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1. PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Part 3: Heat Budget & Ocean Currents
GEOL 1033
(Lessons 27-28, 33, & 34)
Ppt file 103 - 24

2. EARTH'S HEAT BUDGET
• About half of solar radiation, mostly as visible light, reaches
Earth's surface
• Re-radiated energy is in the form of infrared radiation
• Carbon dioxide and water vapour temporarily absorb some
of this infrared (=greenhouse effect & global warming)
half
Infrared radiation = heat

3. LATITUDINAL VARIATIONS IN SOLAR RADIATION
• High latitudes receive less solar energy per unit of
surface area

4. LATITUDINAL VARIATION IN HEAT GAINS AND LOSSES
• Heat gains are greatest at lower latitudes
• Heat losses are relatively greater at higher latitudes
• Heat is redistributed by air & ocean currents

5. Global Air Circulation Cells
Wet
Dry
Wet
Wet
Dry

6. Major Surface Wind Patterns
• Simplify this model &
look at surface winds
• Winds are mainly
responsible for surface
ocean currents

7. Coriolis Effect in Northern Hemisphere
• Shifts winds &
ocean currents to
the right
• Related to faster
surface rotation
rates near the
equator in
comparison to
those at higher
latitudes

8. Influences on Oceanic Gyre Formation
• Winds cause
currents
• Currents
redistribute heat
from Sun
• Coriolis effect
shifts current
directions to
right in N.
Hemi. & left in
So. Hemi.
• Continents
block pure E-W
flow, creating
boundary
currents
• Some
gravitational
influence
Northern
Subtropical
gyre

9. North Atlantic Gyre System
• Know these currents
• Western boundary
currents (e. g., Gulf
Stream) are deeper,
narrower, and faster
than eastern
boundary currents
(e. g., Canary
Current)
• Review Lessons 33
& 34

10. Major Ocean Surface Currents & Climatic Zones
Review Exercise #15 (Completed answer sheet on page 235 is due next Thursday, Dec. 2nd.)

11. Circum-Antarctic Surface Circulation
• Less interference
from north-south
oriented
continental masses

12. REMEMBER THE PYCNOCLINE
• Halocline refers to the salinity increase coinciding with
the thermocline
• Pycnocline is the density change associated with the
thermocline and halocline

13. REMEMBER LATITUDINAL VARIATIONS IN
AVERAGE DEPTH OF VERTICAL DENSITY ZONES
• Surface zone
• Pycnocline
• Deep zone

14. PACIFIC OCEAN Salinity/Temperature Structure

15. ATLANTIC OCEAN Salinity/Temperature Structure

16. Circulation of Atlantic Ocean Water Layers
• Note Antarctic Intermediate and Bottom Waters
• Find the North Atlantic Deep Waters
• AC = ? AD = ?

17. Antarctic Ocean Upwelling and Downwelling
North Atlantic Deep Waters

18. Stopped Here

19. Ekman Spiral
• Due to Coriolis effect, can get a weak countercurrent
at depth

20. Northern Hemisphere Coastal Upwelling and Downwelling
• Coriolis right shift of surface waters (Ekman spiral effect)
– Onshore to produce downwelling
– Offshore to produce upwelling

21. Southern Hemisphere Coastal Upwelling and Downwelling
• Coriolis left shift of surface waters (Ekman spiral effect)
– Onshore to produce downwelling
– Offshore to produce upwelling
• El Nino off NW coast of So. Am.

22. Circulation of Atlantic Ocean Water Layers
• Note Antarctic Intermediate and Bottom Waters
• Find the North Atlantic Deep Waters
• Note Med. Salty, warm water AC = ? AD = ?

23. The Oceanic “Conveyor Belt”
• Thermohaline surface to deep planetary circulation system.
• A disruption may bring on another Ice Age!

24. END OF FILE