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3.  Soft tissue covering the cranial vault
 It is hair bearing areaof the skull
 Extends from supra orbital margin
anteriorly to external occipital
protuberance& superior nuchal line
posteriorly
 Oneachside to superior temporal
line

4. S- Skin
C- connective tissue (superficial fascia)
A-Aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica)
L- Loose areolartissue
P- Pericranium

6. Skin
A layer of thin skin containing numerous hair
follicles,sweat glands, and sebaceous glands covers
the scalp.
Connectivetissue
Athick, dense,subcutaneousconnective tissue is
anchored firmly to the skin above and the
membranous layer below. Fibrous and dense
containing blood vessels andnerves

7. Aponeurosis
Isformed by the gales aponeurotica.
Loose ConnectiveTissue
Allows freedom of movement of the superficial
three layers over the top of the skull
Periocranium
The periosteum of the skull. Firmly anchored to the
underlying bone.

8. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Called dangerous layer of scalp-emissaryveins open here
and carry any infections inside the brain (venoussinus)
 Bleeding lead toblack eye
 Caput succedaneum innew born
PERICRANIUM
 Injury deep to it take the shapeof bone called
cephalhaematoma

10. a. EYES
b. NOSE
c. EARS

11. TheFace
Boundaries:
1. Superior -
Hairline
2. Inferior-
Lower border of
themandible

12. Regions ofthe Face
1. Forehead
2. Temporal
3. Orbital
4. External
nose
5. Zygomatic
6. Oral
7. Cheeks
8. Mental
9. External
ear

14. Eyelids(Palpebrae)
• - Formacurtain for the ocularglobeorthe
eyeball.
• External features:
1. Palpebral fissure - transverseelliptical opening between the
upperandlowereyelid.
2. Palpebral commissure (canthus(- the lateral andmedial
junctionsof theupperandlowereyelids.
3. Superiorpalpebral margins- coversthe superior 1/5of theiris
whenthelidsareopen.

15. External
features:
4. Inferior palpebral margins - cuts across the lower borderof
the iris when the lids are open.
5. Cilia or eyelashes - project from the palpebralmargins
intwo or three irregular rows.
6. Plica semilunaris - acresent fold at the medial angle ofthe
eye that separates the white of the eye from the medial,
reddish-colored lacrimallake.

16. External features:
7. Lacrimal lake - small, raised, triangular are
borderedby the plica semilunaris;araised,
reddish areawithin the lakeis the caruncle.
8. Superior and inferior papillae - are small, raised
bumps at the junction of the ciliated hairless
margins of the lids; at the apexof which is the
lacrimalpunctum.
9. Conjuctivum - mucous membrane inner lining of
the lid.

18. Tip
Ala
Dorsum
Anterior naris
(nostril)
Columna
Root

19. External Nose:
-The framework is composed of the nasal bones,
septal cartilage, lateral cartilages, and alar cartilages.
-Skin of the nose is continues beyond the external
naresinto the vestibule of the nose, with nasal hairs to
filter larger particles of dusts in the air.

22. External Ear
- Contains asingle elastic cartilage which provides
support to the external ear.
- Skin istightly bound to the cartilage with no
intervening subcutaneouslayer.
- Skin and cartilage is thrown into several folds.

23. A. ORBITALCAVITY
B. NASALCAVITY

24. Bones involved:
1. Maxilla
2. Zygomatic Bone
3. SphenoidBone
4. Frontal Bone
5. PalatineBone
6. Ethmoid Bone
7. LacrimalBone.

25. Roof
- orbital plate of the
frontal bone
- lesser wings of
sphenoid.

26. Lateral wall
- Zygomatic process
of the frontal bone
- Orbital plate of the zygomatic bone
- Orbital plate of the greater wings of
sphenoid

27. Medial wall
- Frontal processof
the maxilla
- Lacrimal bone
- Orbital plate of ethmoid bone
- Body of sphenoid

28. Floor
- Orbital plate of the maxilla
- Orbital plate of the zygomatic bone
- Orbital processof
the palatinebone

29. Base
 Superiorly –frontalbone
 Medially - frontalprocess
of themaxilla
 Laterally - frontal process
ofthe zygomatic bone
 Inferiorly - Maxilla medially
- zygomaticbone
laterally

30. Apex
- Formed by the
convergence ofthe
four walls

31. Bones involved:
1. Nasal Bone
2. Frontal Bone
3. Ethmoid Bone
4. Sphenoid Bone
5. Vomer
6. Maxilla
7. Palatine Bone
8. Lacrimal Bone
9. Inferior nasalConcha

32. Anterior
–pyriform aperture
Posterior
- Pharynx through the posteriornares

33. SuperiorWall:
1. Anterior
–nasalbone
-nasal processof the frontal bone
2. Middle
- cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
3. Posterior
- body ofthe sphenoid

34. MedianWall:
- Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid
- Vomer.

35. InferiorWall:
- Palatine process
of themaxilla
- Horizontal plate
of palatinebone

36. LateralWall:
a. Superior and middle conchae of
the ethmoid bone
b. Inferior nasalconchae