Industrial training report

UNIVERSITY OF PORTHARCOURT
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE
SCHEME (SIWES) REPORT
27/03/2015
MAT NO. U2011/5555010
NAME: AGGREH ERHOVWON PETER
SUPERVISOR:DR STANLEY

Keepsafetyin mind; it will always saveyourbehind.
P.A.U.S.E…..Think safety Page1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wishto extendmygratitude toGODALMIGHTY and HIS onlybegottenSON,JESUSCHRISTas well as
INTEGRATED LOGISTICSERVICES(INTELS) NIGERIA LIMITED forofferingme a placementtocarry out
my student’s industrial work experience scheme(SIWES) program.
My special thanksgoto MR ONAGHISEELVIS; he was indeedaFatherto me and myimmediate
Headsof sections(QUALITYHEALTH SAFETY ANDENVIONMENTDEPARTMENT-QUALITYAND
ENVIRONMENTALSECTIONS) MR.JOHN KURE ANDMRS THERESA OLAGBEMIRO.
I am particularlyindebtedtomyindustrybasedsupervisorsMRUGBE CLEMENT andMR SPARTHIAN
UDOH fortheiradvice, support,andencouragementduringmystayat INTELS. I wouldn’tfail to
mentionMr.DidiaProgress,if notfor anythingbutfor hisgenerosityinalwaysprovidingmy
breakfasteverymorning. Theywere reallywonderful.
I will notforgetto also make mentionedof mycolleaguesbothfromthe UNIVERSITYOF
PORTHARCOURTas well asother schoolsrespectively.MACUS,PHILIP,ADEBOLA,NNAMDI,
EMMANUELLA, JOHNSON,FRANCIS,RASAC,JOY,MERCY,OLABISI, PEACEand manyothers.You all
make my Industrial Trainingexperience periodamemorytoalwaysremember.
Thank youall.

CERTIFICATION
Thisis to certifythatAGGREH ERHOVWON PETER withmatriculationnumberU2011/5555010 of the
UNIVERSITYOF PORTHARCOURT,CHOBA RIVERS STATE undergone hisSIWESprogram withINTELS
NIGERIA LTD, INTELS TERMINAL TRANSIT(ITT) in the QUALITY HEALTH SAFETY ANDENVIRONMENT
DEPARTMENT.
It has beenapprovedassatisfyingthe requirementsinpartial fulfillmentforthe awardof Bachelorof
Science (BSc) inMicrobiology.
StudentsName:AGGREHERHOVWON PETER
Signature:___________________________
Date:_______________________________
Industry-Basedsupervisor:SPARTHIAN UDOH
Signature:____________________________
Date:________________________________
InstitutionSIWES Coordinator:DRSTANLEY
Signature:____________________________
Date________________________________

ABSTRACT
Thisis a reportcontainingthe workand activitiesdone duringanINDUSTRIALTRAINING
ATTACHMENT periodaswell asa brief historyof the organization(INTEGRATEDLOGISTICSERVICES)
where the trainingwasdone.Thisreporttalks more of SAFETY PRACTICESANDPRECAUTIONSin
bothMICROBIOLOGICALLABORATORYand the INDUSTRIALSECTOR. It alsodescribes the standard
methods of operationorstepsandprecautions of some necessary microbiological laboratory
equipmentasrelatedtosafety (FIREEXTINGUISHER,SAFETYCABINETSANDTHE BUNSEN BURNER).
It furtherhighlights safetypracticesin some industrialmicrobiological activitiessuchasSPILLCLEAN
UP AND DISINFECTION,SEWAGEMANAGEMENT,AIRQUALITY MONITOING,FUMIGATION as well as
the PRECAUTIONS involve whilecarryingoutthese processes. Toproperlyunderstandthe safety
practicesinthese processes,knowledge of theseactivitiesisvital,therefore thisreportalsogive in
summarythe descriptionof these processesoractivities.
A healthandsafetyproblemcanbe describedbystatisticsbutcannotbe understoodbystatistics.It
can onlybe understoodbyknowingandfeelingthe pain,anguishand depressionandshattered
hopesof the victimand of wives,husbands,parents,children,grandparentsandfriends,andthe
hope,ina worldoftenunsympathetic,ignorant,unfriendlyandunsupportive,only those withclose
experience of lifealteringpersonaldamage have thisunderstanding.SAFETYISNOACCIDENT,THINK
SAFETY.

INTRODUCTION
“Saluspopulisuprema lex”, the Romansusedto say.“The people’ssafetyisthe highestlaw’’.Indeed
theywere rightand inINTELS,safetyisthe highestpriority.Fromthe graphabove,itcan be seen
that so muchhave gone wrong due to unsafe actsand practices.
The majorityof accidentsthat occurs especiallyinindustries,schools,hospitalsandthe environment
as a whole couldhave beenavertedif onlythere were propersafetyinductionsandorientationsto
the populace. Successcannotbe saidto have beenattainedwhenpersonnelandpropertiesare not
safe.
There iseveryneedtotake a properlook at safetybecause of itsimportance knowingfullywell that
the resultof not adheringtoitsprinciplescould leadtothe loss of livesandproperties.Thisindeed
was mydrivingforce to focusmore on the maintenance of effective managementof organization
healthandsafetypracticesandprecautionsduringmystaywithINTELS.
It isnot a good thingfora life tobe lost,before anyone performsanyactivity,itisgoodtoalways
take time to thinkfirstbygoingthroughit.Accidenthurt-safetydoesn’t. Tomorrow is yourreward
for workingsafe today.Itisa goodthingto alwaysstandfor safety.
0
10
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70
2005 DEATH %
2006 DEATH %
2007 DEATH %

GENERAL OVERVIEWOF INTEGRATEDLOGISTIC SERVICES(INTELS)
IntegratedLogisticServices(INTELS) NigeriaLimitedisalogisticsservicescompanywithheadquarter
at Onne,PortHarcourt. It operatesinOnne port(Federal OceanTerminal,Federal LighterTerminal
and TransitTerminal),Oil Service Centre inWarri area,Calabar base and Eko supportbase inLagos.
INTELS wasestablishedin1985 withthe visiontoserve asa ‘’ONESTOPSHOP’’to the oil and gas
industriesthroughthe provisionsof ‘’LOGISTICS’’servicesinasafe workingenvironment.INTELS
watch wordisSAFETY. The foundingfathersof the companywere anEnglishmancalledMr. GABRIEL
VOLPIwhoworked united withthe formal Vice Presidentof Nigeria,Alhaji AtikuAbubakar.Mr.
Sascha Kuehl ispresentlythe General Manager;Mr. Marko Miskovicispresentlythe assistant
General Manager.INTELS NigeriaLtdoperatesunderagroup.Before,itwascalledINTELSGROUPS
but lateritwas changedto ORLEANSINVESTWEST AFRICA.Every one of these groups is
independentof themselves andtheyhandle several sections.The groups includes
a. ORLEANSINVEST
b. INTELS NIGERIA LTD
c. WEST AFRICAN MACHINERYAND SERVICES(WAMS)
d. PROPERTY DEVELOPMENTCOMPANY(PRODECO)
e. WEST AFRICAN CATHERINGSERVICES(WACS)
f. ASSOCIATEDMARITIME SERVICES (AMS)
INTELS alsohave DEDICATED companiesaswell asPOOL companies.INTELSasmentionedbefore,
provideslogisticsservicestothe oil andgas industries,these companiesincludes;TRANSOCEAN,
ADAMAC,WEST ATLANTICSHIPYARD(WAS),BECKERHUDGES (SCHLUMBERGER), OANDO,AFRICAN
PETROLEUM (AP),CHEVRON,MOBIL,AFREN NIGERIA LTD, TENARIS,ITS DRILLING SERVICES,PIPE
COATERSNIGERIA LTD. ETC.
INTELS KEY ACTIVITIES
INTELS engage indeepoffshore supporttoDEDICATED,POOL andCOMMON USERS withinthe oil
industriesinNigeria.Theyare responsible forthe executionof activitiesrangingfromstevedoringfor
the ocean goingvessels,cargohandlinginandoutof the bases,qualityhealthenvironmentand
safetymanagementservices,loadingandoffloadingtrucks,campfacilities(accommodation,offices
and recreational),supportvessels,movementinandoutof Onne wharf,assistance andclearance of
all supportvessels(service boats,tugsandworkbadges),chartersagencyandgeneral agencyto
NPA. Also,operationdepartmentwithliaisonwithsecuritydepartmentensuresadequatesecurity
to the companyand clients.
INTELS maintainsaveryclose relationshipwiththe NigeriaPortAuthority(NPA),NigeriaCustoms
Services,NigeriaNavy,NigeriaImmigrationServices,ShippingLinesandAgentsandlastly clearing
and forwardingagencies.

INTELS GOALS
Thisis dividedintofour(4) strategiesrespectively;
 Strategy1; CUSTOMER SERVICES:
Institutionalize aservice orientedculture
Maintainhighlevel of qualityequipment
Change INTELS image amongcustomers
Improve the efficiencyof workflow
Improve service deliveryfromgroupmembers
 Strategy2; VALUEPROPOSITION
Fullyutilizefree zone concept,benefitsanddifferentiationof services
Provide aone-stoplogisticssolution
Optimize clientcashflow
Realize shareholderexpectations
Maintainhighlevelsof cooperate governance andcitizenship
 Strategy3: VERTICALINTEGRATION
Control oil andgas cargo inNigeria
Promote local contentthroughlocal entities
Explore diversifiedopportunitiesinthe oil andgasindustry
Establishacommerce platform
Explore opportunitiesin‘’green’’technologyinoil andgasindustry
 Strategy4: PARTNERSHIP
Expandconcessionagreement
Improve cooperationbetweenINTELSandAuthorities
Ensure industrycompliance toapplicable Nigerianlaws
Explore co-operationopportunitieswithexistingclients
Explore co-operationpartnershipwithotherfunctionsof government.

INTELS MAJORDEPARTMENTS AND FUNCTIONS
NIGERIA CONTENTDEVELOPMENT (NCD) DEPARTMENT: ThisdepartmentisheadedbyMr. ISIDORE
SAMBOL. Thisdepartmentwascreatedinrespecttothe NigeriaDevelopment Actof April 22, 2010.
Its majorresponsibilityistoincrease indigenousparticipationof indigenousNigeriacompaniesinthe
oil and gas industry.Theybuildlocal capacityandcompetence,create linkagestoothersectorsof
the national economyaswell asto buildindustrycontributionstothe growthof our national gross
domesticprofit(GDP).
ADMINISTRATION ANDGENERALSERVICESDEPARTMENT: ThisdepartmentisheadedbyMR.
CHIBUISI ONYEBUEKE. It is sub-dividedintothe followingsections;administration,procurement,
central store and developmentprojectsand istaskedwiththe functionof the provisionof
administrativeandlogisticsupporttothe entire company.Theyare involve inthe general office
managementandrunning(provisionof officesandequipmentforstaff andensuringacleanand
secure office environment),Transportmanagement(the registryhelpinperformingthistaskby
maintainingafile movementbookandrecordkeepingforall stationfile),Assetsmanagement
(includesthe acquisition,managementandrecommendationof disposalof assets),property
management,securityandsafety.
LEGAL DEPARTMENT: ThisdepartmentisheadedbyMr.JOSHUA URANTA.It isresponsibleforthe
provisionof legal servicesandadvice tothe company,itsdivisionandemployees.Thisdepartment
facesa great numberof legal matterswhichincludes;business development,contractmanagement,
real estate transactions, customer’s claimsagainstthe companyforproductdamage anddefects,
litigation,employmentlaw,salesandleases matters, dept. collection,bankruptcy,case prosecution
and muchmore.All these activitiescreate aworkflow of INTELS legal department.
COST CONTROLANDAUDIT DEPARTMENT: This departmentisheadedbyMr.MANOJ KUMAR. This
departmentisdesignedtoaddvalue tothe organization(INTELS),the auditdepartmenthelps
INTELS as an organizationtoaccomplishitsobjective bybringingasystematic,disciplinedapproach
to evaluate andimprove the effectivenessof riskmanagement,control andgovernessprocesses.
Thisinsightandrecommendationsisbasedonanalyses,assessmentsof dataandbusinessprocesses,
detectingandpreventingfraud,testinginternalcontrol andmonitoringcompliance withcompany
policiesandgovernmentregulations.These activitiesare done withintegrityandaccountability. Cost
control is involved inthe calculationsof pricesforoperations,materials,labour,tax andbalancingof
companyprofitsandexpenditures.
FINANCEANDACCOUNTINGDEPARTMENT: Thisis headedbyMr. DAVIDEMASSONE.The
departmentisfurtherdividedintofinance,treasuryandoverseas. The keyfunctionof the
accountingdepartmentistotract all revenue andexpenditures. Theyrecordthe transactiononthe
basisof invoice,billsandvouchers,keepbillsandvouchersinsafe place afterincludingtheminfiles,
to pay the creditorsand employees,tocollectandmonitordebtors,toreconcile the bank
statementswiththe company’sbankaccount.The finance departmentisresponsible forthe
financial functionsandactivitiesof the boardand managementof the financial policyof the
company.The functionsincludes;budgetpreparationandadministration,costallocations,account

payable,payroll,fringe benefits,grantsadministration,monitoringservicesproviders,technical
assistance toservicesproviders,contactadministrationandbilling.
HUMAN RESOURCES NATIONALSDEPARTMENT:It isheadedbyMr. BABOLA ADENIYI.The human
resourcesdepartmentdealswiththe managementof peoplewithinthe company.The departmentis
responsible forhiringmembersof staff,thistheydobyattractingemployees,keepingthemintheir
positionsandensuringthattheyperformtoexpectation.Theyalsoclarifiesandsetsdayto day goals
for the company,organizationandmanagementof people inthe entirecompanyandplansfor
future venturesandobjectivesof the company.
ENTERPRISERESOURCE ANDPLANNING(ERP) DEPARTMENT:ThisdepartmentisheadedbyBRADLEY
WHITE. This departmentprovidesanintegratedview of core processes,ofteninreal time,using
commondata basesmaintainedbydatamanagementsystem.The departmenttrackbusiness
resources i.e. cash,rawmaterials,productioncapacityandthe statusof INTELS business
commitments;orders,purchase ordersandpayroll,productionplanningand cost,manufacturing
and servicesdelivery,marketingandsales,inventorymanagementandlastlyshippingandpayment.
The departmentcarriesout these functions bysimplymanagementof amanagementintegrated
software.
QUALITY HEALTH SAFETY ANDENVIRONMENTDEPARTMENT:This departmentisheadedbyMr.
SIMON PARKER. INTELS NigeriaLimitedoperatesanintegratedmanagementsystemconsistingISO
9001:2008 forQualityManagement,OHSAS18001:2007 for Occupational HealthandSafety
ManagementSystemandISO14001:2004 for Environmental ManagementSystem. Thisdepartment
isresponsible forthe safetyof all employees,clients,visitorsandpropertiesof INTELS.Thistheydo
by creatinga safe enablingworkingenvironmentandthat personnel,propertiesaswell asthe
environmentare fitforpurpose.Theycarry outdrug checks(controlledsubstances),vehicleschecks,
criminal andaccidentcoverage and records,environmental checksandanalysis,health(fitness)
check,quality(certification,recertificationandcalibration) checkandemergencies responses.
Generally,thisdepartmentcarriesoutsafetyobservations(SOBs) andnearmissreports. The quality
systemalsohelpsthe customerssatisfiedwithservicesrendered.
OPERATION ANDTHE AUTHORITIES SERVICESDEPARTMENT: ThisdepartmentisheadedbyMr.
WILLIAMVULETIC & MR SHEBI THOMPSON.This departmentmakessure thatthe businessultimate
prioritiesare achieved.They oversee hiring,managementof bothoperatorsandequipmentin
carryingout varioustargetsand goals.Theyare responsible forsuchresponsibilitiesas
transportation,personnel administrationasrelatedtooperationandgeneral facilitiesissues.This
departmentisa critical andintegral aspectof INTELS NigeriaLtd.
Attachedto thispage isan organogram that explainindetailsthe hierarchyof the management of
INTELS.

SHORT DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS
SAFETY: Thiscan be definedasthe conditionof being safe;itisthe control of recognizedhazardsto
achieve anacceptedlevel of risk.
HAZARD:A hazard isa situationthatposesalevel threattolife,healthorenvironment.
SAFETY MEASURES: These are activitiesandprecautionstakentoimprove safetyi.e.reduce risk
relatedtohumanhealth.
RISK:This can be definedasthe potential of losingsomethingof value.Itisa factor, thing,course or
elementinvolvinguncertaindanger.
PRECAUTIONS:Thisisan action takeninadvance to protectagainstpossible danger,failureorinjury.
PERSONALPROTECTIVEEQUIPMENT (PPE):Thisisequipmentworntominimize exposuretoserious
workplace injuriesandillness.
UNSAFECONDITIONS:Anunsafe conditionisany physical conditionattributedphysical and
mechanical sources withinthe workenvironmentwhichif leftuncorrectedmayleadtoan accident.
UNSAFEACT: It issomethingthatsomeone doesthatresultsinorcouldresultinan accident.
ACCIDENT:Thiscan be definedasasuddeneventthatisnotplannedorintendedandthatcauses
damage or injury.
PROCEEDURES: Thisis a fixedstep-by-stepsequence of activitiesocourse of action thatmust be
followedinthe same orderto correctlyperformatask.
INCIDENT:Anunusual or noteworthyoccurrence thatcaneitherresulttoan accidentor a near miss.
NEARMISS: It is an unplannedeventthatdidnotresultinan injury,illnessordamage buthadthe
potential todoso.
STANDARDS:A standardis a documentthatprovidesrequirements,specifications,guidelinesor
characteristicsthatcan be usedconsistentlytoensure that materials,products,processesand
servicesare fitforpurpose.
EMERGENCIES: An emergencyisasituationthatposesan immediaterisktohealth, life,propertyor
environment.
MICROBIOLOGY: Thisisthe branchof biologythatdealswithmicroorganisms.
BIOSAFETYCABINETS:Thisis an enclosedventilatedlaboratoryworkspace forsafetyworkingwith
materialscontaminatedwithpathogensrequiringadefine biosafetylevel.
LABORATORY:Thisis a facilitythatprovidescontrolled conditionsinwhichscientificortechnological
research,experimentsandmeasurementsmaybe performed.

SEWAGE: A watercarriedwaste insolutionorin suspensionthatisintendedtobe removed.
SEPTICTANK:A sewage disposal tankinwhichacontinuousflow of waste material isdecomposedby
anaerobicbacterial.
WASTE WATER: Thiscan be saidto be any waterthat has beenadverselyaffectedbyanthropogenic
influence.
TOOL BOX MEETING: It is an informal groupdiscussionthatfocusesona particularsafetyissue.
BIOLOGICALOXYGEN DEMAND (BOD): It isthe amountof dissolvedoxygenneededbyaerobic
biological organismsinabodyof waterto breakdownorganic material presentina givenwater
sample ata certaintemperature overaspecificperiodof time.
POLLUTION: Thisisthe act or processof pollutingorthe state of beingpollutedespeciallythe
contaminationof soil,waterorthe atmosphere bythe discharge of harmful substances.
SPILL: Spill are dischargesof hazardoussubstancesthatadverselyimpactorthreatentoadversely
impacthumanhealth,welfare orthe environmentandrequire animmediateresponse.
AIR QUALITY: The term air qualitymeansthe state of the air around us.
OPEN FLAME: Anopenflame referstoflame usuallyusedasa heatingsource thatisdirectly exposed
the outside environment.

SAFETY AND SAFETYMEASURES
Overthe years,safetyinmicrobiologyhasbecome veryimportantanda code of practice.We are
livinginanera of uncertaintyandchange.New infectiousagentsanddiseaseshave emerged.Not
longago, Nigeriafoughtthe dreadfulEBOLA viral disease.Workswithinfectiousagentsinpublicand
private research,publichealth,clinical anddiagnosticlaboratoriesandanimal care facilitieshas
expanded.Thisposesathreattothe microbiologylaboratoryworker.
The findingsof HardingandByersindicatedthatclinical (diagnostic) andresearchlaboratories
accountedforforty five percent(45%) andfiftyone percent(51%) respectivelyof the total
laboratoryassociatedinfectionsthatwasreported. Theybothfoundoutthatlaboratoryassociated
infection Mycobacteriumtuberculosis, Coxiella burnetti, Brucella spp, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp
Crystosporidium sppaswell assome virusesaccountedformostof the diseasesencountered.
Also,fromthe recentEBOLA epidemic,the mediaandmedical recordshave itthatmostof the
victimswere medical practitioners.Fromall thathave beensaid,itcan be seenthatit isparamount
that the microbiologyworkeriswell acquaintedwithgoodsafetypractices.There are alsoother
non-pathogenicassociatedriskthatdoesresultsfromeverydaymicrobiological laboratoryand field
processes thatcan leadto accident.Forexample risksuchasfire fromthe Bunsenburner,cutsfrom
the usage of sharpobjectsand electrocution canarise.
Safetybya general definitionisthe state of being‘’safe’’(fromFrenchsauf),the conditionof being
protected againstphysical,social,spiritual,financial,political,emotional,occupational,
psychological,educational orothertypesor consequences of failure,damage,error,accidents,harm
or any othereventswhichcanbe considerednondesirable.The pointof interesthere inthisreport
isthe aspectof protectionagainstphysical agents(hazards).A numberof standardsorganizations
existthatpromulgate safetystandards.Thesemaybe voluntaryorganizationsorgovernment
agencies.These agenciesfirstdefine the safetystandardswhichtheypublishinthe formof codes.
Theyare alsoaccreditationbodiesandentitle independentthirdpartiessuchastestingand
certificationagenciesto inspectandensure compliance tothe standardstheydefine.Example,we
have the AFRICAN NATIONALSTANDARDINSTITUTES(ANSI),OCCUPATIONALSAFETYANDHEALTH
ADMINISTRATION (OSHA) whichcertifiesindependenttestingcompaniessuchasNATIONAL
RECOGNIZEDTESTING LABORATORIES (NRTL).
In Nigeriawe have governmentagenciessuchasNATIONALAGENCYFORFOOD ANDDRUG
ADMINISTRATION COMMISSION (NAFDAC),MINISTRYOFHEALTH,MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT,and
MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES.Etc.

HAZARD,RISKANDRISK ASSESSMENT
As definedearlier,hazardisanythingthatmaycause damage,injuryor illnesstopeople,
environmentorplantsandbuildingswhile riskisthe potential of losingsomethingof value,values
such as healthandgeneral wellbeing.Itisthe possibilityof somethingbadhappening.Riskisachild
born fromthe parenthazard, whatthismeansisthat for everyhazardyouidentify there is
associatedriskorrisksinvolved.
There are five (5) traditional waystocontrol hazards.Theyare giveninsummarybelow;
a. Eliminationof the hazard
b. Substitutionof the hazardtoa more saferoption
c. Productionof saferequipmentthroughengineeringprocesses
d. Administrationprocesswhichinvolve trainingandeducatingpeople
e. By the use of personal protectiveequipment(ppe).
There are twotypesof risk.Namely;
a. Controlledrisk:These are riskassociatedwithamustperformedexperimentoractivities.In
such a case,it ismanaged.
b. Uncontrolledrisk:These are riskthatis beyondhumanmanagement.The microbiological
workeror scientistavoidssuchrisk.
In formulatingariskassessmentinthe microbiological laboratory,one shouldalwaystake into
considerationsthe humanelementsandthe surroundingarea,humansare unpredictableintheir
actions,factoringinthisunpredictabilitywillhelpminimizeorcontrol the riskand surveyingthe
widerareawill give anoverviewof whatmaybe damagedor who else mightbe hurtif the risk
control fails.
Riskassessmentbydefinitionisaprocess usedtoidentifythe hazardouscharacteristics of aknown
infectiousorpotentiallyinfectiousagentormaterial,the activitiesthatcanresultina person’s
exposure toanagent,the likelihoodthatsuchexposure will cause laboratoryassociatedinfection as
well asotherlaboratoryassociatedhazardandthe consequencesof suchevents. The information
identifiedbyriskassessmentwill provideaguide forthe selectionof appropriate safetylevelsand
microbiological practices,safetyequipmentandfacilitysafeguardsthatcan preventhazards.
Riskassessmentrequirescareful judgment.Adverse consequencesare more likelytooccur if the risk
isunderestimated.The primaryfactorstoconsiderinriskassessmentandselectionof precautions
are as follows;
 Agenthazards
 Laboratory procedure hazard
 Equipmenthazards
The principal characteristicsof anagenthazardsare as follows;

 Its capabilitytocause harm(infection)
 Its virulence asmeasuredbyitsriskfactors
 Availabilityof preventivemeasures
The WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) recommendedanagentriskgroupclassificationfor
laboratoryuse as well asthe differentlaboratorylevelsassociatedwithsuchagenthazard.The table
belowexplainsbetter.
Table 1. Classificationof infectious microorganismsbyriskgroupand biosafetylevel.
The predominantroutesof agenthazardare as follows;
a. Skin
b. Inoculationbysyringe needle,sharpobjectsorbitesfrom infectedanimalsinthe laboratory
and field
c. Ingestionof liquidsuspensionof infectedagents
d. Inhalationof infectedaerosols
Riskgroup WHO biosafetymanual 3rd
edition2004 Biosafety
level (Bsl)
Riskgroup 1 A microorganismunlikelytocause human
or animal disease.Treatmentsare
available.
Bsl-1
Riskgroup 2 A microorganism thatcan cause human
or animal disease butisunlikelytobe
serioushazardto laboratoryworkers,the
community,livestockandthe
environment.Treatmentsare available.
Bsl-2
Riskgroup 3 A pathogenthatusuallycausesserious
humanor animal disease butdoesnot
ordinarilyspreadfromone infected
individualtoanother.Treatmentsare
available.
Bsl-3
Riskgroup 4 A pathogenthatusuallycausesserious
humanor animal disease andcanbe
readilytransmittedfromone individualto
another,directlyorindirectly.Treatments
and preventive measuresare notreadily
available.
Bsl-4

An awarenessof these routesisimportantto the microbiologistinidentifyingprobable routesof
transmissioninthe laboratory andthe potential foranyriskinthe publichealth.
Procedureshazardoccurs whenthe microbiologistscientistfailstouse the correct setdown
proceduresandrules.Itseffectcanbe lethal.
Equipmenthazardoccur due to improperknowledgeof the principlesof equipmentandalsodue to
faultynature of equipment.

TOOL BOX MEETING AND STEP BACK5×5 PROCESS
Tool box meetingisusuallyashortbut compulsorymeetingthatshouldbe heldtodiscussthe safety
involve incarryingouta particularjob.It involvesdiscussionandanalysisof the riskinvolve inthe
operationbefore,afterandduringthe work.Toolbox meetingencouragesworkersand
microbiological laboratoryscientiststoidentifyanddeal withhazardsassociatedwithall tasksor
experimentforall activity.Alljobsshouldbe assessedfortheirriskpotential duringthe tool box
meeting.The following are examplesof some of the necessary questions thatshouldbe asked
duringa tool box meetingbefore ajobiscarriedout;
a. What isthe sequence of stepsinvolvedinthe joborexperiment?
b. What are the hazards at eachstepin the work?
c. Howcan we control thishazard?
A stepback 5×5 is usuallycarriedoutduringthe processof carryingout an activityor a jobespecially
at the occurrence of a near miss.Itcomesin at differentpointsof the jobdependingonthe risk
factor of such job.Duringa stepback 5×5 process,the followingstepsshouldbe followed.
a. Take five (5) stepsback fromyour job.Thiswill allow youspothiddenhazardsandchanges
inthe workenvironment.
b. Take five (5) minutestodiscuss;
 What has changedinthe work environment?
 What are the knownhazardson the nextstepof the job?
 What are the newor unforeseenhazardsthatwe previouslyweren’taware of?
 Do we have these hazardsadequatelycontrolled?Orshouldwe stopthe joband
reassesswhatwe are doing?
c. Repeatthe processforeach identifiedstepinthe joball daylongfromthe beginningof the
jobto the end of the job.
d. Review
 While youare working,monitorboththe qualityof the work,the interactionof your
workcrew and the safetyof theiractions.
 Stopthe joband geteveryone torefocusonthe hazardand the control measures
wheneverit’sneeded.
 At the endof the job or experiment,review the entire jobandgetfeedbackfrom
everyone howitwent.How doyoufeel?Whatwill youimprove nexttime?

GOOD SAFETYPRACTICES
PERSONALHABITS
 Do not eat,drink,smoke orapply cosmeticsinthe laboratoryandthe workplace.Neverput
anythinginyourmouth.Use pipette aidswhenappropriate.Neverpipettebymouth.
 Wash yourhands thoroughlywithsoapand waterbefore leavingthe laboratoryandanytime
theybecome contaminatedwithculturematerial.
 Disinfectyourlaboratorybenchbefore youstart,if youspill culture andbeforeyouleave the
laboratory.
 Cleanupyour benchas well asyourwork,disposinguseditemsproperly.
LABELLING
 Label all culturesandsolutions properlywithyourname orinitials,date,course or
laboratorysectionandexperimentinformation.The experimentinformationmayinclude
the compositionof the solution,identityof the culture or the experimentnumber.
 In the case of a fieldwork,all equipmentthatwill be usedduringthe exercise shouldbe
properlylabeledtoenable properandcorrect usage of such equipment.Thiswillalsoserve
as a guide to a novice.

BIOSAFETYGUIDELINES
 Use the properprecautionswhendealingwithmicroorganismseitherfrombodyfluidsor
spills.Inmostcasesthere are postsor signsproperlyerectedandpositionedtoinformthe
userof the biosafetylevelinuse inthatenvironment orlaboratory.Biosafetylevelsare
determinedbythe NATIONALINSTITUTESOFHEALTH AND THE CENTERS FOR DISEASE
CONTROL.
GENERAL PROTECTIVEPROCEEDURES
 Readthe laboratoryandfieldexercise before workstartsandplanyouractivities.This
createsawarenessof the special safetyconcernsforthe workandpermitsefficientuse of
worktime.
 Come properlydressedtothe workingenvironment
 Wear a laboratorycoat if you are workinginthe laboratoryor a coverall if itisan industrial
activityandleave bothwearsat the workingplace afterworkbefore goinghome.
 Alwayswearsafetyshoeswhile working.Closedtoesshoesare requiredformany
laboratoriesandworkplaces.
 Tie longhair back.
 Remove danglingjewelryanditemssuchasscarvesand ties.
 It isimportantthat PPEbe selectedbaseduponthe hazardtothe worker,properlyfitted,
conscientiouslyandproperlyworn,regularlymaintained,properlyremoved,replace,
cleaned,disinfectedandstored.

PROTECTIVEPROCEDURES FOR PHYSICALHAZARDS
 Setup a Bunsenburnerin the centerof the laboratorybenchinan area free of overhanging
materials.Neverleave alightedBunsenburneraswell asanyopenflame equipment
unattended.Keepworkareaclear.
 Keepwaterawayfromelectrical equipment.Switchoff all electrical devicesafterthe endof
the day’sactivitiesandneverattempttoperformanyelectrical jobif youare notcertified.
 Do not go close toany oceanjettyarea forany workif youare and notequipwithswimming
skillsaswell asif youaren’tputtingon your life savingjacket.
 Some proceduresinthe laboratoryinvolvephysical hazardsandrequire specialprecautions.
For example workingwithhotitemseitherfromthe autoclave orheatedinthe Bunsen
burnerrequiresprotectionof yourhands. Wearmittsor handle the hotitemwithtongs.
 Usinga sonicatorrequireswearingprotective earcoverings.
 Whenworkingwithultravioletsource,wearcoatedultravioletprotective safetyglasses.
 Whencleaningspillsandwhencarryingoutpungentsmellingexperimentoractivities,
alwaysputon your nose mask.
 Protective eye coveringsare requiredwhile workingbecause atanytime aerosols canbe
generated orsplashingmay occur.
PROTECTIVEPROCEDURES FOR CHEMICAL HAZARDS
 Protectcontact withthe skinby wearing laboratorycoatsor coverall.
 Minimize hazardsdue toformationof dangerousaerosolsandsplashingbywearing
protective eye gear.
 Minimize the pollutionof the environmentbychemical spillage intermsof eitherfumesor
liquidformbystrictlyadhering toprecautionsandstandards.
 Limitexposure tochemical fumesbyworkinginachemical fume hood.
 Properlydispose of chemicalsthatpose environmental hazards.

CLEAN UP SAFETY PROCEDURES
 For yoursafetyand the safetyof others,glassware andtrash mustbe disposedof properly,
itemscontaminatedwithmicroorganismsorbodilyfluidsmustbe autoclavedbefore
disposal orwashing.
 Needlesandsyringesmustbe thrownintothe redsharpscontainers.
 Syringeswithoutneedlesmustbe disposedof inthe sharpscontainer.
 A special cartis designatedinthe laboratoryforitemsthatrequire autoclavingincluding;
a. Glassware includingflasks,beakersandothercontainers.Remove all marksfromthe glass
withethanol andplace the itemsinthe cart. Do not throw culturesdownthe drain.Place
the containersandtheircontentinthe cart.
b. Glasstubesare placedinbasketssetonan angle so that the contentsdonot spill.Remove
marks before disposalusingethanol.
c. Anyitemsthatare contaminatedwithculture orbodilyfluids.
 Plasticpetri platesandotherdisposableplasticitemsusedtoculture orcontain
microorganisms mustbe placedinthe redbiohazardbagsfor autoclavingpriorto disposal.
 Chemicalsmustbe disposedof properly.Some chemicalsmustbe placedinspecial
containersfordisposal topreventenvironmentalcontamination.
 Neverpickupbrokenglasswithyourhands,use a broom.Dispose of brokenglassinthe
glasscontainer.
 Disposable glassitemsthatare not contaminatedwithculture mustbe placedinthe broken
glasscontainerevenwhentheyare notbroken.
 Papertowelsshouldbe throwninthe ordinarytrash,unlesstheyare contaminatedwith
culture.
 Whenthere isa spill (sewage),use disinfectantandpersonal protectiveequipmentinthe
cleanupprocess.
 Waste carts shouldbe properlylabeledaccordingtothe type of wastes.Forexample we can
have special waste cartsfor food,plastics,glass,hazardoussubstancesandgeneral wastes
as the case may be.

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
 On the firstday,familiarize yourself withthe locationof the eye washstation,the safety
shower,the campusphone,the musterpoint,emergencydoor andthe fire extinguisher.
 If you needtoseekoutside assistanceforaninjuryor accident,call 112 as appliedinthe
countryNigeria.If itisin the campus or company,use the campusor companyphone.
Callingfromindividual cell phone mayconnectone tothe cityrescue service andthe city
emergencyserviceswill thenconnectthe police.Callingdirectlyfrom the campusor
companiesphone numbersavesprecioustime.
 In special emergencysituations,suchasbuildingfire.Turnoff gasjetsfirst,puncture the
emergencyalarmsystemtosignifyothersof the emergencythenevacuatethe building
throughthe EMERGENCY DOOR and go straightto the MUSTER POINTwhere further
instructionswillbe given.
 Do not run back or staybehindina buildingfire because of lovedonesorvaluables.The fire
emergencysafetygroupwillhelpyoutogetbothyourlovedonesandyour valuables.
 Small firesshouldbe extinguishedquicklybysmothering.If yourclothescatchonfire DROP
ANDROLL to smotherthe flames.Else,afire blanketorcoats to helpsmotherflames.
 For heatburns,chill the burnedareawithcoldwateror ice and notifythe necessary
authorities.
 If a culture or chemicalsare splashedinornearyouor yourpartner’seyes,immediatelygo
to the eye washstation.The bothpartiesshouldgotogether.Place yourface inthe eye
washstationand applywater.Yourpartner shouldholdyoureyesopentoensure thorough
flushing.
 For large spillsonyourbodyor if caustic chemicalsare spilledonyou,take off anyclothes
that are contaminated.Stayunderthe showeruntil itstops.

CONSEQUENCESOF UNSFAFEPRACTICES
As definedearlier,unsafeconditionsare attributedtophysical andmechanical sourceswithinthe
workenvironmentwhichif notcheckedmayleadtoaccident.Unsafe act leadsto unsafe conditions
whichresultstoaccident.
The diagramstell more of the consequencesof notadheringtolaiddownprinciples, the first
diagramis of a manwho refusedputtingonhis hardhatandgot hisheadstruck to the groundwhen
he fell froma height,the seconddiagramisaneye injuryresultingfromnotputtingoneye goggles
and lastlyisa diagramof a legarm put due to drawingtooclose to a cyclingoperatingmachine.

SAFETY EQUIPMENT ANDFACILITY
Beloware some of the safetyequipmentandfacilitiesthatshouldbe foundeitherinthe laboratory
or the workingenvironment.
 Laboratory coats
 Gas meter
 Coverall
 Nose mask
 Fire extinguisher
 Eye wash station
 Safetyshower
 Connectedemergencyphone
 Emergencyexitdoors
 Disinfectant
 Detergents
 Emergencyalarms
 Broom andpacker
 Protective earcoverings(earmuff)
 Protective eye coverings(eye goggles)
 Protective laboratorycoats
 Fire tunic
 Safetyshoe orboot
 Hand gloves
 Respirator
 Hardhat
 Hazardouswaste containers
 Safetysignsandsymbols
 Redsharps containers
 Redbiohazard bags
 Safetycabinets
 Gas detector
 Barricade tape
 Carbonmonoxide detector
 Electrochemical gassensor
 Emergencylight
 Safe loadindicator
 Safetylamp
 Explosive gasleakdetector
 Muster point

FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Accordingto the free EncyclopediaWikipedia,afire extinguisherisanactive fire protectiondevice
usedto extinguishorcontrol small firesofteninemergencysituations.Itisnotintendedforuse on
an out of control fire such as one whichhasreachedthe ceiling,endangersthe users(i.e.noescape
route,smoke,explosion,hazardetc.) orotherwise requiresthe expertise of afire department.
Typically,afire extinguisherconsistsof ahand-helpcylindrical pressure vesselcontaininganagent
whichcan be dischargedtoextinguishafire.
HOW TO USE THE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
P.A.S.Sisthe commonacronymusedto describe how tooperate a fire extinguisher.
 ‘’P’’ Pstands forpullingthe lockingpinonthe extinguisher;the tamper-proof safetyseal will
be break.The fire extinguisherlockingmechanismbecomesactive allowingthe extinguisher
to be discharged.If the extinguisherhasa hose,remove the hose fromthe retainingclip.
 ‘’A’’A standsfor aim.If the fire extinguisherdischargesfromthe endof a hose,pointthe
hose at the base of the fire.If yourextinguisherdischargesfromanozzle atthe topof the
canister,pointitdirectly atthe base of the fire.
 ‘’S’’the firstS inPASSstandsfor squeeze.Once yourextinguisheris properlyaimed,pull the
levertowardsyourpalm.
 ‘’S’’the lastS stands forsweep.Sweepthe nozzle side-to-side towardsthe base of the fire
to make sure all potential hotspotsare saturated.Don’thesitatetouse the extinguisher
until itisempty.
CHOOSINGFIRE EXTINGUISHER
Identifythe type of materials.
 CLASSA: solidssuchas paper,wood,plasticetc.
 CLASSB: flammable liquidssuchasparaffin,petrol,oiletc.
 CLASSC: flammable gasessuchasbutane,methane etc.
 CLASSD: metalssuchas aluminum, magnesium,titaniumetc.
 CLASSE: firesinvolvingelectrical apparatus.
 CLASSF: cookingoil andfat.
TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER
 WATER FIRE EXTINGUISHER: the cheapestandmostwidelyusedfire extinguishers.Itisused
for CLASSA fires. Notsuitable forCLASSB(liquid)firesorwhere electricityisinvolved.
 FOAMFIRE EXTINGUISHER:more expensivethanwater,butmore versatile usedforCLASSES
A and B fires.Foamsprayextinguishersisnotrecommendedforfiresinvolvingelectricity,
but are saferthan waterif inadvertentlysprayedontoliveelectrical apparatus.
 DRY POWDER FIRE EXTINGUISHER: oftentermedthe ‘’multipurpose’’extinguisherasit can
be usedon CLASSESA, B and C fires.Bestforrunningliquidfires(CLASSB) willefficiently

extinguisherCLASSCgas fires,butBEWARE; it can be dangeroustoisolate agas fire without
firstisolatingthe gassupply.Special powdersare usuallymade forCLASSD metal fires.
 CO2 FIREEXTINGUISHER: carbon dioxide isideal forfiresinvolvingelectrical apparatusand
will alsoextinguishCLASSBliquidfires,buthasnoPOSTfire securityandthe fire couldre-
ignite.
COLOUR CODES
 Water- red
 Foam- cream
 Dry powder- blue
 Carbondioxide (CO2)- black
 Halogen- green(nowillegalexceptforthe armedforces,police andfire fighters.
TIPSAND WARNINGS
Inspectyourfire extinguisheratleastonce a month.A gauge nearthe handle will tell youif the
contentsinthe canistersare sufficient.The needleshouldbe inthe GREEN bandon the gauge and
make sure you readthe manual carefullybefore using.

MICROBIOLOGICALSAFETYCABINETS
Microbiological safetycabinetsare designed tocapture andretaininfectedairborneparticles
releasedinthe course of workand to protectthe laboratoryfrominhalingthem.There are three (3)
classesof safetycabinets;
 CLASS1: air isdrawn fromthe room throughthe openfrontand overthe workingarea.It is
thenpassedthroughHIGH EFFICIENCYPARTICULATEAIR (HEPA) filterswhichremove
infectiousparticlesandisductedtooutside air.A minimumairflow 0.7m/smustbe
maintainedthroughthe frontof the cabinet.Filtersmustbe changedwhenthe airflow falls
belowthislevel. Example isLaminarflow (cleaner)cabinets.
 CLASS2: air isfilteredandmostof itis re-circulatedthroughthe cabinet.Thiscabinet
protectsthe work as well asthe worker.About70% of the airis re-circulatedthroughthe
filterssothatthe workingareaisbathedinclean (almoststerile) air.The remaining30% of
air isexhaustedtothe atmosphere andisreplacedbyacurtain of room air whichentersat
the workingplace.
 CLASS3: class3 cabinetsare totallyenclosedandleak-proof.The operatorsworkwithgloves
whichare sealsintothe frontof the cabinet by removable gaskets.
A biosafetycabinet

BUNSEN BURNER
A Bunsenburnerisessentiallyatube connectedtoa steadysupplyof flammable gasthatisusedin
the laboratoryto provide anadjustable openflame.Itisone of the most frequentlycoursesof
laboratoryaccidentsoremergencysituations.
Openflame insummaryisa safetyhazardand mustnot be leftunattended.Make sure yourwork
area
is clear, organizedandfree fromflammablematerials.Be sure toremove anydanglingorloose
clothingandtie back longhairbefore usingthe Bunsenburner.
The followingare the five stepsforcorrectlyusingthe Bunsenburner;
 Obtaina strikerandcheck to be sure that flintsremain.Toreplace aworn flint,simply
unscrewthe oldone and screwon a new one
 Listencarefullywhile youturnonthe gas until youjustbarelyhearitflow (if the gas is
turnedup toohigh,the flame will blow itselfout)
 Immediatelystrike asparkoverthe Bunsenburner.The strikerisdesignedfor lefthanded
use.If you use yourright hand,youmay needtopull upwiththumband pushdownwith
your fingerstoobtainenoughfrictiontospark.
 Adjustthe airvents (stopcock) at the bottomof the Bunsenburnertoobtaina brightblue
cone of flame inside the larger,darkerflame.The hottestpartof the flame isat the topof
the brightblue cone.
 Turn of the Bunsenburnerwhenitisnotin used.

P.A.U.S.EANDTHE LIFE-SAVINGRULES
PLAN each task
ANALYSEwhatmighthappen
UNEXPECTED events-beprepared
SLIPPING,TRIPPINGANDSPRAINS- housekeeping,attentionand correct posture
ENTANGLEMENT-beware of fingers,hairs, jewelry.Etc.
PLAN each task
 What isthe exactresultthatI want?
 Whenis itrequired?
 What stepsor proceduresare necessary?
 What materialsdoI need?
 Where do I geteach itemfrom?
 Where will Iputit before Iuse it?
 Where will Iputit betweeneach operation?
 Where will Iputit afterit isfinished?
 Is the area cleanandtidy-goodhousekeeping?
ANALYSEwhatmighthappen
 Is there a documentedprocedure?
 What isthe bestpractice?
 Are there safe precautionsandwarningsigns?
 Is personal protectiveequipmentrequired?E.g.shoes,gloves,helmet,earprotectionetc.)
 Is anyone alsoaffectedbyactsor omissions?
 Can anythingoranyone sliporfall?
UNEXPECTED eventsbe prepared
 Can the workor guide slip?
 Are my fingersclearof sharpedgesandpinchpoints?
 Is the itemfree tomove?
 Am I wearingthe correctpersonal protectingequipment?
 Have I takenprecautionsagainstslips,tripsandspills?
 Do I holdthe handrailsonstairs?
 Do I alwayslookwhere Iam going?

 Do I alwaysconcentrate onwhatI am doing?
 Can the machine start unexpectedly?
SPRAINS
 Is the objectfree tomove?
 Where can I holdit securely?
 Will itstay stable while beingmoved?
 What else aboutitcan cause difficulty?
 ShouldIsplitthe load?
 ShouldIget help?
 How can I avoid stretching?
 How can I standclose to it andkeepmyback straight?
 How can I avoidtwisting?
 Where will Iputit down?
 Is myroute clearof obstruction(s)?
ENTANGLEMENT
 Keepfingers,clothing,hair,jewelryawayfrommovingparts.
 Keepfingers,handsandlegsawayfrompinchpoints(pipes,cargoesEtc.)
 Neveroperate equipmentwithcoversorguidesremoved.
 Don’tuse unguided openblade knives-use safetykniveswithshieldedbladesorspringblade
retraction
 If you mustuse a Stanleyknife,neverleave them unguidedonthe worksurface orin a
drawer.
 Use propercontainersforusedblades.
 Use a straightedge witha hand-hold.
THE LIFE SAVINGRULES
 While driving,donotuse yourand donot exceedspeedlimits
 Followprescribedjourneymanagementplan
 Work witha validworkpermitwhenrequired
 Verifyisolationbefore workbeginsanduse the specifiedlife protectingequipment
 Do not workunderor near overheadelectricpowerlines
 No alcohol ordrug while workingordriving
 Do not smoke outside designated area
 Followprescribedliftplan
 Obtainauthorizationbefore overridingordisablingsafetycritical equipment
 Preventdroppedobjects
 Positionyourself inasafe zone inrelationtomovingandenergized equipment
 Obtainauthoritiesbefore startingexcavationactivities

 Conductgas textwhenrequired
 Wear a personal flotationdevice whenrequired
 Obtainauthorizationbefore enteringaconfinedplace
 Protectyourself againstafall whenworkingatheight
 Do not walkundera suspendedload
 Wear yourseat belt
A millisecondsecondmakesall the difference.PAUSEANDTHINKSAFE.

SPILL CLEAN-UPANDDISINFECTION
SPILL CLEAN UP
Spill inthiscontextreferstodischargesof hazardoussubstancesthatadverselyimpactorthreaten
humanhealth, welfare orthe environmentandrequire animmediate response.
A spill couldbe consideredcleanedupwhenthe concentrationsof itscomponentsare nolonger
toxicto humans,otheranimalsorplantsspill clean-upare usuallymonitoredbyanumberof
agencies.Agenciessuchasthe NigeriaEnvironmental ProtectionAgency(NERP)andthe CoastGuard
(CG) oversee cleanupeffectswiththe goal of eliminatingorreducingriskstohumanhealthand
environment.
In this report sewage clean up procedures will be used as a case study.
CLEANINGUP AFTER SEWAGE SPILL
Generally,whenthereisasewage spill,the followingstepsshouldbe followed;
 Vacate the area immediately.
 Conducta risk assessmenttodetermine asafe workprocedure.This includesaninitialsite
assessment,confinedspace monitoringand permitting(if required),electrical hazards,
removal of materials,disposal of sewage andcontaminated materials,sitesanitation,and
decontamination of workers.
 Determine whetherprofessionalhelpisrequired.
 Cleanall contaminatedobjectsandsurfacesimmediatelytoreduce the riskof infectionand
to preventfurthermicrobial growth.The longerthatcontaminated waterremainsthe
greaterthe riskof infectionoccurring.
 Cleaningshouldbe carriedoutbefore the sewagedriesouttoavoid contaminateddust
beingdispersedinthe air.
INDOORS
 Remove anygrosscontaminationanddispose of inasewage treatmentfacilityandnotinto
storm drainsor landfill.Dehumidifiers shouldbe usedwhenavailable.
 Openall windowsanduse fanswhere available toincrease ventilation andreduce humidity.
 Excesswatershouldbe removed bypumps,wetvacsor mopping, emptyintosewagesystem
and notintostorm drains.
 Discard all potentiallycontaminatedfood,foodcontainers, cosmetics, medicinesand
medical supplies,stuffedtoys,mattressesandpillows, upholsteredfurniture,carpet
padding,cardboardand otherobjectsthat are porousor difficulttoclean.
 Where possible discardlarge carpets,foamrubberandbooksandpaperproducts.
Otherwise professionalcleaningisrequired.
 Place discardedcontaminatedmaterialsinplasticbags.
 Plasterboard,wooden panellingandskirtingshouldbe discardedif theyhave absorbed
water.

 Wash affectedareasandfurnishingswithadetergentsolutionto remove contamination,
thendisinfect,rinsewithcleanwaterandallow drying thoroughly,preferablyoutsidewhere
lightaidsdecontamination.
 Avoidspreadingcontaminationwhenmovingfurnitureetc.byplacing plasticsheetingonthe
floorof cleanareas.
 Rinse fabricswithcleanwaterthenwashina hot washcycle.Note that non-colourfastitems
may fade or change colour.Alternativelysoakin nappysoaker,before washing.Dry-cleaning
or steamcleaningis alsoeffective;howevercleaningagenciesmayrefuse todeal with
contaminated items.
 Cleanall equipmentusedandpersonal protectiveequipmentwitha detergentthendisinfect
(or use a combinedproduct) ordiscardif possible.
 Ensure surfacesare completely drybefore replacingcarpeting,plasterboardetc.toprevent
mouldgrowth occurring.Thismay take up to 30 days.
OUTDOORS
 Remove anygrosscontaminationanddispose of inasewage treatmentfacilityandnot into
storm drainsor landfill.
 Cleanhardsurfacessuch as paving,concrete andtarmac witha detergentsolutionthen
disinfect.Use onlyapproveddisinfectants.
 Do not allowwastewatertoenterthe stormdrains.For large spillsit maybe necessaryto
construct an imperviousembankmentof earth, brick,stone orothersuitable material to
retainliquid.Thisisknownas"bundling".Liquidshouldbe disposedof to sewerora suitable
workplace collectionpit.Contactthe local WaterBoard forfurtheradvice.
 Contaminatedsoil,sandorlawnshouldbe allowedtodegrade naturallyasmicrobeswill be
inactivatedwithinseveral daysof exposuretoUV radiationfromsunlight.Bacterial numbers
on grass are generallyreducedtobackgroundlevels within20 days.Place barriers andsigns
to restrictaccessduringthistime.
 Cleanall equipmentandpersonal protective equipmentusedwithadetergentthendisinfect
(or use a combinedproduct) ordiscardif possible.
 Do not use highpressure watercleanersastheycanaerosol the sewerage whichcanbe
breathedin.
DISINFECTION
A disinfectantprocessisone thatisintendedtosignificantlyreduce the numberof pathogenic
microorganismsoninstruments(inanimateobject) byremovingand/orkillingthem.Disinfectants
are notbactericidal tobacteriaincontrast to sterilization process.Howevertheirnumbersmaybe
reducedasthe resultof the cleaningprocess.Disinfectionhelpsindecontamination.Disinfection
processisdividedintochemical,physical andphysiochemical methods.The physical methodis
dividedintoultraviolet light,vibration,radiationandfiltrationmethodsrespectively.The chemical
methodisdividedintoliquidandgaseousdisinfectantsandlastlythe physiochemical methodadopts

bothphysical andchemical methods.The use of steamformaldehyde isaphysiochemicalmethodof
disinfection.
The efficacyof disinfectiondependsonthe numberof microorganismspresentonitemstobe
disinfected,the biocide actionof the disinfectionprocessordisinfectantaswell asan effective
contact betweenthe biocide agentandthe microorganismsinvolved.
COMMON TYPES OF CHEMICAL DISINFECTANTSANDTHEIR USES:
The followingtwotablesprovide general informationonly.
Type Tips for Use Advantages Disadvantages
Chlorine Compounds-Dilute householdbleach1:9
(v/v) solutionof household
bleach(10% bleachsolution);
make freshmonthly
-Store dilutedsolutionsin
sealedcontainerthatis
protectedfromlight.
-Forspill clean-upandtowipe
downworksurfaces
-FINALconcentrationof 10%
bleachusedforliquid
infectiouswaste
-Relatively
nontoxic
-Low cost
-Effective with
detergents
-Fastacting
-Broadspectrum
effectiveness
-Inactivatedbyorganic
material suchas blood
-Do notuse at lessthan1:9
(v/v) dilution
-Strongoxidizer;corrosive
-Irritatesmucus membranes,
eyes,skin
-Noresidual activityon
surfaces
-Candamage clothing
-Incompatiblewithquats
-Producestoxicchlorine gas
if mixedwithacidsor
ammoniacompounds
-Can't be usedto disinfect
radioactive iodine.
Alcohols -Dilute to70% in water, (loses
effectivenessat
concentrationsabove 90%)
-Use to cleaninstrumentsand
wipe downinteriorof
Biological SafetyCabinets
-Use as topical antisepticon
intactskin
-Non-corrosive
-Effective with
detergent
-Canhave reduced
effectivenessinorganic
material,doesnotpenetrate
organicmaterial
-Flammable
-Noresidual activityand
limitedeffectiveexposure
time due to highrate of
evaporation
Phenolic -Commonlyusedtoclean
walls,floors, etc.
-Useful inareaswhere organic
mattercannot alwaysbe
removed,suchasanimal areas
-Good
effectivenessin
organicmaterial
-Effective with
detergent
-Has some
residual
effectiveness
-Toxicityvarieswithspecific
compound,canbe absorbed
throughskin
-Some formulationsmay
have unpleasantodor
-Corrosive
-Skinirritant
-Noteffectiveagainstspores
QUATS Quaternary
Ammonium
-Dilute accordingto
manufacturer'sinstructions
-Strongsurface
activity
-Easilyinactivatedbyorganic
materials,anionic

Compounds(cationic
detergents)
-Surfacesmustbe rinsedfree
of anionicsoapor detergents
before use
-Commonlyusedtoclean
walls,floors, etc.
-Low toxicity
-Non-corrosive
-Effective over
wide pHrange
detergents,andsaltsof
metalsinwater(hardwater)
-Skinirritant
DisinfectantSelection:
Chlorine Compounds AlcoholsPhenolic Quats
Bacteria Verygood Good Good Good forgram positive
Envelope
Viruses
Verygood Good Good Good
Non-
envelope
Viruses
Verygood Fair Fair Noteffective
Fungi Good Fair Good Fair
Bacterial
Spores
Good withhigh concentration Not
Effective
Not
Effective
Not
Effective
Protozoa
Parasites
Moderate withhighconcentrationand
longcontact time (hours)
Not
Effective
Not
Effective
Fair (some quatsat high
concentration)
TESTING OF DISINFECTANT

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