Compounds mixing with groundwater to pollute waterways and its toxicity to animals and aquatic life. Effect of variable oxygen fugacity on the multivalent elements with increasing reducing conditions in enstatite chondrite material. REE enrichment in the melt of basaltic magma during crystal fractionation .

2. PROBLEMS
 Compounds mixing with groundwater to pollute waterways
and its toxicity to animals and aquatic life.
 Effect of variable oxygen fugacity on the multivalent
elements with increasing reducing conditions in enstatite
chondrite material.
 REE enrichment in the melt of basaltic magma during crystal
fractionation .

3. OBSERVATIONS
 During the partial melting of peridotite we can readily
see—
 That Rb (DRb= 0.016), Sr (DSr= 0.025), Ba (DBa= 0.008), and
the REE are incompatible elements for typical mantle
minerals, and are concentrated in the melt,
 Whereas Ni (DNi= 10.4) and Cr (DCr= 6.39) are compatibles,
and remain principally in the solid peridotite residua.

4. The preferential movement of elements and their
entry in the solid and liquid phases during magmatic
crystallization .
DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENT (D)
Ratio of the concentration of element in
solid to its concentration in the melt.

5. PARTITION COEFFICIENT
 D= CS/CL
CS = Concentration of the element in the solid.
CL = Concentration of the element in the liquid.
FOR COMPATIBLE ELEMENTS D>1
FOR INCOMPATIBLE ELEMENTS D<1

6. TYPES OF INCOMPATIBLE ELEMENTS
 Based on the ratio of valence to ionic radius.
 The smaller, more highly charged High Field Strength
(HFS) elements include the REE, Th, U, Ce, Pb4+, Zr, Hf,
Ti, Nb, and Ta.
 The low field strength Large ion Lithophile Elements
(LILE) elements (K, Rb, Cs, Ba, Pb2+, Sr, Eu2+) are
generally considered to be more mobile.

9. PARTIAL MELTING CRYSTAL FRACTIONATION
BATCH MELTING ( EQUILIBRIUM PARTIAL MELTING )
 LIQUID IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH RESIDUE .
 ESCAPE AS A SINGLE BATCH OF MAGMA .
 𝑪 𝑳/𝑪 𝑶 = 𝟏/𝑫 ∗(𝟏−𝑭)+𝑭
EQUILIBRIUM CRYSTALLISATION
 EQULIBRIUM BETWEEN ALL SOLIDS AND MELTS DURING
CRYSTALLISATION .
 CL /CO = 1/ [ D + F * (1 - D )]
RAYLEIGH MELTING
 LIQUID IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH RESIDUE .
 REMOVED IMMEDIATELY FROM THE SYSTEM .
 CL /CO = 1/D * ( 1- F ) ^ (1/D – 1)
RAYLEIGH FRACTIONATION ( FRACTIONAL
CRYSTALLISATION )
 CRYSTAL NOT IN EQULIBRIUM WITH MELT .
 CRYSTALS REMOVED FROM THE SITE OF FORMATION .
 CL /CO = F ^ ( D - 1 )
 Co = concentration of the element in the starting material (in the case of mantle melting, the concentration in th
original mantle).
 CL = concentration of the element in the liquid (i.e. melt).
 D = bulk partition coefficient for the residual solid (in case of crystal fractionation D for fractionating assemblage
 F = weight fraction of melt produced.

10. CONCLUSION
 D VALUES CAN BE USED TO DETERMINE THE PREFERENCE
OF AN ELEMENT TO ENTER A CRYSTAL LATTICE OR MELT
DURING MAGMATIC CRYSTALLIZATION.
 D VALUES CAN BE CORELATED WITH VARIOUS IGNEOUS
PROCESSES SUCH AS PARTIAL MELTING AND FRACTIONAL
CRYSTALLIZATION .

11. THANK YOU