This is the presentation of the fifth neuroscience event hosted by Ahmed Eljack in February 2018 at Ahfad University for Women. The event discussed the basic neuroscience of memories in term of categories and processes along with some clinical application. There was a game in the middle of the event about priming which was a nice activity that caught the attention of the audience and made the environment more cheerful *Eljack's Neuroscience Events are events hosted by Ahmed Eljack in various Sudanese universities to discussed different topics in the ever-growing field of neuroscience.

1. Eljack’s
Neuroscience Event
Our fifth event! (Ahfad University)

2. Welcome!

3. What are Eljack’s
Neuroscience Events?
Let’s see some photos!

4. First event!

11. Second event!

15. Third event!

17. Fourth event!

22. Let’s get our
event starting!

24. Neuroscience
of Memories
Objective
● Describe the limbic
system and list its
major components.
● Define the term
“memory”.

25. Neuroscience
of Memories
Objective
● List the different
categories of
memory.
● Describe the
different memory
processes.

26. The Limbic Formation

27. Definition and Description of the
Limbic System
● The limbic system is a collection of brain parts
that control emotions and motivations.
● It consists of the cortical structures on the
most medial edge of the hemisphere plus a
variety of subcortical nuclei and tracts.

28. Components of the Limbic
System
● The limbic system consists mainly of the
following:
○ Hypothalamus.
○ Parolfactory area.
○ Hippocampal formation.
○ Parahippocampus.

29. Components of the Limbic
System
○ Amygdala.
○ Prefrontal cortex.
○ Subcallosal gyrus.
○ Cingulate gyrus.
○ Septal area.

30. Memory

31. Overview of the Term: Memory
● The term memory refers to the process of
storing an information provided by
sensorimotor experience and to retrieve it.
● It refers to the encoding, storage, and retrieval
of learned information or knowledge.
● Memory depends on principles of neural
plasticity.

32. How many memory
categories do you
know?

33. Categories of Memories
● Human memories can be categorized in
different ways.
● The most used categories are:
○ Qualitative memory categories.
○ Temporal memory categories.

34. Categories of Memories
● The qualitative categories of memories are:
○ Declarative memories: information that is
available to consciousness and can be
expressed.
○ Nondeclarative memories: not available to
consciousness.

35. Categories of Memories
● Declarative memories are divided by some
psychologists to:
○ Episodic memory (personal experiences).
○ Semantic memory (facts).

36. Purves, D., Augustine, G., Fitzpatrick, D., Hall, W., LaMantina, A. and
White, L. (2012). Neuroscience. 5th ed. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates,
Inc. Fig. 31-1

37. Categories of Memories
● The temporal categories of memories are:
○ Immediate memory
○ Short-term (working) memory
○ Long-term memory.
● Engram is the physical embodiment of any
memory in neuronal machinery.

38. Purves, D., Augustine, G., Fitzpatrick, D., Hall, W., LaMantina, A. and White, L.
(2012). Neuroscience. 5th ed. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, Inc. Fig. 31-2

39. Interesting Topic:
Phylogenetic Memory!

40. Let’s take
a break!

41. Memory Processes
● working memory consists of two main
subsystems:
○ System of verbal information
○ System of visuospatial information
● The two subsystems are coordinated by the
executive control processes.

42. Memory Processes
● The verbal subsystem consists of two
interactive components:
○ Store of phenological knowledge (posterior
parietal cortices).
○ Rehearsal mechanism (Broca’s area).

43. ● The visuospatial subsystem involve modulation
of visual representations in in the parietal,
inferior temporal, and extrastriate occipital
cortices by the frontal and premotor cortices.
Memory Processes

44. Memory Processes
● Priming is defined formally as a change in the
processing of a stimulus due to a previous
encounter with the same or a related stimulus
with or without conscious awareness of the
original encounter.

45. Let’s play a game!

47. ● Explicit memory processing involves at least
four distinct operations:
○ Encoding.
○ Storage.
○ Consolidation.
○ Retrieval.
Memory Processes

48. Memory Processes
● Encoding is the process by which new
information is attended and linked to existing
information in memory.
● It is accomplished by attending to the
information and associating it with knowledge
that is already well established in memory.

49. Memory Processes
● Storage refers to the neural mechanisms and
sites by which memory is retained over time.
● It seems to have an almost unlimited capacity
for long-term memory unlike working memory
which is very limited.

50. MemMemory Processes
ory Consolidation
● Consolidation is the process of transforming
immediate and short-term memories into long-
term memory.
● It appears to be the function of the medial
temporal lobe (esp. hippocampal formation).
● It involves structural changes in synapses.
Memory Processes

51. ● Retrieval is the process by which stored
information is recalled.
● It is subject to distortion much as perception is
subject to illusions.
● It is most effective when there is a retrieval cue
of the initial encoding.
Memory Processes

52. Associations in Memory
● The capacity of memory depends on:
○ Importance of the information to the
individual.
○ Association of the information to the already
stored memories.
● Mnemonics are example of memory
associations.

53. Interesting Topic:
Conditioned Learning!

54. Forgetting
● Beneficial to our health!
● Helps in concentration on important information
and tasks.
● Can be pathological:
○ Anterograde amnesia.
○ Retrograde amnesia.

55. The End!

56. Eljack’s Neuroscience
Discussion
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57. Let’s have a chat!