Action research is a methodology that involves problem identification, planning for action, taking action, evaluating the results of action, and reflecting on the process. It was developed by Kurt Lewin in 1946 as a means of systematic inquiry where all participants work democratically to increase effectiveness. Action research follows a cyclical process of problem identification, design of a solution, implementation of the solution, observation of the results, and reflection on each step to continually improve outcomes.

1. Methodology and research design
ACTION RESEARCH
CYCLES PDA RC;
Problem  Design  Action  Reflection  Capture
(Lewin, 1946).
Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2, 4, 34–46.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1946.tb02295.x
Action research was the means of systematic enquiry for all participants in the
quest for greater effectiveness through democratic participation.
(LEWIN, 1946)

2. Action Research
Le, Gillian & Huss, Reinhard & Mshelia, Comfort & Mirzoev, Tolib.
(2015). How to use Action Research to Strengthen District Health
Management: A Handbook.

3. Action Research
PHENOMENON
(Problem)
Action Research
Innovative Process
Examining Problem
Features
Action Findings
Action Research
Solution
Level II
Adu, P. (2019). A Step-by-Step Guide to Qualitative Data Coding. Oxford: Routledge
Level I
Level III