1. Copy rights Dr.M. Fouad and
Dr. Sameer Hassan Qari
Dr. Adi Essam Zarei د.زارع عصام عدي
2. • Instructor: Dr. Adi Zarei
• Room: To be announced later on (TBA)
• WhatsApp: 0564144726
• Email: dradizarei@yahoo.com
• Office Hours: TBA
• Lab location: Check your schedule
3. 1. Textbook:
Introduction ToGenetics Analysis (2018)
Gardner et. al (2013)
Introduction ToGenetics 10th edition.
3. Slides of course
4. Course notes
5. Exams / Quiz
6. Participations
7. Homeworkes
8. Video tutorial
9. Android App.
10. Web site DoctorQari
6. 1. The instructor will mark each student`s
attendance.
2. Students who miss 25% will be dismissed.
3. Dismissal means that students cannot take
any test.
7. 1. Class will start ON TIME!
2. Raise your hand if you have a question or need
to leave.
3. You are encouraged to ask questions during
lecture if you do not understand.
4. Using a cell phone is considered an absence.
5. Only one way to pass this course:
Serious Work
9
8. 12
After the course is completed successfully students must be able to:
1. Explain the structure and function of DNA & RNA
2. Identify the exact structure and function of the cell & living
organisms
3. Track some biological activities of the gene
4. Show the stages of the cell cycle and Meiosis
5. Identification of most important trems in genetics
6. Differentiation between DNA and RNA
7. Explain the specific qualities of each type of inheritance models
8. Classification of mutations
9. The student can identify the karyotype of the chromosomes
9. Final 40 %
Midterm 0 %
Average of Homeworkes 10 %
Average of Quizzes 15 %
Average of Participation 10 %
Labs 25 %(10 Deg. for Reports+15 Deg. for activities)
*If any updating for grading is available, you will be notified
10.
11. • Genetics is the study of heredity
• Hereditary is the transmission of characteristics from one
generation to the next generations
12. Genetics branches
• Medical genetics: refers to the application of genetics to medical
care
• Cytogenetics:
• Molecular genetics:
• Microbial genetics:
• Plant genetics:
• Animal genetics:
• Genomics:
• Proteomics:
Kindly define these definitions
13.
14. •Cell, in biology, the basic
membrane-bound unit that
contains the fundamental
molecules of life and of which all
living things are composed
•All living organisms are composed of
one or more cells
https://www.britannica.com/science/cell-biology
15. 1. Cell membrane
• Composed of lipid bilayer
• Protects the interior of the
cell but remains selectively
permeable
• Has embedded proteins that
serve different functions
16. 2.Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is substance of a cell other than that nucleus.
It`s environment of cellular activities, it`s made up of:
• Cytosol: Homogenous & Semi fluid which is include
Cytoskeleton, organic and inorganic materials
(water, salts… etc)
• Organelles
• Ribosomes: Ribosomes are the site of protein
synthesis
• Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth):
Calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid
metabolism
• Mitochondria: Energy production
• Golgi apparatus (complex):
Responsible for the
secretion of cellular products
• Lysosomes: involved in the degradation and
disposal of cellular waste material
17.
18. 3. Nucleus:
• Containing the hereditary material in
the form of chromosomes
• Nuclear envelope: Separates the nucleus
from the cytoplasm but still allows
communication through nuclear pores
• Nucleolus: Darkly staining area in the
nucleus.
22. Genome
• A genome is all the genetic information of an
individual.
• Each cell in the body contains the complete
genome.
• Human genome:
• Consists of approximately three billion
DNA base pairs
• Organized IN 23 PAIRS OF
CHROMOSMES:
• 22 autosomes pairs
• One sex chromosomes pair
23.
24. Human genome
• Nuclear genome:
• 23 pair of chromosomes
• Mitochondrial genome
• Single circular double-stranded DNA
Human
Genome
Nuclear
Genome
3300 Mb
Mitochondrial
genome
16.6 kb
25. Proteins
• Proteins are large biological molecules consisting
of one or more polypeptides.
• A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of
amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds.
• Proteins differ from one another primarily in their
sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the
nucleotide sequence of their genes
26. DNA
• Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid
• The genetic information is stored in DNA
• DNA is a long linear polymer made of simpler units called
nucleotides.
27. Chromosomes
• DNA is packaged in the cells in the form of
chromosomes.
• Each chromosome is made of a single DNA double
helix molecule and associated proteins.
• The packaging of DNA into chromosomes involves
several orders of DNA coiling and folding. This allows
the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell
nucleus.
• Human somatic cells has 23 chromosome
pairs per cell
• 22 pair of autosomes
• 2 sex chromosomes
• In males XY
• In females XX
28.
29. GENE
GENE
• The basic unit of inheritance
• A section of DNA that take a
specific location on a chromosome
and codes for a protein production
• Each gene codes for one protein
30. Traits
• In genetics, a feature of a living thing is
called a "trait".
• Examples
• person's eye-color, height or
weight.
• Blood group
31. Allele
• An allele is one of two or more
versions of a gene
• An individual inherits two alleles for
each gene, one from each parent
• Homozygous: when an
individual's two alleles for a gene
are the same, he or she is said to
be homozygous for that gene
• Heterozygous : when an
individual's two alleles for a gene
are different, he or she is said to
be heterozygous for that gene
35. Genotype
• Genotype, very simply, is the version
of a DNA sequence that an individual
has
• There's a large amount of DNA that we
all have in common--of course, that's
why we're all humans
• But there's also a large amount of
variation in sequence among
individuals
• And those specific differences in
sequence, when usually applied to an
individual gene, are called a genotype
• Genotype is the genetic make-up of an
individual organism
• All of the alleles found in an individual
36. Phenotype
Phenotype is the observable physical or biochemical
characteristics of an individual organism.
• "Phenotype" simply refers to an observable trait
• "Pheno" simply means "observe" and comes from
the same root as the word "phenomenon“
• And so it's an observable type of an organism, and
it can refer to anything from a common trait, such
as height or hair color, to presence or absence of
a disease
• But it's important to remember that phenotypes
are equally, or even sometimes more greatly
influenced by environmental effects than genetic
effects
• So a phenotype can be directly related to a
genotype, but not necessarily
• There's usually not a one-to-one correlation
between a genotype and a phenotype. There are
almost always environmental influences, such as
what one eats, how much one exercises, how
much one smokes, etc
37.
38. Example
• Gene for eye color has two alleles:
• B = brown eyes
• b = blue eyes
• Each individual has two alleles from two parents
Genotype Phenotype
BB
Bb or bB
bb
40. Genetic Terms
Use library resources to define the
following words and write their
definitions using your own words
– allele:
– genes:
– dominant :
– recessive:
– homozygous:
– heterozygous:
– genotype:
– phenotype:
– Mendelian Inheritance:
41. Mendelian Inheritance
1. The inherited traits are
determined by genes that are
passed from parents to
children.
2. A child inherits two sets of
genes—one from each parent.
3. A trait may not be observable,
but its gene can be passed to
the next generation.
42. Mendelian Inheritance
Each person has 2 copies of every gene—one copy
from father and a second copy from mother. These
copies may come in different variations, known as
alleles, that express different traits.
For example, 2 alleles in the gene for freckles are
inherited from mom and dad:
– allele from mom = has freckles (F)
– allele from dad = no freckles (f)
– child has the inherited gene pair of alleles, Ff
(F allele from mom and f allele from dad).
43.
44. 1. Phenotype is?
A. The observable physical or biochemical
characteristics of an individual organism.
B. A Different versions of the same gene
C. All the genetic information of an individual.
D. The basic unit of inheritance.
45. 2. Allele is?
A. The observable physical or biochemical
characteristics of an individual organism.
B. A Different versions of the same gene
C. All the genetic information of an individual.
D. The basic unit of inheritance.
46. 3. Genome is?
A. The observable physical or biochemical
characteristics of an individual organism.
B. A Different versions of the same gene
C. All the genetic information of an individual.
D. The basic unit of inheritance.
47. 4. Gene is?
A. The observable physical or biochemical
characteristics of an individual organism.
B. A Different versions of the same gene
C. All the genetic information of an individual.
D. The basic unit of inheritance.
48. 5. Large biological molecules consisting of
one or more polypeptides?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Proteins
DNA
Lipids
Polysaccharides
49. 6. A long linear polymer
made of simpler units
called nucleotides?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Proteins
DNA
Lipids
Polysaccharides
50. 7. In the cell chromosomes
are found in
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Nucleolus
51. 8. The human cell contain
autosomes?
pairs of
A. 23
B. 22
C. 46
D. 2
E. 44
2 sex
chromosomes
(1 pair)
44
autosomes
(22 pairs)
46 chromosome (23 pairs)
