localization of QTL for growth traits in B. napus

32. 32
Traits variation under control and salt stress in
B. oleracea
Traits Control Salt
FW(g) 4.1 2.8
DW(g) 0.4 0.3
RWC 89.7 87.2
SPAD 52.2 55.1
Na+ mg/g DM 2.7 28.2
K+ mg/g DM 67.9 44.6
Na+/K+ 0.04 0.6

33. 33
FLC3aH0.0
pX141bH6.2
pW212bE10.2
fito27214.9
fito06628.1
fito26230.7
fito156c43.1
pW125dE50.8
pX111aD54.8
fito39464.8
fito47670.2
BRMS02574.9
fito22780.3
pW196aH84.3
BRMS01791.2
FC96.9
pW145cX108.2
pX146dH115.9
FW-2C
FW-3C
DW-1C
RWC-1C
K-2C
FW-2S
DW-1SSPAD-1S
RWC-1S
K-1S
C3
[-]
[-] [-]
[-]
[-] [-]
[-] [-]
[-]
[-]
FLC1aH0.0
fit204b10.0
pW256bH14.7
fit16320.1
pX146cH24.8
fit28930.6
pW108gH36.5
fit01666.3
pW187bH88.1
Na-1C
Na-4S
Na/K-3S
C9
[+] [+]
[+]Control
Salt
Localization of QTL for growth traits in B. oleracea

34. 34
E3247.140.0
OPAH9.15028.7
RP1100.E137.1
E3347.645.0
MR13A50.8
CB1007558.0
RP825.H165.9
RP1359.H169.7
MR11679.0
RP668.E284.4
WG1G2.H197.0
WG3F7.H2138.1
Na-2S
Na/K-3S
C9 [+] [-]
FLC1aH0.0
fit204b10.0
pW256bH14.7
fit16320.1
pX146cH24.8
fit28930.6
pW108gH36.5
fit01666.3
pW187bH88.1
Na-1C
Na-4S
Na/K-3S
C9
[+] [+]
[+]
B. napus B. oleracea
Comparison between B. napus (C9) and B. oleracea (C9)

35. 35
E3261.100.0
MD4113.6
WG3F7.H118.1
RP1175.H128.1
TG1H12.E140.0
RP1516.E148.7
RP1360.E164.8
RP1253.E184.3
TG2F9.H196.2
E3362.7119.5
SPAD2-1C
SPAD2-4S
K-2S
A9
SPAD1-1C
SPAD1-2S
GP-1C
Germination
Growth traits
pX103dD0.0
pW149cD15.5
pW205aH21.7
pX105cE25.3
pW120cX42.4
pW193bE47.3
fit139b54.2
fit100c58.2
pX130aD63.6
pW178bH72.0
pW137bX77.4
pX105dE82.8
PMR18190.5
fit10298.2
BRMS034101.5
pW177bH109.2
pW148bE116.9
GP-1S
C4
SPAD-2C
SPAD-2S
G%-2C
G%-3C
GP-1C
GP-2C
B. napus B. oleracea
The relation between QTL for germination and QTL for
growth traits in B. napus and B. oleracea

36. Conclusion II
 The effect of salinity on the traits in both populations
was similar except the K+ content that increased in B.
napus and decreased in B. oleracea.
 Hotspot QTL regions were identified in both
populations.
 Adaptive QTL and Constitutive QTL were mapped in
both populations.
 NO common QTL were mapped for both germination
and vegetative growth traits.
36

37. Part III
Mapping QTL for glucosinolates
under salt stress

38. Materials and methods
38
 One pot was harvested 34 das.
 Freezing in liquid N2
 Lyophilization (96 h)
 Grinding in a shaker with 3.4 mm metal balls
 Extraction by Methanol and measurement by
high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)
Materials and methods

39. Names and classes of glucosinolates components that were
identified in both populations
Common name Abbreviation Source Group
Glucoiberin IBE Methionine Aliphatic
Progoitrin PRO Methionine Aliphatic
Sinigrin SIN Methionine Aliphatic
Gluconapin GNA Methionine Aliphatic
Glucoraphanin RAA Methionine Aliphatic
Glucoraphenin RAE Methionine Aliphatic
Glucobrassicanapin GBN Methionine Aliphatic
Napoleiferin GNL Methionine Aliphatic
Glucoalyssin ALY Methionine Aliphatic
Glucobrassicin GBC Tryptophan Indolic
4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin 4OH Tryptophan Indolic
Gluconasturtiin NAS Tryptophan Indolic
4-Methoxyglucobrassicin 4ME Tryptophan Indolic
Neoglucobrassicin NEO
Tyrosine,
Phenylalanine
Aromatic
39

40. 7.6 8.2
6.7
4.2 4.2
2.7
1.8
1.6
2.6
2.7 2.0
1.0
0.2 0.1 0.2
0.7
0.2
0.4
0
5
10
Control Salt Control Salt Control Salt
Mansholts DH population Samourai
µMol/gDM Aliphatic Indolic Aromatic
Glucosinolates variations in the parents and the B. napus DH
population ''Mansholts × Samourai'' 40

41. 3.28
1.12
0.21
1.73
0.37
0.05
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
PRO
GNL
RAA
RAE
GNA
4OH
GBN
GBC
NAS
4ME
NEO
µMol/gDM Control Salt
0.43
0.15
2.36
1.67
0.72
0.18
Glucosinolates variations under control and salt stress in the B.
napus DH population ''Mansholts × Samourai''
41

42. 42
Control
Salt
Seed
Aliphatic-1S
E3261.100.0
MD4113.6
WG3F7.H118.1
RP1175.H128.1
TG1H12.E140.0
RP1516.E148.7
RP1360.E164.8
RP1253.E184.3
TG2F9.H196.2
E3362.7119.5
PRO-1S
SEED-1
RAA-1S
GNA-1S
SUM-2S
SUM-1C
A9
[+]
[+][+] [+] [+]
[+]
Aliphatic-2S
[+]
[+]
Aliphatic-3S
Indolic-3S
TG2F12.E10.0
RP1240.H143.5
RP1565.E150.4
OPA18.82064.7
RP1365.H173.8
CB1002678.3
OPD20.84091.4
WG2D11.E197.6
RP1249.H1110.3
WG7A8.H1122.2
WG4E12.H1132.8
SEED-2
PRO-2S
GBN-2S
GBC-2S
NEO-1S
C2
[+]
[+] [-][-]
[+]
[-]
[+]
Localization of QTL for GSL µMol/g DM in B.napus

43. 8.9
4.0
2.6 1.8 1
0
1.2
1.5
2.8
1.4 3.1
0
1.3
1.3 1.6
0.9
0.5
00
2
4
6
8
10
12
Control Salt Control Salt Control Salt
TO1000DH3 DH population Early Big
µMOL/gDM Aliphatic Indolic Aromatic
Glucosinolates variations in the parents and the B.
oleracea DH population Bo1TBDH 43

44. 0.58
0.2
1.18
0
2.53
0.33
0.2
0.93
0.01
1.24
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
IBE
PRO
GNL
RAA
GNA
4OH
GBN
GBC
NAS
4ME
NEO
µMol/gDM
control salt
44
Glucosinolates variations in the B. oleracea under control
and salt stress (100 mM NaCl)

45. 45
fito4720.0
pW225aD13.2
pW104aE49.8
BRMS04251.8
pW108aH65.0
fito088b71.2
pX110aE77.4
pW192cE83.9
pW128aH91.2
CHS28aX95.2
fito098a116.6
GNA-2C
GNA-1S
Aliphatic-1C
Aliphatic-1S
SUM-1C
SUM-1S
C7
[-]
[-]
[-]
[-]
[+]
[-]
FLC1aH0.0
fito204b10.0
pW256bH14.7
fito16320.1
pX146cH24.8
fito28930.6
pW108gH36.5
fito01666.3
pW187bH88.1
RAA-1S
GNA-3C
GBC-3C
GBC-1S
Indolic-3C
Indolic-1S
Aliphatic-2C
SUM-3C
C9
[-]
[+]
[-]
[+]
[-][+]
[+] [+]
Control
Salt
Localization of QTL for GSL µMol/g DM in B. oleracea

46. General conclusion:
 The effect of salinity on G% was lower than the
effect on GP.
 Adaptive QTL and constitutive QTL were
mapped in the three tested populations.
 In B. napus population there was an increase in
the K+ content but not in B. oleracea
population.
 Both adaptive QTL and constitutive QTL were
found in both populations.
46

47.  NO consistency was found between QTL for
SEED GERMINATION and QTL for
GROWTH TRAITS
 The salt stress reduced the GSL content in both
populations.
 An increases in glucobrassicin (GBC) and
glucoraphanin (RAA) has been observed in B.
napus but not in B. oleracea.
 In B. napus The QTL for LEAF GSL co-localize
with QTL for SEED GSL that were mapped
previously
47

48. Thank you for kind attention

49. 49

50. Discussion
50

51. Brassica napus diseases
 Blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans)
 Stem rot (Sclerotinia spp.)
 Root rot (Phytophtohora megasperma var.
megasperma)
 Downey mildew (Peronospora parasitica)
 leaf spot (Alternaria brassicae)
51

52. Germination
52

53. 53

54. Dormancy
ABI3, FUS3 and LEC2 induce specific seed
maturation genes.
Primary dormancy is established during seed
development, specifically at a later stage of seed
development to suppress vivipary on the mother plant
54

55. Types of dormancy:
Physiological dormancy (PD), morphological
dormancy (MD), morphophysiological dormancy
(MPD), physical dormancy (PY) and
combinational dormancy (PY + PD).
Dormancy release:
GAs
Dark, low temperature, smoking
55

56. Correlation between G% and GP in Brassica napus (Alesi x H30)
under salt stress
95
100100
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Germinationprecentage(G%)
Germination pace

57. 57
Treat
ment
Trait Name of QTL LG LOD
Position
(cM)
interval Flanking Markers
Additiv
e Effect
Phenotypic
Variation
explained
(%)
C
GP GP-1C A9 3.0 81 80-89 ra08600 -ra07944 -0.03 10.45
GP GP-2C C1
5.3 44 32-54 ra08390 -sN00983 -0.04 17.5
GP GP-3C C4b
2.6 11 0-22 MR155 -CB10335 0.03 8.79
S G% G%-1S C1 1.8 54 43-79 sN00983-ra03282 -10.70 6.41
G%-STI G%-STI-1 A3
1.8 51 50-54 ra00527-sN08841 -10.56 6.31
GP-STI
GP-STI-1
A9
2.0 81 80-89
ra08600-ra07944
4.54 7.27
GP-STI
GP-STI-2
A10
2.2 56 35-57
CB10021-ra12416
-4.66 7.59
Table III-10: QTL detected at under control treatment (C) and Salt treatment
(S) for germination traits in B. napus mapping population Alesi × H30. (QTL
significant with P = 0.05 are marked red)

58. 58
Table III-11: QTL detected under control treatment (C) and Salt treatment (S) for
germination traits in B. napus mapping population Mansholts × Samourai. (QTL
significant with P = 0.05 are marked bold)
Treat
ment
Trait
Name
of
QTL
LG LOD
Positi
on
(cM)
interval Flanking Markers
Additive
Effect
Phenotypi
c Variation
explained
C
G%
G%-
1C
C1 1.8 24 8-27 BRAS067 - W1D7.H1 1.88 6.12
G%
G%-
2C
C1 3.4 53 52-58 RP1119.E1 -F4E4060.1 -2.48 11.28
GP
GP-1C A9 1.8 14 13-16 MD41 - WG3F7.H1 0.02 6.06
S
G%
G%-
1S
C5 1.2 107 90-110 MR97B -MR97A -5.99 4.31
GP
GP-1S A8 1.8 77 68-78 RP299.E1 -OPQ9.1590 -0.02 6.27
GP-
STI
GP-
STI
A8 1.5 77 68-78 RP299.E1 -OPQ9.1590 -3.80 5.15

59. 59
Treatm
ent
Trait
Name
of QTL
LG LOD
Positio
n (cM)
Interval Flanking markers Additive Effect
Phenotypic
variation
explained (%)
C
G% G%-1C C2 2.6 63 53-72 pW189bX -fit081a -4.50 8.65
G% G%-2C C4 1.6 44 32-48 pW120cX -pW193bE 3.70 5.34
G% G%-3C C4 4.1 99 92-102 fit102 -BRMS034 6.93 15.66
GP GP-1C C4 2.7 40 32-47 pX105cE -pW120cX 0.02 9.08
GP GP-2C C4 3.3 102 98-108 BRMS034 -pW177bH 0.02 10.91
GP GP-3C C5 3.1 114 109-114 fit353 -pX119dH -0.02 10.45
S
G% G%-1S C1 2 90 84-95 pW225a -pW239bX 7.12 6.93
GP GP-1S C4 1.8 91 83-99 PMR181 -fit102 0.01 6.07
G%-
STI
G%-STI C3 2.0 28 21-31 Fit272- fit066 -13.02 8.44
Table III-12: QTL detected under control treatment (C) and salt treatment (S) for
germination traits in B. oleracea mapping population Bo1TBDH. (QTL significant
with P = 0.05 are marked red)

60. 60
AB/ab → cis or coupling phase
Ab/aB → trans or repulsion phase

61. Cell division
61

62. 62
Murata et al. (2005)ITCs induced
stomatal closure by ROS, NO and Ca2+
signalling
glutathione monoethyl ester (GSHmee)
inhibits the stomatal closure induced by ITCs

63. 63
Moreno et al. (2008) Salinity stress of 40mM NaCl or foliar
spraying of (Meth. Try) increased the RAA and GBC
Robbins et al. (2005) selenium increased GSL especially
sulphoraphane
Santiago Pe´ rez-Balibrea et al. (2008)
Broccoli sprouts grown in the light were found to
have much higher concentrations of vitamin C by
(83%), glucosinolates (by 33%) and phenolic
compounds (by 61%) than those grown in the dark

64. Growth traits
64

65. 65
Munns (2005) Genes and salt tolerance bringing them together

66. 66Shabala and Cuin (2007) Potassium transport and plant salt tolerance
50 Na+ :1 K+
100 mM K+
0.1 mM K+

67. Munns and Tester 2008
67

68. • Shabala and Cuin 2008
68

69. The young plant stage
(Greenhouse Experiment)
69

70. 70
Control Salt
Sources of
Variance
Genoty
pes (G)
Replicates
(R)
G ×R h2
Genoty
pes (G)
Replicates
(R)
G ×R h2
DF 137 1 137 137 1 137
FW(g) 0.56 44.58** 0.45 1.41 0.16 39.62 0.14 11.10
DW(g) 0.02** 5.81** 0.01 39.06 0.01* 1.67** 0.03 32.67
RWC 3.05** 1118.33** 1.11 63.39 1.55** 160.29 0.39 74.67
SPAD1 13.04** 1091.62** 4.90 62.23 12.67** 2224.87** 6.56 48.17
SPAD2 10.98** 156.62** 4.67 58.02 18.48** 10.87 6.07 67.11
Na+ mg/ g DM 0.44 - - - 20.34 - - -
K+ mg/ g DM 56.65 - - - 22.89 - - -
Na+/ K+ 0.001 - - - 0.001 - - -
Table IV-1: Mean squares and F test of significance from the ANOVA and
heritabilities of growth traits B. napus DH population Mansholts x Samourai)

71. 71
FW(g) Dw (g) SPAD1 SPAD2 RWC
Na+
mg/ g
DM
K+ mg/ g
DM
Dw (g) 0.75**
SPAD1 0.03 0.20*
SPAD2 0.10 0.2* 0.69**
RWC -0.10 -0.61** -0.30** -0.29**
Na+ mg/ g DM -0.10 0.30 -0.29** -0.18* 0.43**
K+ mg/ g DM 0.13 0.58** -0.26** -0.20* 0.68** 0.67**
Na+ /K+ 0.001 0.06 -0.20* -0.10 -0.03 0.60** -0.10
Table IV-2: Spearman’s rank correlations of the estimated traits in B.
napus mapping population Mansholts × Samourai under control

72. Table IV-3: Spearman’s rank correlations of the estimated traits in B. napus mapping
population Mansholts × Samourai under salt stress (200 mM NaCl)
72
FW(g) Dw (g) SPAD1 SPAD2 RWC
Na+ mg/ g
DM
K+ mg/ g
DM
Dw 0.86**
SPAD1 0.14 0.32**
SPAD2 0.08 0.23** 0.72**
RWC -0.05 -0.47** -0.38** -0.30**
Na+ mg / g
DM
-0.20* -0.34** -0.04 -0.12 0.33**
K+ mg / g
DM
0.06 0.17* -0.08 0.03 0.28** -0.11
Na+ /K+ -0.20* -0.03 -0.01 -0.11 0.18* 0.90** -0.50**

73. 73
Table IV-4: QTL detected with under control treatment (C) for growth traits in B. napus
mapping population Mansholts × Samourai. (QTL significant with P = 0.05 are marked
red)
Trait Name of QTL LG LOD
Position
(cM)
Interval Flanking Markers
Additive
Effect
Phenotypic variation
explained (%)
FW FW-1C 6 1.59 10 8-18 RP1104.H1 -RP428.E1 -0.14 5.49
DW DW-1C 5 2.01 43 42-46 RP1266.E1 -E3261.2 -0.02 6.86
DW DW-2C 12 5.36 74 69-77 RP1365.H1- CB10026 0.40 17.3
DW DW-3C 13 2.12 173 171-173 RP1365.H3- R1458.H2 0.02 7.25
RWC RWC-1C 12 5.14 98 91-109 WG2D11.E1 -RP1249.H1 -0.54 16.64
RWC RWC-2C 13 2.91 91 80-97 WG5B1.H1 - WG6D6.E1 -0.40 9.8
SPAD1 SPAD1-1C 9 4.92 72 59-81 RP1360.E1- RP1253.E1 1.2 15.99
SPAD1 SPAD1-2C 12 5.6 66 60-73 OPA18.820- RP1365.H1 1.19 18.01
SPAD1 SPAD1-3C 16 2.78 57 54-68 CB10278- WG7E10.H2 0.83 9.37
SPAD2 SPAD2-1C 9 2.28 69 58-82 RP1360.E1- RP1253.E1 0.82 7.77
SPAD2 SPAD2-2C 12 4.14 98 93-105 WG2D11.E1- RP1249.H1 1.10 13.65
K+ mg / g
DM
K-1C 12 5.35 94 85-98 OPD20.840- WG2D11.E1 -3.18 17.53
K+ mg/ g DM K-2C 13 2.16 129 125-130 RP1477.E1 -RP459.H1 -1.87 7.49

74. 74
Table IV-5: QTL detected with under salt treatment (C) for growth traits in B. napus
mapping population Mansholts × Samourai. (QTL significant with P = 0.05 are marked
red)
Trait
Name of
QTL
LG LOD
Position
(cM)
interval Flanking Markers
Additive
Effect
Phenotypic
variation explained
(%)
FW FW-1S 13 2.13 152 144-158 OPQ20.780 -OPAG10.63 0.10 7.28
DW DW-1S 13 2.55 128 113-130 RP1477.E1 -RP459.H1 0.20 8.65
DW DW-2S 16 2.81 44 40-51 CB10010 -CB10278 0.20 9.48
RWC RWC-1S 13 2.5 128 124-130 RP1477.E1 -RP459.H1 -0.26 8.47
SPAD1 SPAD1-1S 1 3.55 12 10-15 RP1275.H2 -RP981.H2 -0.77 11.82
SPAD1 SPAD1-2S 9 2.84 29 19-37 RP1175.H1 -TG1H12.E1 0.69 9.58
SPAD1 SPAD1-3S 12 4.69 68 58-74 OPA18.820 -RP1365.H1 0.92 15.32
SPAD2 SPAD2-1S 1 2.34 15 10-20 RP981.H2 -RP984.H1 -0.66 7.95
SPAD2 SPAD2-2S 3 2.17 101 97-102 CB10271b -W2D5.H1 -0.65 7.41
SPAD2 SPAD2-3S 7 2.49 0 0-8 RP1146.H3 -RP1122.H1 -0.68 8.46
SPAD2 SPAD2-4S 9 5.67 42 30-49 TG1H12.E1 -RP1516.E1 1.12 18.22
SPAD2 SPAD2-5S 12 9.55 74 71-75 RP1365.H1 -CB10026 1.48 28.71
SPAD2 SPAD2-6S 13 3.29 0 0-2 E3247.2 -E3348.5 -0.98 10.99
SPAD2 SPAD2-7S 13 3.27 167 160-171 RP1020.H1 -RP1365.H3 -0.82 10.94
Na+ mg/ g DM Na-1S 3 4.05 2 0-7 E3347.8 -BRAS002 -2.17 13.37
Na+ mg/ g DM Na-2S 19 2.29 2 0-12 E3247.14 -OPAH9.150 -1.77 7.79
K+ mg/ g DM K-1S 5 1.88 96 94-114 RP1362.E1 -WG4C5.H1 -1.21 6.45
K+ mg/ g DM K-2S 9 3.23 57 42-65 RP1516.E1 -RP1360.E1 1.69 10.82
K+ mg/ g DM K-3S 13 2.02 94 88-98 WG6D6.E1 -MR163.2A -1.25 6.91
Na+/K+ Na/K-1S 3 4.63 7 1-9 BRAS002 -WG4D10.E1 -0.04 15.14
Na+/K+ Na/K-2S
18
a
1.81 70 64-72 WG2A11.H1 -RP1144.H1 0.02 6.2
Na+/K+ Na/K-3S 19 2.16 0 0-8 E3247.14 -OPAH9.150 -0.03 7.36

75. 75
Table IV-11: QTl detected under control treatment (C) for glucosinolates µmol/ g DM in B.
napus mapping population Mansholts x Samourai. (QTL significant with P = 0.05 are
marked red)
Trait
Name of
QTL Chro
m
LOD
Position
(cM)
Intervals Flanking markers
Additive
Effect
Phenotypic variation
explained (%)
PRO PRO-1C C3 1.3 93 81 -99 WG5B1.H1 -WG6D6.E1 0.24 4.6
GNL GNL-1C A3 1.5 9 6 -19 WG4D10.E1 -RP1422.E1 0.01 5.6
RAA RAA-1C C6 1.2 55 47 -60 CB10278 -WG7E10.H2 0.03 3.8
RAE RAE-1C C8a 2.2 72 71 -75 RP1144.H1 -CB10454 -0.06 7.9
4OH 4OH-1C C3 1.9 0 0 -5 E3247.2 -E3348.5 0.10 7.0
GBN GBN-1C A4 1.2 55 53 -61 WG4A4.H1 -RP1235.H2 -0.15 4.5
NEO NEO-1C A3 1.3 100 81 -102 CB10271b -WG2D5.H1 -0.02 4.9
Aliphatic Aliphatic-1C A4 1.7 54 50-60 WG4A4.H1- RG1235.H2 -0.55 6.3
Aliphatic Aliphatic-2C A5 1.7 134 130-146 E3347.3 -BRAS063b 0.58 6.1
SUM SUM-1C A9 1.1 115 96 -119 TG2F9.H1 -E3362.7 0.65 4.0
SEED SEED-1 A9 13.9 24 19-29 WG3F7.H1 -RP1175.H1 7.96 43.5
SEED SEED-2 C2 2.3 111 101-121 RP1249.H1 -WG7A8.H1 2.89 9.1
SEED SEED-3 C6 3.4 55 54-60 CB10278 -WG7E10.H2 3.49 13.0
SEED SEED-4 C9 3.9 47 37-51 E3347.6 -MR13A 3.79 14.8

76. Table IV-11: QTl detected under salt treatment (C) for glucosinolates µmol/ g DM in B.
napus mapping population Mansholts x Samourai. (QTL significant with P = 0.05 are
marked red)
Trait Name of QTL LG LOD
Position
(cM)
Intervals Flanking markers
Additive
Effect
Phenotypic
variation explained
(%)
PRO PRO-1S A9 9.7 19 16 -22 WG3F7.H1 - RP1175.H1 0.60 29.1
PRO PRO-2S C2 1.7 122 115- 127 RP1249.H1 - WG7A8.H1 0.21 6.2
RAA RAA-1S A9 2.3 19 14 -27 W3F7.H1 -RP1175.H1 0.07 8.1
GNA GNA-1S A9 2.6 16 13 -19 MD41 -W3F7.H1 0.08 9.1
4OH 4OH-1S C3 2.3 125 113 -130 RP1477.E1 -RP459.H1 0.20 8.3
4OH 4OH-2S C7 2.6 91 81 -105 WG6C1.E1 -TG5B2.H1 0.01 9.1
GBN GBN-1S A8 2.7 5 1 -7 RP1227.E1 -OPAI2.119 0.22 9.5
GBN GBN-2S C2 4.0 107 100 -115 WG2D11.E1 RP1249.H1 0.28 14.0
GBN GBN-3S C5 1.8 47 41 -51 OPT9.862 -RP981.H1 0.17 6.7
GBN GBN-4S C9 3.4 97 91 -98 RP668.E2 -WG1G2.H1 -0.24 12.1
GBC GBC-1S A3 1.9 109 106 -116 WG2D5.H1 -RP1013.E1 0.24 7.1
GBC GBC-2S C2 3.4 113 110 -119 RP1249.H1 -WG7A8.H1 -0.34 12.1
GBC GBC-3S C7 2.1 67 62 -77 RP318b.E1 -CB10546 0.28 7.7
NAS NAS-1S C9 4.9 41 37 -44 RP1100.E1 -E3347.6 0.12 16.4
NAS NAS-2S C9 2.6 52 50 -58 MR13A -CB10075 -0.10 9.1
4ME 4ME-1S C4 1.2 145 130 -147 RP1235.H1 -RP1198.H1 -0.20 4.3
NEO NEO-1S C2 1.9 110 101 -117 WG2D11.E1 RP1249.H1 -0.14 6.8
NEO NEO-2S C4 4.6 119 116 -123 WG4A4.H2 -TG3D1.H1 -0.23 15.7
Aliphatic Aliphatic-1S A9 8.4 17 13-19 MD41 - WG3F7.H1 1.30 26.8
Aliphatic Aliphatic-2 S A9 1.9 96 91-97 RP1253.E1- TG2F9.H1 0.54 9.1
Aliphatic Aliphatic-3S C2 2.6 106 100-111 WG2D11.E1- RP1249.H1 0.48 7.8
Indolic Indolic-1 S A3 1.9 110 105-118 RP1013.E1- RP1605.H1 0.249 7.0
Indolic Indolic-2 S C2 3.5 111 110-117 RP1249.H1- WG7A8.H1 -0.34 12.0
Indolic Indolic-3 S C7 1.7 66 62-74 RP318b.E1- CB10546 0.31 7.4
SUM SUM-1S A3 2.0 120 109 -131 RP1013.E1 -RP1605.H1 0.57 7.3
SUM SUM-2S A9 8.4 21 18 -26 WG3F7.H1 -RP1175.H1 1.19 26.7

77. Table V-1: Mean squares, respective F tests, and heritabilities estimated from the ANOVA
of B. oleracea mapping population Bo1TBDH
Control Salt
Sources of
Variance
Genotyp
es (G)
Replicat
es (R)
G ×R h2
Genotyp
es (G)
Replicat
es (R)
G ×R h2
DF 137 1 137 137 1 137
FW(g) 1.32** 5.31** 0.28 78.52 0.59** 11.45** 0.17** 70.90
DW(g) 0.01** 0.021* 0.004 70.6 0.010** 0.003** 0.003 71.37
RWC 36.56** 388.33** 9.126 75.04 36.25** 372.17** 6.90 80.95
SPAD1 2.47** 54.90** 1.1632 52.96 6.48** 185.34** 3.97 38.75
Na+ mg/ g
DM
0.26 - - - 35.5 - - -
K+ mg/ g
DM
60.90 - - - 43.6 - - -
Na+/ K+ 0.001 - - - 0.03 - - -

78. Table V-2: Spearman’s rank correlation of growth traits for B. oleracea Bo1TDH
under control
FW (g) DW (g) RWC SPAD
Na+ mg/
g DM
K+ mg/ g
DM
Dw (g) 0.85**
RWC 0.33** -0.13
SPAD 0.12 0.20* -0.11
Na+ mg/ g
DM
-0.14 -0.30 0.17* -0.23**
K+ mg/ g
DM
0.20* 0.01 0.32** -0.27** 0.23**
Na+ /K+ -0.21* -0.30** 0.02 -0.11 0.88** -0.20*

79. Table V-2: Spearman’s rank correlation of growth traits for B. oleracea Bo1TDH
under salt
FW (g) DW (g) RWC SPAD
Na+ mg/ g
DM
K+ mg/ g
DM
Dw (g) 0.83**
RWC
0.226*
*
-0.21*
SPAD 0.041 0.17* -0.12
Na+ mg/ g DM -0.161 -0.04** 0.20* -0.30**
K+ mg/ g DM
0.332*
*
0.20* 0.27** -0.08 -0.25**
Na+ /K+ -0.053 -0.06 0.03 -0.20 0.87** -0.63**

80. Table IV-4: QTL detected with under control treatment (C) for growth traits in B.
oleracea mapping population Bo1TBDH. (QTL significant with P = 0.05 are marked red)
Trait
Name of
QTL
LG LOD
Position
(cM)
Interval Flanking markers
Additive
Effect
Phenotypic
variation
explained (%)
FW FW-1C 1 3.9 64 60-70 pX101cX -pX122aH 0.24 12.5
FW FW-2C 3 2.8 31 28-39 fito262 -fito156c -0.27 9.0
FW FW-3C 3 6.0 57 51-63 pX111aD -fito394 -0.39 18.5
FW FW-4C 7 3.1 96 91-109 CHS28aX -fito098a -0.21 10.0
DW DW-1C 3 2.9 59 52-64 pX111aD -fit394 -0.03 9.3
RWC RWC-1C 3 2.5 39 32-48 fito262 -fito156c -0.44 8.1
SPAD SPAD-1C 2 2.4 67 64-80 fito081a -pW161aX -1.07 7.8
SPAD SPAD-2C 4 3.7 52 47-59 pW193bE -fito139b -1.67 13.4
SPAD SPAD-3C 4 2.5 108 101-116
BRMS034 -
pW177bH
-1.14 8.0
SPAD SPAD-4C 8 3.6 31 25-36 fito482 -pW231aX 1.41 11.4
Na mg/ g DM Na-1C 9 5.1 15 12-21 pW256bH -fito163 0.20 16.3
K mg/ g DM K-1C 1 2.2 40 37-47 pW249dE -fito094 1.33 7.4
K mg/ g DM K-2C 3 3.4 65 58-70 fito394 -fito476 -1.92 11.0
K mg/ g DM K-3C 8 2.3 69 60-77 pX130cD -fito373c 1.42 7.8

81. Table IV-4: QTL detected with under salt treatment (C) for growth traits in B. oleracea
mapping population Bo1TBDH. (QTL significant with P = 0.05 are marked red)
Trait
Name of
QTL
LG LOD
Position
(cM)
Intervals Flanking Markers Effect
Phenotypic
variation explained
(%)
FW FW-1S 1 2.0 87 80-91 pW225a -pW239bX 0.13 6.6
FW FW-2S 3 5.3 52 43-55 pW125dE -pX111aD -0.25 16.4
DW Dw-1S 3 5.2 37 31-43 fito262 -fito156c -0.04 16.0
SPAD SPAD-1S 3 3.0 95 91-104 BRMS017 -FC -1.30 9.8
SPAD SPAD-2S 4 9.3 72 66-76 pX130aD -pW178bH -1.93 26.9
SPAD SPAD-3S 5 3.4 74 71-85 fito156a -pW164aE 1.16 10.7
SPAD SPAD-4S 6 4.0 11 4-20 isgpa -fito067 -1.21 12.6
SPAD SPAD-5S 8 6.6 51 48-56 fito204a -pX130cD 1.60 19.8
Na mg/ g DM Na-1S 1 3.5 32 25-36 fito355 -pX149fE -1.68 11.3
Na mg/ g DM Na-2S 5 2.9 84 79-90 pW164aE -pW198bH -1.62 9.4
Na mg/ g DM Na-3S 8 1.8 82 72-84 fito204e -fito486 -1.19 6.0
Na mg/ g DM Na-4S 9 3.7 15 14-18 pW256bH -fito163 1.71 11.9
K mg/ g DM K-1S 3 3.6 64 57-69 pX111aD -fito394 -2.10 11.6
K mg/ g DM K-2S 8 4.5 72 60-80 fito373c -fito204e 2.15 14.3
Na+/K+ Na/K-1S 1 2.3 31 25-36 fito355 -pX149fE -0.04 7.6
Na+/K+ Na/K-2S 8 2.7 78 70-84 fito373c -fito204e -0.04 8.8
Na+/K+ Na/K-3S 9 3.7 1 0-10 FLC1aH -fito204b 0.05 11.9

82. Table V-10: QTL detected under control treatment (C) for glucosinolate content µMol/gDM
in B. oleracea mapping population Bo1TBDH. (QTL significant with P = 0.05 are marked
red).
Trait
Name of
QTL LG
Position
(cM)
LOD Interval Flanking markers
Additive
effect
Phenotypic
variation
explained (%)
IBE IBE-1C C1 80 3.7 77 - 84 fito131 - pW220aH -0.13 4.7
IBE IBE-2C C5 79 5.2 72 -85 fito156a -pW164aE -0.25 18.6
PRO PRO-1C C3 11 4.3 10 - 13 pW212bE -fito272 0.44 15.6
GNL GNL-1C C5 76 1.5 57 - 80 fito156a -pW164aE -0.12 5.6
GNA GNA-1C C 3 7 1.8 6 - 15 pX141bH -pW212bE -0.42 6.9
GNA GNA-2C C 7 67 3.8 56 - 72 pW108aH -fito088b -0.61 13.9
GNA GNA-3C C 9 68 10 58 - 78 fito016 -pW187bH -0.95 32.9
GBC GBC-1C C 2 76 3.0 66 - 85 pW161aX -pW176aH 0.52 11.2
GBC GBC-2C C 3 44 1.9 43 - 47 fito156c -pW125dE 0.48 7.4
GBC GBC-3C C 9 21 2.4 14 - 25 fito163 -pX146cH 0.43 8.9
NAS NAS-1C C 4 24 2.0 21 - 37 pW205aH -pX105cE -0.06 7.6
NEO NEO-1C C 3 96 4.0 91 - 101 BRMS017 -FC -0.55 14.9
NEO NEO-2C C 4 60 2.9 58 - 69 fito100c -pX130aD -0.35 10.9
Aliphatic Aliphatic1C C 7 56 4.9 50-65 BRMS042-pW108aH -0.90 17.8
Aliphatic Aliphatic2C C 9 70 9.9 58-80 fito016 -pW187bH -1.23 32.5
Indolic Indolic-1C C 2 77 2.6 65-85 pW161aX - pW176aH 0.52 9.4
Indolic Indolic-2C C 3 44 2.4 41 - 47 fito156c-pW125dE 0.59 8.8
Indolic Indolic-3C C 9 20 2.1 14-25 pW256bH-fito163 0.43 7.7
SUM SUM-1C C 7 66 1.95 53 - 72 pW108aH -fito088b -0.79 7.4
SUM SUM-2C C 8 51 2.3 45 - 55 fito204a -pX130cD 0.81 8.6
SUM SUM-3C C 9 66 3.69 54 - 79 pW108gH - fito016 -1.0 13.5

83. Table V-10: QTL detected under salt treatment (C) for glucosinolate content µMol/gDM in
B. oleracea mapping population Bo1TBDH. (QTL significant with P = 0.05 are marked
red).
Trait
Name of
QTL
LG LOD
Positio
n (cM)
Interva
l
Flanking markers
Additive
effect
Phenotypic
Variation
explained (%)
IBE IBE-1S C2 1.2 90 85 -97 fito019 -fito375 0.06 4.9
PRO PRO-1S C3 4.6 23 15 -31 fito272 -fito066 -0.26 15.8
PRO PRO-2S C8 2.5 9 0 -18 pX103cD - fit040d -0.17 9.8
RAA RAA-1S C9 1.7 67 53 -84 fito016 - pW187bH 0.01 6.8
GNA GNA-1S C7 4.0 72 65 -78 fito088b - pX110aE -0.52 15.3
GBC GBC-1S C9 4.6 21 15 -25 fito163 -pX146cH 0.31 17.4
NAS NAS-1S C4 1.5 68 63 -77 pX130aD - pW178bH 0.03 6.0
4ME 4ME-1S C5 1.3 0 0 -10 fito389 - pW125aE 0.01 5.2
Aliphati
c
Aliphatic-
1C
C7 3.9 77 74-78 fito088b - pX110aE 0.60 14.5
Indolic Indolic-1S C9 4.6 20 15-25 pW256bH -fito163 0.32 16.8
SUM SUM-1S C7 2.7 58 51 -72 BRMS042 - pW108aH -0.61 10.4

84. Periodic Table with Electronegativities
84

85. 85Electrons distribution in the atoms in Sodium and Potassium
Sodium Na+
Potassium K+

86. FOOD QUALITY
86

87. 87
Species Stress Metabolic changes References
Brassica
rapa
jasmonate
(MeJA)
elicitation
glucose, sucrose and amino acids decreased (Liang et
al., 2006a),
or
Brassica
napus
Drought Amino acids increased under until cell
dehydration
(Good and
Zaplachinski
, 1994).
Brassica
oleracea
Salinity /
drought
sugar contents increased (Sasaki et
al., 1998).
Brassica Heavy metals Temporal increase of photosynthetic pigments,
amino acids, sugars
(Singh
and Sinha,
2005)
Arabidopsis Cadmium stress Toxic levels of ROS and severe chlorophyll loss (Zawoznik et
al., 2007).
Brassica
pekinensis
Cupper stress High levels of free amino acids (Xiong et al.,
2006)
Brassica Metal stress Increase of the low molecular weight organic
acids
(Seth et al.,
2008)

88. 88
Species Stress Metabolic changes References
Brassica napus Stress Reduction of ß-
carotene
(Gebczynski and
Lisiewska, 2006).
Brassica oleracea
(Broccoli)
Boiling and cooking Considerable
reduction of Ascorbic
acid
(Gebczynski and
Lisiewska, 2006;
Sikora et al., 2008),
Brassica oleracea
(Broccoli)
UV
7–13 ◦C
Increase of Ascorbic
acid
(Schonhof et al.,
2007).
Brassica oleracea
(Broccoli)
(6 h after)
Harvest
Reduction in protein,
organic acids- after
that increase in free
amino acids (GLU-
ASP)
(King and Morris,
1994;
Eason et al., 2007)
Brassica oleracea
(Broccoli)
7 d in high CO2 levels High levels of non-
protein amino acids

89. 89

90. 90
Summary of the biosynthetic pathway and stress-induced metabolite production.
(+) Increased (−) Decreased
Menard et al .
(1999). B. oleracea
Downy mildew
Bodnaryk 1994.
B. napus/rapa/
Juncea
20-fold MeJA/JA
Aksouh (2001) /B.n /40 C/15
d
Shonhof (2007). B.o_ (RAA)
7-13 C ;7-13 mol.
(Song and Thornalley 2007) 4-
8 C/7d (SIN,PRO,GNA- IBE,
RAA,ALY).
Martinez-Sanchez et al.
(2006) Er.Sa. 4-33% loss open
air
60%-100% low O2 and High
CO2
** Shonhof 2007 Aliphatic
GSL increased storage/ 7_13
C
Low N and High S
Robbins et al. (2005)
Selenium/ Sulforaphane

91. 91
Salt-tolerant varieties Ren et al. 2005
Drought-tolerant
varieties
Araus et al. 2008
Ozone-tolerant
varieties
Frei et al. 2008
Heat-tolerant
varieties
Pinto et al. 2010

92. Defence and Growth
92

93. Erucic Acid Structure
93
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)11COOH (C22H42OH)

94. 94
Compound % of total
Oleic acid 61%
Linoleic acid 21%
Alpha-linolenic acid 11% _ 9%
Saturated fatty acids 7%
Palmitic acid 4%
Stearic acid 2%
Trans fat 0.4%

95. Sodium/Potassium
95

96. 96
Shabala and Cuin (2007) Potassium transport and plant salt tolerance

97. Glucosinolates
97

98. Aliphatic GSL biosynthesis in B. oleracea
98
Li and Quiros (2003)

99. 99

100. Zhixin Zhao et al. (2008)
Isothiocyanate lead to the inhibition of inward K+
channels in the guard cells to avoid water loss by
stomatal closure.
100

101. 101
Gigolashvili et al. (2007)

102. Levy et al. 2005 102
(AOP2) ALKENYL HYDROXALKYL
PRODUCING 2
ATR1 (ARABIDOPSIS CYTOCHROME
REDUCTASE)
(SLIM) ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA SULFUR
LIMITATION 1_ hyperosmotic salinity response
Indolic GSL Aliphatic GSL

103. 103
SLIM1

104. Side Chain elongation
104

105. Glucone formation
105

106. 106

107. Side chain modification
107
Grubb and Abel (2006) Trend in plant science

108. Glucosinolates degradation
108

109. Glucosinolates transport
109

110. Traits variation under control and salt stress in B. napus
Traits Control Salt
FW(g) 4.6 2.7
DW(g) 0.6 0.4
RWC 87.2 84.6
SPAD1 38.1 42.3
SPAD2 38.9 44.9
Na+ mg/g DM 1.1 24.2
K+ mg/g DM 47.9 50.3
Na+/K+ 0.03 0.5
11

111. 11
Traits variation under control and salt stress in
B. oleracea
Traits Control Salt
FW(g) 4.1 2.8
DW(g) 0.4 0.3
RWC 89.7 87.2
SPAD 52.2 55.1
Na+ mg/g DM 2.7 28.2
K+ mg/g DM 67.9 44.6
Na+/K+ 0.04 0.6

112. María del Carmen Martínez-Ballesta et al. (2013) 112

113. Becker et al. 1999 113(After Thies 1994)

114. Modified from Becker et al. 1999
114
Palmitic acid 16:0
Stearic acid 18:0
Linoleic acid 18:2
Gamma-linolenic acid 18:3
Oleic acid 18:1
Eicosenoic acid 20:1
Erucic acid 22:1