Recommended
Recommended
More Related Content
Similar to Qualitative Research Approaches
Similar to Qualitative Research Approaches (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Qualitative Research Approaches
- 1. Qualitative Research Approaches Research Methods Module Assoc Prof. Chiwoza R Bandawe
- 2. MALAWI DHS 2010 Maternal Mortality 675/100,000 Under 5 Mortality 112/000 Infant Mortality 66/000 Age of first sexual intercourse Female: 17.3, Male 18.6 Literacy rate: Male 81%, Female 67.6% Malnutrition stunted 47%
- 3. “Through qualitative research we can explore a wide array of dimensions of the social world, including the texture and weave of everyday life, the understandings, experiences and imaginings of our research participants, the ways that social processes, institutions, discourses or relationships work, and the significance of the meanings that they generate” Jennifer Mason
- 4. Qualitative research approaches: “Celebrate richness, depth, nuance, context, multi- dimensionality and complexity” of the social world Can help us see “how things work in particular contexts” Have grown out of a wide range of disciplinary and intellectual traditions
- 5. Qualitative research theories Assumes a psychological reality and that methods are a way of getting to this reality Wide range of theories. It is a theory method Discourse analysis: Language a reflection of inner reality. Language constructs identity. Language centred, what it does, how it operates
- 6. Quantitative Research methods Repeatability Facts. How many, how long?, how much? Predetermined categories of analysis Structured, based on analysis Compare groups and focus on variables Weakness: Not all social problems addressed
- 7. What are qualitative research approaches? Based on interpretation: Asks why Holistic understanding of behaviour Based on language Captures the perspective of the population in their world view experience Patterns of themes said, not said Context sensitive
- 8. Challenges of qualitative research Systematically and rigorously conducted Strategically conducted, flexible, contextual Active reflexivity (researcher is a player) Produce explanations or arguments. Be generalisable and show wider resonance
- 9. Qualitative Tenets • There are “multiple realities” not just one objective reality. • Truth is in informant’s perspective, not the assessors. • Assessment “emerges” from data, rather than being determined ahead of time.
- 10. Which is better Qualitative or Quantitative research? Complimentary: Qualitative can help develop quantitative instrument Quantitative findings embellish qualitative findings Qualitative data explains quantitative findings
- 11. Qualitative vs. Quantitative The different enquiry approaches demand different knowledge (Stevenson & Roger, 1995). Synergetic effect: “The outcome of the two used together is greater than the effects of either used separately” Steckler et al. (1992) .
- 13. Ethnography Concerned with experience as it is lived, felt or undergone Participates in people’s daily lives Purpose is to uncover social, cultural, or normative patterns Participants are the experts Is essentially a cultural description
- 14. Ethnography Behavior occurs in a context and ethnography takes that context into account Assessors must become immersed in a particular situation in order to describe and interpret people’s actions Involves observation, interviews, construction of working hypothesis and action
- 15. Ethnography uncovers… Understandings (e.g., beliefs, perceptions, knowledge) which participants share about their situation Routine methods (e.g., social rules, expectations, patterns, roles) by which their situation is structured The legitimizations by which participants justify the normality and unquestioned character of their situation Motives and interests (e.g., purposes, goals, plans) through which participants interpret their situation
- 16. Ethnography strengths & weaknesses Strengths Uses multiple methods of collecting data Can provide rich data Weaknesses Assessor is assessment tool, subject to subjectiveness Time consuming for data collection Time consuming for analysis May be difficult to gain access to group
- 17. Case studies Single group e.g students Single village Single family Individual e.g. Eugene de Kock
- 18. Qualitative Methodologies Interviews Focus Group Discussions Participant Observation Direct Observation Diary Methods Role Play and Simulation
- 19. Interviewing Informal interviewing Unstructured interviewing Semi-structured interviews Fully structured/formal Probing: Silent, Echo, Uh-hum, Probing by leading.
- 20. Focus Group Discussions Quick effective, homogenous group Focussed on specific topic 6-12 persons, 45-90 minutes Set agreed rules Observe group dynamics Record and transcribe
- 21. Participant observation Ethnographic approach Structured to unstructured continuum Unobtrusive note taking Context, participants, observer, actions, interpretation, alternative interpretation, feelings Why observe, who observe, what used?
Editor's Notes
- Maternal Maternity Ratio Per 100,000 births; calculated as maternal mortality rate divided by the general fertility rate (197)
- Grounded theory is a complex iterative process. The research begins with the raising of generative questions which help to guide the research but are not intended to be either static or confining. As the researcher begins to gather data, core theoretical concept(s) are identified. Tentative linkages are developed between the theoretical core concepts and the data. This early phase of the research tends to be very open and can take months. Later on the researcher is more engaged in verification and summary. The effort tends to evolve toward one core category that is central. Phenomenology is a school of thought that emphasizes a focus on people's subjective experiences and interpretations of the world. That is, the phenomenologist wants to understand how the world appears to others.
- Strengths Produces extremely rich data Many student affairs professionals already have needed skills Weaknesses Can be time consuming May be difficult to gain access to participants May be difficult to generalize
- Diary methods - The researcher or subject keeps a personal account of daily events, feelings, discussions, interactions etc. Role-play and simulation - Participants may be asked to play a role, or may be asked to observe role-play, after which they are asked to rate behaviour, report feelings, and predict further events.