2023-Influence of distinct baffles type turbulence promoter on the.pdf

Influence of distinct baffles type turbulence promoter on the
thermohydraulic efficiency of solar air heater: A comprehensive review
Muneesh Sethi a
, Arvind Kumar Singh b
, R.K. Tripathi c
, Avnish Kumar d
, Sushil Kumar e,⇑
, Abhishek Thakur f
,
Bhaskar Goel g
, Tanish Kashyap g
, Vijay Kumar Sharma h
a
University of Engineering and Technology, Roorkee, Utrakhand 247667, India
b
Moradabad Institute of Technology, Moradabad, U.P. 244001, India
c
Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University, Dehradun, Utrakhand, India
d
Department of mechanical engineering, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
e
Department of Physics, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, 110007, India
f
School of Physics & Materials Science, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P 173229, India
g
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P 173229, India
h
Department of Physics, Shyamlal College, University of Delhi, 110007, India
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Available online 24 September 2022
Keywords:
Solar energy
Solar Air Heater
Artificial Roughness
Baffles
Efficiency
a b s t r a c t
In the present work, the studies involving the rate of heat transfer (HT) improvement of solar air heater
(SAH) by applying artificial roughness in the form of baffles are investigated. Augmentation of HT in the
SAH channels can be attained by destroying laminar sub-layer neighbouring the absorbing surface. To
achieve this objective distinct kinds of roughness elements have been used in the previous studies.
The rise in the HT is attained at the penalty of high friction factor. So it becomes essential to choose a
configuration which provides highest thermo-hydraulic performance (gpÞ: This article provides inclusive
review of numerous studies done on baffle types of artificial roughness geometries briefing their results
and identifying the geometry leading to highest thermo-hydraulic performance. Effort have been done to
analyze the impact of different baffle type artificial roughness attached on the heated plate of SAH and
stream parameters on the gp of SAH through the stream visualization.
Copyright Ó 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Con-
ference and Exposition on Advances in Mechanical Engineering.
1. Introduction
The energy come to be progressively essential to meet the
requirements of the world and to maintain quick economic and
manufacturing progress globally. The speedy diminution of fossil
reserves has required a vital pursuit for other energy sources.
Energy coming from sun is freely available, and is green energy
source giving contamination free atmosphere. From various energy
sources available, solar energy is the best resource for fulfil the
growing energy needs [1–3]. SAH is a device that is used for utiliza-
tion of solar energy. A traditional SAHS comprises of a heated plate,
glazing, channels for air stream, blower to distribute air, and insu-
lation on each side to diminish heat losses to atmosphere. Apart
from the top of SAH, each side are insulated to diminish thermal
losses. Heat is transmitted to flowing fluid through channel below
the absorber plate. Fig. 1 displays the graphic view of traditional
SAH.
2. Performance interpretation of SAHs
Performance assessment is necessary to design an economical
and efficient SAH. Heat-transmit system is an examination of the
f and Nu in the channel reveals about the gp [4–7]. The whole per-
formance of the system is assessed by the gp and it is very useful
for optimization of parameters & operational factors of the SAH [8–
11].
2.1. Performance enhancement of artificial roughened SAHs
The highly effective and economical approach to raise the per-
formance of a SAH is by creating the turbulence in the air by utiliz-
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.09.299
2214-7853/Copyright Ó 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference and Exposition on Advances in Mechanical Engineering.
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: sushil8207@gmail.com (S. Kumar).
Materials Today: Proceedings 72 (2023) 1275–1283
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

ing roughness in the form of distinct geometries [12–15]. Geome-
tries break down the laminar flow and produces turbulence in the
air passage which is responsible for the advancement of heat rate
from the surface of plate to the fluid flowing in duct. Artificially
roughness (AR) gives rise to friction losses due to which additional
power is needed for the air to pass through rectangular channel.
Hence, making turbulence is beneficial adjacent to the heat con-
veying from surface, which is feasible by maintaining a roughness
height lower than the height of the channel [15–19]. The sublayer
impedes the heat convey to the flowing air which is influence the
gp of SAH [20–23]. For obtaining higher heat transfer the flow
must be turbulent. This can be obtained by providing irregular sur-
face on the underside of the heating plate in the shape of ribs, rings
dimples, winglets, baffles etc [23–25]. This objective of present
article is to review various baffle type artificial roughness used
by distinct researchers to boost the gp of SAH and hence to identify
the AR responsible for highest thermal enhancement.
Sharma et al. [26] conducted a comparative analysis of SAH
with six types of different baffles to examine their effect on Nurs
and frs. They carried out CFD analysis and during examination Re
is varied from 3000 to 18000, HB=HD and PB=HB of 0.271 and 10
respectively. The results revealed that geometry and positioning
of the baffles has major impact on gp. The outcomes also showed
that with sine wave geometry of the baffles at 15,000 of Re, max-
imum THP of 2.05 of SAH was attained. Bayrak et al. [27] examined
the SAH integrated with porous baffles by conducting energy and
exergy analysis. The impact of porous baffles thickness (6 mm
and 10 mm) on the THP of SAH at different ma (0.016 and
0.012 kg/s) was examined. The acquired results suggested that
highest gp was archived by SAH having thickness of porous baffles
of 6 mm at 0.025 kg/s of flowrate. Mohammadi et al. [28] worked
on the performance advancement of SAH combined with fins and
baffles. He conducted the experiment for smooth absorber plate,
finned heating plate and baffled heating plate with fins. The out-
comes revealed us that absorber plate with fins at high ma under
Nomenclature
Dd/lV Relative baffles distance gaps
f Friction factor, (dimensionless)
frs Baffle friction factor, (dimensionless)
fss Friction factor without baffle, (dimensionless)
gw/Hb Relative gaps width
HD Channel height,ðmÞ
HB=HD Relative baffle height, (dimensionless)
LB Length of baffle
ma Air mass flow rate kg=s
ð Þ
Nurs Nusselt number of baffle surface, (dimensionless)
PB=HB Relative baffle pitch ratio, (dimensionless)
Re Reynolds number of fluid, (dimensionless)
WB Width of baffles
W/H Width to height ratio
WD Channel width,ðmÞ
SAC Solar air channel
SAH Solar air heater
SAHS Solar air heating system
SSAS Spiral solar air heaters
STC Solar thermal collector
THP Thermo-hydraulic performance
Greek symbols
aa Angle of attack, (°)
qa Air density, kg=m3

gp Thermal hydraulic performance, (dimensionless)
Fig. 1. Graphic view of traditional SAH.
M. Sethi, A. Kumar Singh, R.K. Tripathi et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 72 (2023) 1275–1283
1276

recycle operation has the better thermal performance as compared
to SAH with both fins and baffles. Mohammadi and Sabzpooshanit
[29] explore the performance of SAH by adding fins as well as baf-
fles to the heated plate. Also, the consequence of alteration of fins
and baffles factors at distinct ma and various intensities of sun
energy on the enactment of SAH were analysed. Sabzapooshani
et al. [30] worked on the exergetic performance of a baffled SAH.
The influence of the certain factors such as thickness of the bottom
insulation, geometry of the fins as well as baffles and inlet ambient
air temperature at various (ma) flowrates was examined. The
obtained outcomes revealed that exergy efficiency enhanced by
increasing no. of fins and placing baffles close to each other and
increasing baffles at low flowrates. Tamna et al. [31] numerically
analysed the influence of several V- baffles integrated SAH on the
HT rate. The Re was varied from 4000 to 21000. The effect of the
distinct parameters such as PB=HB (0.5, 1 and 2), HB=HD = 0.2
andaa = 45° were investigated. The outcomes concluded that
higher Nurs and frs was attained for the smaller values of PB=HB.
Maximum TP of the SAH was achieved atPB=HB = 0.5. Saravanaku-
mar et al. [32] inspected the TP of the SAH with various arrange-
ment of arc shaped ribs. The conclusions showed that the gp of
the SAH with arc ribs roughness with fins and baffles was found
to be 28.3 27.1 % more as compared to SAH only with arc ribs.
Pandey et al. [33] evaluated the influence of the V-baffles with
staggered perforation geometry in the air duct on the thermal TE
of the SAH. The effect of the constraints such as HB=HD (0.4–0.7),
PB=HB (2–10) and Re (5000–15000) on the TP of SAH was observed.
The results recommended that at HB=HD = 0.7, PB=HB= 6 and
Re = 12322, the highest rise in thermal efficiency was attained.
Parsa et al. [34] numerically analyzed the SAH integrated with
cuboid staggered baffles. The effect of factors such as baffle height
relative baffles pitch on the gp was examined. The results
pointed out that maximum gp of the baffled SAH was found to
be 17.5 % higher than that of traditional SAH. Jia et al. [35] develop
a three-dimensional model to inspect the effect of baffles arrange-
ment on the microscopic characteristics of HT and air flow. They
develop four types of SAHs i.e. right angle SAH, arc SAH having
rectangular holes and rectangular holes SAH. The outcomes
showed that the rectangular hole SAH has the maximum collector
efficiency among the other SAHs. Kumar et al. [36] examined the
consequences on the HT characteristics and PD in SAH air duct
by the integrating of broken V- baffles. The influence of the param-
eters such as W/H ratio (width to height), relative baffles distance
gaps (Dd/lV) ranging from 0.26 to 0.83, relative baffles width gaps
(gw/Hb) varied from 0.5 to 1.5, height of baffles, (HB/HD) changed
from 0.25 to 0.80, PB/HB in the range of 0.5–2.5; and attack angle
(a = 30-70°) was evaluated. The obtained outcomes suggested that
the maximum THP was attained at Dd/Lv = 0.67, PB/HB = 1.5, gw/
Hb = 1.0 a = 60° and HB/HD = 0.50.Kumar et al. [37] examine the
impact of the different blockage configurations on the THP of a
SAH. The various blockage arrangement systems were investigated
to notify their effect on THP. The Re number is varied from 3000 to
18000. The results revealed that V-type perforated obstacle deliv-
ered the best THP among the other different blockage arrange-
ments. Kumar et al. [38] conducted an experiment for the
enhancement of Nurs and frs in the air duct of SAH having rough-
ness element as V-baffles. The study was conducted for different
constraints such gw/Hb = 0.5–1.5, W/H = 10, HB/HD = 0.25–0.80,
Dd/Lv = 0.26–0.83, PB/HB = 0.5–2.5, and a = 30-70°. The results con-
cluded that maximum improvement in HT was observed at gw/
Hb = 1.0, Dd/Lv = 0.67 PB/HD = 1.5, a = 60° and HB/HD = 0.50. Kumar
et al. [39] conducted an experiment to inspect the outcome of bro-
ken multiple V-baffles on the HT characteristics of SAH. The Re was
in the range of 3000 to 18,000 whereas the relative width was in
the range of 1.0–6.0, relative baffles height and pitch was 0.5 and
10 respectively. The results reveal that highest TP of the solar ther-
mal collector was achieved at relative width of 5.0. Kumar et al.
[40] considered the impact of the a (attack angle) of V-type baffles
on THP of air duct of a SAH. The impact of the parameters like a =
30-70°, HB/HD = 0.50 PB/HD = 1.0 and Re ranging from 3000 to
21000 on Nurs and frs was examined. The achieved outcomes
showed that the Nurs and frs was improved by 4.2 5.9 times
respectively as compared to the conventional duct and highest
THP was achieved when the Re was 3000 and a = 60°. Kumar
et al. [41] examined the impact of V-type baffled in air passage
of SAH on its THP. The investigation has been conducted on several
parameters such as relative baffle height and pitch of 0.50 1.5
respectively, relative gaps among baffles of 1.0 and Re in the range
of 3000–21000, relative discrete gap ranging from 0.26 to 0.83 and
a = 60°. The results concluded that the V type baffles in air duct
improved the Nurs by 3.89 and friction factor by 6.08 and at rela-
tive discrete distance of 0.67 delivered the best TP of the SAH.
Kumar et al. [42] conceded an experimental analysis to examine
the effect of V-perforated baffles in the air passage on the HT char-
acteristics of SAH. The influence of various baffles width (1.0–6.0)
was evaluated on the TP of SAH. The experimental outcomes
revealed that the maximum TP was attained at baffle width of
5.0. Kumar et al. [43] evaluated the influence of the multi-V-
blockage in the air duct on the HT rate of the SAH. The research
was conducted for the various geometrical parameters such as rel-
ative blockage height, pitch and distance ranging from 0.25 to 1.0,
8–12, 0.27–0.77 and Re from 3000 to 800. The outcomes displayed
that the highest THP was accomplished at 0.5, 10 , 0.67 of relative
blockage height, pitch and width respectively. Kumar et al. [44] led
an experimental analysis on the TP improvement of SAH with
multi type V baffles. Certain parameters like relative baffle dis-
tance, width, height, pitch and gap width was varied from 0.27
to 0.77, 0.50–1.50, 0.25–1.0, 8–12, and 1.0–6.0 respectively. They
have also examined the impact of these parameters on the TP.
The results showed that the maximum TP was achieved at Dd/
Lv = 0.67, gw/Hb = 1.0, HB/HD = 0.50, PB/HB = 10. Kabeel et al.
[45] inspected the TP of baffled glaze bladed SAH and compared
its performance with the simple SAH having conventional plane
plate. Entrance region was advanced by guide blades embedded
in entrance region for the better mixing of the air. The outcomes
suggested that daily geff was enhanced to 51.69 % whereas the
daily geff of conventional SAH was 29 % only. Saravanakumar
et al. [46] presented the exergetic analysis and performed the opti-
mization of parameters of ribs (arc shaped) integrated in SAH com-
bined with baffles fins. MATLAB was utilized to solve the exergy
equations by generating a code. The results pointed that the max-
imum exergy g achieved was 5.2 % when 8 baffles were used and
length was 0.2 and height of baffles was 0.015 m. Luan et al. [47]
presented correlation and conducted exergy analysis of SAH incor-
porated with the baffles in the air passage. The influence of the baf-
fle’s inclination angle varied from 0 to 180° was inspected. The
results pointed out that when the baffles inclination angle was
60°, maximum turbulence was created by the baffles and maxi-
mum exergy g of 0.7 % was achieved. Also, other distinct thermal
enhancement techniques such conical ring, jet impingement and
optimization methods used in SAHs and manufacturing sectors
for design modification of SAHs and optimization of manufacturing
processes [48–62]. This paper presents a comprehensive study of
different developments made on SAHs to enhance its TP by using
various artificial roughness geometries and analysing their impact
on THP of the air heaters. The impact of the baffles having various
geometries such as discrete V pattern baffles, multi discrete V-
blockages, discrete broken V-baffles, sine wave arrangement of
baffles and novel staggered cuboidal baffles on the TP of the SAH
is examined. The influence of different parameters of various
geometries such as relative pitch, height, inclination angle of baf-
1277

Table 1
Efficiency enhancement of STC provided with different types of baffles.
Examiners Geometrical Design Parameter range Optimum Data Augmentation
Sharma et al.
[26]
Sine-wave arrangement of baffles
Re = 3000–18000 Re = 15000
HB=HD = 0.27
PB=HB = 10
Thermal hydraulic performance (gp) of 2.05 is achieved with
sine wave geometry of baffles.
Bayrak et al.
[27]
SAH with Porous Baffles
ma = 0.016 and
0.012 kg/s
Baffle
Thickness = 6 mm
and 10 mm
ma = 0.012 kg/s
Baffle
Thickness = 6 mm
The collector g was archived by SAH having thickness of
porous baffles of 6 mm at 0.025 kg/s of flowrate.
Mohammadi
et al. [28]
Absorber plate with fins and baffles
Ma = 0.01, 0.03 and
0.05 kg/s
WB = 0.03–0.07 m
LB = 0.4–0.1 m
Hfins = 0.05 m
Tfins = 0.001 m
——————————— Under recycle operation the absorber plate with fins at high
mass flow rate has the better TP as compared to SAH with both
fins and baffles.
Mohammadi
et al. [29]
Fins and baffles on heated plate
ma = 0.01,
0.03,0.005 kg/s
no. of fins = 0, 5 7
—————————— Outlet air temperature enhance with the addition of baffles
and fins.
Sabzapooshani
et al. [30]
Fins and baffles on heated surface
ma = 0.004–0.040
WB = 0.05 m
LB = 0.1 m
Solar Intensity
(I) = 700 W/m2
—————————— Exergy efficiency enhanced by increasing no. of fins and
placing baffles close to each other and increasing baffles at low
flow rates.
Tamna et al.
[31]
Multiple V-baffle vortex generator
PB=HB = 0.5, 1 and
2
Re = 4000–21000
PB=HB = 0.5
a = 45°
HB=HD = 0.25
Higher values of f and HT enhancement was attained for the
smaller values of pitch to relative height.
Maximum thermal performance of the SAH was achieved
when b/H = 0.5.
Saravanakumar
et al. [32]
(Re) = 2900–17000
WB = 0.005–
0.015 m
WB = 0.015 m
LB = 0.2 m
TE effective TE of the SAH with arc ribs roughness with fins
and baffles was found to be 28.3 27.1 % more as compared to
SAH only with arc ribs.
1278

Table 1 (continued)
SAH with fins and baffles
LB = 0.2–0.4 m
No. of fins = 2–10
I = 800 W/m
Pandey et al.
[33]
SAH with V-type baffles
HB=HD = 0.4–0.7
PB=HB = 2–10
Re = 5000–15000
HB=HD = 0.5
PB=HB = 4
Re = 13021
At e/H = 0.7, p/e = 6 and Re = 12322, the maximum THP factor
of 1.4 was achieved.
Parsa et al. [34]
Novel staggered cuboid baffles
ma = 0.02, 0.03
0.04 kg/s
Re = 5080, 7620
10,160
Maximum THP of the baffled SAH was found to be 17.5 %
improved.
Jia et al. [35]
Solar spiral heaters with baffles
I = 800 W/m2
Velocity
inlet = 4,6,10,12
and 14 m/s
—————————— Rectangular hole SSH has the maximum collector efficiency
among the other SSHs.
Kumar et al.
[36]
Discrete V- type baffles
Dd/lV = 0.26–0.83
gw/Hb = 0.5–1.5
HB/HB = 0.25–0.80
PB/HB = 0.5–2.5
a = 30-70°
Dd/lV = 0.67
gw/Hb = 1.0
HB/HD = 0.50
PB/HB = 1.5
a = 60°
Maximum THP of 3.14 was attained at optimum parameters.
Kumar et al.
[37]
V- type perforated blockage
Re = 3000–18000
Α = 30, 60, 90°
—————————— V-type perforated blockage delivered the best THP among the
other different blockage arrangements.
Kumar et al.
[38]
W/H = 10,
Dd/Lv = 0.26–0.83,
gw/Hb = 0.5–1.5
HB/HD = 0.25–0.80,
PB/HB = 0.5–2.5
Dd/Lv = 0.67
gw/Hb = 1.0
HB/HD = 0.50
PB/HB = 1.5
a = 60°
Maximum improvement in HT and PD was observed at
optimum parameters.
Maximum THP of 3.14 was achieved.
(continued on next page)
1279

Table 1 (continued)
Discrete broken V-pattern
a = 30-70°.
Kumar et al.
[39]
Broken V- Type baffles
Re = 3000–18000
Relative
width = 1.0–6.0
WB = 5.0
HB = 0.5
Highest TP of the SAH was achieved when the relative width
was 5.0.
Kumar et al.
[40]
Discrete V-pattern Baffles
a = 30-70°
Re = 3000–21000
Re = 3000
HB/HD = 0.50
PB/HB = 1.0
a = 60°
Nurs and frs was improved by 4.2 5.9 times more as compared
to the conservative duct and highest THP was achieved when
the Re was 3000 and a = 60°.
Kumar et al.
[41]
Discrete V-pattern Baffles
Re = 3000–21000
Relative discrete
gap = 0.26–0.83
Relative discrete
gap = 0.67
Relative baffle
pitch = 1.5
Relative gap
width = 1.0
a = 60°.
The results concluded that the V type baffles in air duct
improved the Nurs by 3.89 and friction factor by 6.08 and at
0.67 of relative discrete distance provided the best thermal
performance of the SAH.
Kumar et al.
[42]
Multi V-perforated baffles
WB = 1.0–6.0 WB = 5.0
PB/HB = 10.0
Maximum TP was attained at 5.0 of the baffle width.
Kumar et al.
[43]
Multi discrete V-blockages
Re = 3000–8000
Relative
height = 0.25–1.0
Relative blockage
pitch = 8–12
a = 30-70°
Blockage
distance = 0.27–
0.77
Relative
height = 0.5
Relative blockage
pitch = 10
0.27–0.77
a = 60°
Blockage
distance = 0.67
Highest THP was accomplished at 0.5, 10, and 0.67 of relative
blockage height, pitch and width respectively.
Kumar et al.
[44]
Dd/Lv = 0.27–0.77
gw/ HB = 0.50–1.5
HB/HD = 025–1.0
PB/HB = 8 = 12
a = 30-70°
Dd/Lv = 0.67
gw/ HB = 1.0
HB/HD = 0.50
PB/HB = 10.
a = 60°
Maximum THP of 3.24 was achieved at optimum values of
parameters.
1280

fles and Re is investigated. The presented study gives an recent
overview of the work done on the roughened solar air heater and
is very helpful for the researchers working in solar thermal energy
field.
3. Different studies on performance enhancement of SAHs
Summary of the distinct types of baffle i.e. artificial roughness
geometries examined, parameters range and optimum data of
parameters is given in the Table 1. The Fig. 2 shows the achieved
thermo-hydraulic efficiency of various types of baffles used in
SAH by the different researchers.
4. Conclusion
In this review article, an effort has been made to study the THP
of roughened SAH provided with distinct type of baffles.
From the review of previous studies, it is found out that the bro-
ken V- type baffles delivered the best THP of 3.9 as compared to the
other types baffles with various geometries such as sine wave
arrangement, multi discrete V- blockage, multi-V- perforated baf-
fles, discrete V- pattern baffles, novel staggered cuboidal baffles
and broken multi types V- baffles. Relative width of baffles (WB),
relative height of baffles (HB), relative length of baffles (LB), width
to height ratio, relative baffles gap space (Dd/Lv), relative baffles
gap breadth (gw/Hb), relative baffle pitch (Pb/H), attack angle and
ma are considered as the key factors that influence the THP of a
SAH.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Muneesh Sethi: Methodology, Conceptualization. Arvind
Kumar Singh: Supervision, Validation. R.K. Tripathi: Supervision.
Avnish Kumar: Conceptualization, Validation. Sushil Kumar:
Supervision, Methodology, Conceptualization, Validation, Writing
Table 1 (continued)
Broken multi type V-baffles
Kabeel et al.
[45]
Baffle glaze-bladed SAH
No. of
baffles = 170, 410
800
No. of baffles = 800 Daily geff was enhanced to 51.69 % whereas the daily geff of
conventional SAH was 29 % only.
Saravanakumar
et al. [46]
Arc shaped roughened SAH with
baffles fins
No. of fins = 2–8
LB = 0.2–0.4
WB =0.005–
0.015 m
ma = 0.012 kg/s
No. of fins = 8
LB = 0.2
WB =0.015 m
ma = 0.012 kg/s
The maximum exergy g achieved was 5.2 % when 8 baffles was
used and the baffle length was 0.2 m and height was 0.015 m.
Luan et al. [47]
SAH with incline baffles
a = 0-180° a = 60° Maximum exergy g of 0.7 % was achieved when the inclination
angle of baffles was 60°.
1281

– review editing. Abhishek Thakur: Writing – review editing.
Bhaskar Goel: Supervision. Tanish Kashyap: Writing – review
editing. Vijay Kumar Sharma: Supervision.
Data availability
No data was used for the research described in the article.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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Saleel, A. Afzal, Influence of artificial roughness parametric variation on
thermal performance of solar thermal collector: an experimental study,
response surface analysis and ANN modelling, Sustain. Energy Technol.
Assess. 52 (2022) 102047.
[8] A. Sharma, A. Awasthi, T. Singh, R. Kumar, R. Chauhan, Experimental
Investigation and optimization of potential parameters of discrete V down
baffled solar thermal collector using hybrid Taguchi-TOPSIS method, Appl.
Therm. Eng. 209 (2022) 118250, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
applthermaleng.2022.118250.
[9] Kumar R, Gaurav, Kumar S, Afzal A, Manokar AM, Sharifpur M, Issakhov A.
Experimental investigation of impact of the energy storage medium on the
thermal performance of double pass solar air heater. Sustainable Energy
Technologies and Assessments 2021; 48:101673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
seta.2021.101673
[10] R. Kumar, R. Nadda, S. Kumar, K. Kumar, A. Afzal, R.K. Abdul Razak, M.
Sharifpur, Heat transfer and friction factor correlations for an impinging air
jets solar thermal collector with arc ribs on an absorber plate, Sustain. Energy
Technol. Assess. 47 (2021), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101523
101523.
[11] R. Khargotra, S. Kumar, R. Kumar, Influence of hindrance promoter on the
thermal augmentation factor of solar water heater (an experimental study),
Renew. Energy 163 (2021) 1356–1369, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
renene.2020.08.146.
[12] A. Singhy, R. Thakur, R. Kumar, S. Kumar, S. Kumar, S. Kumar, S. Thapa,
Influence of active water stream, irradiance, ambient temperature and wind
speed on the efficiency of Fresnel lens based two stage PVT system, Therm. Sci.
26 (2 Part A) (2022) 1139–1150, https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI200801193S.
[13] R. Khargotra, R. Kumar, S. Kumar, Impact of perforated shapes in delta type
hindrance promoter on thermo-hydraulic performance of solar water heating
system (An experimental study), Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 24 (2021), https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.csite.2020.100831 100831.
[14] A. Singhy, R. Thakur, R. Kumar, Experimental analysis for co-generation of heat
and power with convex lens as SOE and linear Fresnel Lens as POE using active
water stream, Renew. Energy 163 (2021) 740–754, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
renene.2020.08.132.
[15] A.K. Bhardwaj, R. Kumar, S. Kumar, B. Goel, R. Chauhan, Energy and exergy
analyses of drying medicinal herb in a novel forced convection solar dryer
integrated with SHSM and PCM, Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. 45 (2021),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101119 101119.
[16] K. Kashyap, R. Thakur, R. Kumar, S. Kumar, Feasibility analysis for conversion
of existing traditional western Himalayan region of India to micro-
hydropower plants using a low head Archimedes screw turbine for rural
electrification, Int. J. Ambient Energy (2022) 1–24, https://doi.org/10.1080/
01430750.2022.2068056.
[17] S. Aggarwal, S. Kumar, R. Kumar, R. Thakur, Thermal augmentation in
evacuated tube solar collectors using reflectors, nano fluids, phase change
materials and tilt angle: a review, Mater. Today:. Proc. 45 (2021) 4931–4935,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.371.
[18] S. Aggarwal, R. Kumar, S. Kumar, M. Bhatnagar, P. Kumar, Computational fluid
dynamics-based analysis for optimization of various thermal techniques used
Fig. 2. Thermo-hydraulic efficiency of various types of baffles used in SAH by the different researchers.
1282

in evacuated tubes solar collectors: a review, Mater. Today:. Proc. 17 (2021)
8700–8707, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.021.
[19] A. Thakur, R. Kumar, S. Kumar, P. Kumar, Review of developments on flat plate
solar collectors for heat transfer enhancements using phase change materials
and reflectors, Mater. Today:. Proc. 45 (2021) 5449–5455, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.120.
[20] A.K. Bhardwaj, R. Kumar, R. Chauhan, S. Kumar, Experimental investigation
and performance evaluation of a novel solar dryer integrated with a
combination of SHS and PCM for drying chilli in the Himalayan region,
Therm. Sci. Eng. Progr. 20 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2020.100713
100713.
[21] K. Kashyap, R. Thakur, S. Kumar, R. Kumar, Identification of archimedes screw
turbine for efficient conversion of traditional water mills (Gharats) into micro
hydro-power stations in Western Himalayan Regions of India: an
experimental analysis, Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 10 (2020) 1452–1463,
https://doi.org/10.20508/ijrer.v10i3.11176.g8020.
[22] R. Kumar, R. Nadda, A. Rana, R. Chauhan, S.S. Chandel, Performance
investigation of a solar thermal collector provided with air jets impingement
on multi V-shaped protrusion ribs absorber plate, Heat Mass Transf. 56 (2020)
913–930, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-019-02755-2.
[23] A.K. Bhardwaj, R. Kumar, R. Chauhan, Experimental investigation of the
performance of a novel solar dryer for drying medicinal plants in Western
Himalayan region, Sol. Energy 177 (2019) 395–407, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.solener.2018.11.007.
[24] P.K. Mishra, R. Nadda, R. Kumar, A. Rana, M. Sethi, A. Ekileski, Optimization of
multiple arcs protrusion obstacle parameters using AHP-TOPSIS approach in
an impingement jet solar air passage, Heat Mass Transf. 54 (2018) 3797–3808,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-018-2405-4.
[25] N. Kumar, A. Kumar, R. Thakur, A. Thakur, R. Kumar, A comparative study of
hydrodynamic and thermal performance of different air jets Impingement
solar air collector, JP J. Heat Mass Transf. 15 (2018) 829–845, https://doi.org/
10.1080/15435075.2019.1653877.
[26] S. Sharma, R.K. Das, K. Kulkarni, Computational and experimental assessment
of solar air heater roughened with six different baffles, Case Stud. Therm. Eng.
27 (2021) 101–350, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.101350.
[27] F. Bayraka, H.F. Oztopb, A. Hepbasli, Energy and exergy analyses of porous
baffles inserted solar air heaters for building applications, Energy Build. 57
(2013) 338–345, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.10.055.
[28] K. Mohammadi, M. Sabzpooshani, Appraising the performance of a baffled
solar air heater with external recycle, Energy Convers. Manage. 88 (2014) 239–
250, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.08.009.
[29] K. Mohammadi, M. Sabzpooshani, Comprehensive performance evaluation and
parametric studies of single pass solar air heater with fins and baffles atached
over the absorber plate, Energy 57 (2013) 741–750, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
energy.2013.05.016.
[30] M. Sabzpooshani, B. Mohammadi, H. Khorasanizadeh, Exergetic performance
evaluation of a single pass baffled solar air heater, Energy 64 (2014) 697–706,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.11.046.
[31] S. Tamna, S. Skullong, C. Thianpong, P. Promvonge, Heat transfer behaviors in a
solar air heater channel with multiple V-baffle vortex generators, Sol. Energy
110 (2014) 720–735, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2014.10.020.
[32] P.T. Saravanakumara, D. Somasundaramb, M.M. Matheswaran, Thermal and
thermo-hydraulic analysis of arc shaped rib roughened solar air heater
integrated with fins and baffles, Sol. Energy 180 (2019) 360–371, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.01.036.
[33] R. Pandey, M. Kumar, Efficiencies assessment of an indoor designed solar air
heater characterized by V baffle blocks having staggered racetrack-shaped
perforation geometry, Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. 47 (2021) 101–362,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101362.
[34] H. Parsaa, M.S. Avval, M.R. Hajmohammadi, 3D simulation and parametric
optimization of a solar air heater with a novel staggered cuboid baffles, Int. J.
Mech. Sci. 205 (2021) 106–607, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijmecsci.2021.106607.
[35] B. Jia, L. Yang, L. Zhang, B. Liu, F. Liu, X. Li, Optimizing structure of baffles on
thermal performance of spiral solar air heaters, Sol. Energy 224 (2021) 757–
764, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.06.043.
[36] R. Kumar, M. Sethi, R. Chauhan, A. Kumar, Experimental study of enhancement
of heat transfer and pressure drop in a solar air channel with discretized
broken V-pattern baffle, Renew. Energy 101 (2017) 856–872, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.renene.2016.09.033.
[37] R. Kumar, A. Kumar, R. Chauhan, R. Maithani, Comparative study of effect of
various blockage arrangements on thermal hydraulic performance in a
roughened air passage, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 81 (2018) 447–463,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.023.
[38] R. Kumar, R. Chauhan, M. Sethi, A. Kumar, Experimental study and correlation
development for Nusselt number and friction factor for discretized broken V-
pattern baffle solar air channel, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 81 (2017) 56–75, https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.10.002.
[39] R. Kumar, A. Kumar, R. Chauhan, M. Sethi, Heat transfer enhancement in solar
air channel with broken multiple V-type baffle, Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 8
(2016) 187–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2016.07.001.
[40] R. Kumar, R. Chauhan, M. Sethi, A. Sharma, A. Kumar, Experimental
investigation of effect of flow attack angle on thermohydraulic performance
of air flow in a rectangular channel with discrete V-pattern baffle on the
heated plate, Adv. Mech. Eng. 8 (5) (2016) 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1177/
1687814016641056.
[41] R. Kumar, R. Chauhan, M. Sethi, A. Kumar, Experimental investigation on
overall thermal performance of fluid flow in rectangular channel with v-
pattern baffle, Therm. Sci. 22 (2018) 183–191, https://doi.org/10.2298/
TSCI151206125K.
[42] R. Kumar, R. Kumar, A. Sharma, R. Chauhan, M. Sethi, Experimental study of
heat transfer enhancement in a rectangular duct distributed by multi V–
perforated baffle of different relative baffle width, Heat Mass Transf. 53 (2017)
1289–1304, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-016-1901-7.
[43] A. Kumar, R. Chauhan, R. Kumar, T. Singh, M. Sethi, A. Kumar, A. Sharma,
Developing heat transfer and pressure loss in an air passage with multi
discrete V-blockages, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 84 (2017) 266–278, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.02.017.
[44] A. Kumar, R. Kumar, R. Maithani, R. Chauhan, S. Kumar, S. Nadda, An
experimental study of heat transfer enhancement in an air channel with
broken multi type V-baffles, Heat Mass Transf. 53 (2017) 3593–3612, https://
doi.org/10.1007/s00231-017-2089-1.
[45] A.E. Kabeel, M.H. Hamed, Z.M. Omara, A.W. Kandel, On the performance of a
baffled glazed-bladed entrance solar air heater, Appl. Therm. Eng. 139 (2018)
367–375, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.04.141.
[46] P.T. Saravanakumar, D. Somasundaram, M.M. Matheswara, Exergetic
investigation and optimization of arc shaped rib roughened solar air heater
integrated with fins and baffles, Appl. Therm. Eng. 175 (2020), https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115316 115316.
[47] N.T. Luan, N.M. Phu, Thermohydraulic correlations and exergy analysis of a
solar air heater duct with inclined baffles, Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 21 (2020)
100672.
[48] N. Kumar, A. Kumar, R. Maithani, R. Thakur, R. Kumar, A. Thakur, Effect of
circular inside conical ring obstacles on heat transfer and friction
characteristics of round jets impingement solar air rectangular passage, Int.
J. Green Energy 16 (14) (2019) 1091–1104.
[49] A.K. Bhardwaj, A. Kumar, R. Maithani, R. Kumar, S. Kumar, R. Chauhan,
Experimental study on heat transfer and fluid flow enhancement of a spherical
shape obstacle solar air passage, Therm. Sci. 23 (2019) 751–761, https://doi.
org/10.2298/TSCI170623220S.
[50] R. Nadda, R. Kumar, A. Kumar, R. Maithani, Optimization of single arc
protrusion ribs parameters in solar air heater with impinging air jets based
upon PSI approach, Therm. Sci. Eng. Progr. 7 (2018) 146–154, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.tsep.2018.05.008.
[51] R. Nadda, R. Kumar, T. Singh, R. Chauhan, A. Patnaik, B. Gangil, Experimental
investigation and optimization of cobalt bonded tungsten carbide composite
by hybrid AHP-TOPSIS approach, Alexand. Eng. J. 57 (2018) 3419–3428,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2018.07.013.
[52] R. Chauhan, N.S. Thakur, N. Kumar, R. Kumar, T. Singh, A. Kumar, Heat transfer
augmentation in solar thermal collectors using impinging air jets: a
comprehensive review, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 82 (2018) 3179–3190,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.025.
[53] A. Kumar, R. Kumar, R. Chauhan, M. Sethi, A. Kumari, N. Verma, R. Nadda,
Single phase thermal and hydraulic performance analysis of a V-pattern
dimpled obstacles air passage, Exp. Heat Transf. 30 (2017) 393–426, https://
doi.org/10.1080/08916152.2016.1269139.
[54] A. Sharma, R. Chauhan, T. Singh, A. Kumar, R. Kumar, A. Kumar, M. Sethi,
Optimizing discrete V obstacle parameters using a novel Entropy-VIKOR
approach in a solar air channel, Renew. Energy 106 (2017) 310–320, https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.01.010.
[55] A. Kumar, R. Kumar, R. Maithani, R. Chauhan, M. Sethi, A. Kumari, S. Kumar, S.
Kumar, Correlation development for Nusselt number and friction factor of a
multiple type V-pattern dimpled obstacles solar air passage, Renew. Energy
109 (2017) 461–479, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.03.030.
[56] A.K. Bhardwaj, R. Kumar, R. Chauhan, M. Sethi, A. Rana, Experimental
investigation of an indirect solar dryer integrated with phase change
material for drying valeriana jatamansi (medicinal herb), Case Stud. Therm.
Eng. 10 (2017) 302–314, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2017.07.009.
[57] R. Nadda, A. Kumar, R. Maithani, R. Kumar, Investigation of thermal and
hydrodynamic performance of impingement jets solar air passage with
protrusion with combination arc obstacle on the heated plate, Exp. Heat
Transf. 31 (2018) 232–250, https://doi.org/10.1080/08916152.2017.1405102.
[58] V. Ahlawat, P. Tewatia, S. Nain, R. Kumar, S. Kumar, T. Singh, Thermal analysis
and tribo-performance evaluation of multilayered graphene and graphite-
based fly ash filled banana fiber reinforced brake friction composites, Polym.
Compos. (2022) 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.26756.
[59] B. Goel, S. Singh, R.V. Sarepaka, V. Mishra, N. Khatri, V. Aggarwal, K. Nand, R.
Kumar, Diamond turning of optical materials: a review, Int. J. Mach. Mach.
Mater. 23 (2) (2021) 160.
[60] A. Pathania, R. Kumar, K. Rojhe, B. Goel, S. Aggarwal, D. Mahto, Value stream
mapping – Panacea for lead time reduction in ferrite core industry, Mater.
Today:. Proc. 46 (2021) 2456–2461, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.matpr.2021.01.362.
[61] P. Thakur, R. Kumar, S. Kumar, A. Pathania, B. Goel, Analysis and optimization
of properties of paint material for reduction of paint defects in agro products,
Mater. Today:. Proc. 45 (2021) 5617–5623, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.matpr.2021.02.349.
[62] A. Panwar, R. Kumar, R. Thakur, B. Goel, A. Rana, A. Pathania, V. Aggarwal,
Selection of optimal parameters for reduction of forging defect using AHP-
TOPSIS technique, Int. J. Emerg. Technol. 11 (2) (2020) 178–186.
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