This document provides information about poisonous mushrooms, including their identifying features, seasons, and symptoms caused by their toxins. It describes several deadly mushroom species that contain amatoxins and cause liver and kidney failure, such as the death cap and destroying angel. It also mentions other toxic mushrooms like the fool's mushroom that can cause symptoms ranging from nausea to hallucinations. Finally, it classifies toxic mushrooms into groups based on the toxins they contain such as cyclopeptides, orellanine, muscarine, and isoxazoles.

1. PRESENTATION ON
POISONOUS MUSHROOM
PL.PATH.6.4 (0+2)
POLYTECHINC IN
AGRICULTURE, SDAU,
DEESA
Guided By:
Prof.
M.S.Shinde
Submitted By:
Abhay,dvij
Dhruv,nikunj
Diploma(Ag.)
3rd Yr.

2. PANSALA ABHAY 13
KINKHABVALA DVIJ 9
PATEL DHRUV 16
MAKVANA NIKUNJ 10
SUBMITTED BY :
NAME ROLL NO.
SUBJECT : PL.PATH.6.4(0+2)
TOPIC : POISONOUS MUSHROOM
SUBMITTED TO :
PROF.
DR.M.S.SHINDE
SARDARKRUSHINAGAR DANTIWADA
AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY 🎓

3. Mushroom poisoning
• Also known as mycetism.
• Refers to harmful effects from ingestion of toxic substances present in a
mushroom. These symptoms can vary from slight gastrointestinal
discomfort to death.
• The toxins present are secondary metabolites produced by the fungus.

4. Death Cap (Amanitaphalloides)
Season: July to November
Symptoms: Start several hours after eating.
It begins with severe vomiting, diarrhoea and stomach
pains. Then follows what appears to be a full
recovery.
A few days later die of kidney or liver failure.
This mushroom has caused the most recorded
fatalities in the UK. There is no known antidote.
DestroyingAngel (Amanitavirosa)
Season: July to November
Symptoms: Start several hours after eating. It begins
with severe vomiting, diarrhoea and stomach pains.
Then follows what appears to be a full recovery.
A few days later you’ll die of kidney or liver failure.

5. PantherCap (Amanitapantherina)
Season:July to November
Symptoms: Intense sickness as well as vivid
hallucinations.
FlyAgaric (Amanita muscaria)
Season: August to December
Symptoms: V
ary between patients. They range
from nausea, twitchiness and drowsiness, to
delirium, seizures and coma.

6. Deadly Webcap (Cortinarius rubellus)
Season: August to November
Symptoms: The fool’s webcap
(see above). The webcaps contains a poison called
orellanin, which is very long-lasting.
Fool’s Webcap (Cortinarius orellanus)
Season: August to November
Symptoms: Starts with flu-like
symptoms, then proceeds to renal failure
(unquenchable thirst, frequent urination, and kidney
pain.

7. Satan’s Bolete (Boletus satanas)
Season: June to September
Symptoms: Nausea, diarrhoea and vomiting for hours
on end, though it isn’t usually fatal.
Ivory Funnel (Clitocybe blanchi)
Season: July to early December
Symptoms: Also known as the ‘sweating mushroom’.
Eat too much and the symptoms will increase to
sickness, vomiting and diarrhoea.

8. Fool’sFunnel (Clitocybe rivulosa.)
Season: July to early December
Symptoms: Excessive salivation and sweating after
half an hour. If lots of the mushroom is eaten then
you could be facing intense sickness, diarrhoea and
stomach pain.
Fool’s Conecap (Conocybe filaris)
Season: June to October
Symptoms: Like many of the most poisonus
mushrooms on this list, the fool’s conecap contains
amatoxins. The worst symptom is liver failure.

9. Poisonousmushroomsand their effects on humans.

10. Ukwuru et al., 2018
Classification :

11. Table.Molecularpropertiesand mechanism of toxicity of different toxins found in
various mushroom species
Toxinname Sources Molecular properties Mechanism
of toxicity
Ostreolysin Pleurotusostreatus
16-kDa acidicprotein, is
amember of the
aegerolysin protein
family.It contains
137 residues of amino
acids
The hyperkalemia
resulting from the
hemolytic activity
probablyplays an
importantrole in
its toxicity
Amatoxin Amanitasps. Thermostablebicyclic
octapeptide.Nine
amatoxinshave been
identifiedand a-
amanitineis the most
active.
InhibitRNA
polymerase-II and
thus transcription of
DNAoccurs by
protein synthesis
and cell necrosis.
Phallotoxin Amanitaphalloides Peptides containing
bicyclic-skeletonwith a
transannularthioether
bridge.
Specific bindingof
the toxin to F-actin in
liver cells

12. Ibotenic acid Amanitamuscaria
and A. pantherina
Is an a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-
isoxazoleacetic acid.
An NMDAreceptor
agonist.
Muscimol Amanitamuscaria
and A. pantherina
It is a decarboxylated
product of ibotenicacid.
This substance shows
structural
resemblance to
GABA and imitates
the action of this
inhibitory
neurotransmitter in
the CNS.
Muscarine C. serussata,
C. dealbata,
C. phyllophilla
It is tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-
NNN, 5 - tetramethyl-2-
furanmethanaminium.
Muscarines
structure is very
similar to that of
acetylcholineand it
bindsto the same
receptors.
Psilocybin
and psilocin
C. rivulosa and
A. muscaria
Componentof the
tyramine type, 4-
phosphoryloxy- N,N-
dimethyltryptamine
Cleavage of the
phosphoric ester
group by alkaline
phosphatase
GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid, NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; CNS, central nervous system.
Jo et al. 2014

13. Amanita phalloides
Lepiotabrunneoincarnata
Galerinamarginata.
Edible Amanita species, Amanita lanei

14. Conocybe filaris
Only Silymarin and Polymixin B have demonstrated some antidotal effectiveness in patients
with A phalloides poisoning

15. Mushroom anatomy.

16. ToxicGroup Mushroom
Cyclopeptides A. bisporigera,suballicia,
tenuifolia;A. brunescens;
A. ocreata;A. Phalloides;
A. Verna;A. Virosa;
Conocybe filaris; Galerina
Autumnalis.Lepiotahelveola
Orellanine A smithiana;C. splendens;
Cortinarius
Monomethylhydrazine G. brunnea,G. caroliniana,G.
fastigiata, G. gigas,
Disulfiram-like
reaction
Muscarine
Clitocybeclaviceps; Coprinus
atramentarius
Hallucinogenic
indoles
Conocybecyanopus; Psilocybe
cubensis;
Isoxazoles A. muscaria
GI irritants Chlorophylummolybdites
Toxic Mushroom Classification