Engineering Geology.pptx

Engineering Geology
By
Abd Al Rahman Ibrahim Soliman,
BSc of Geology/ Geophysics,
Faculty of science, Alexandria University.
Abdalrahmanibrahim209@gmail.com
Spring 2016
GTI - Geoscientists Training Initiative

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Engineering Geology

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Agenda
1. Introduction
2. WHERE?
• Soil
o 1. Drilling (Drilling, Sampling, and Description)
o 2. Quality Control
o 3. Asphalt
• Concrete
o 4. Lab
o 5. Concrete Station
3. Open Discussion and Questions
4. References

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Agenda
1. Introduction
2. WHERE?
• Soil
o 3. Asphalt
• Concrete
o 4. Lab
4. References

5
1. Introduction
• Geotechnical engineering, as the
name implies, concerns the
applications of civil engineering
technology to some aspect of the
earth. Usually, the geotechnical
engineer is concerned only with the
natural materials found at or near the
surface of the earth.

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1. Introduction
• Soil mechanics is the branch of
geotechnical engineering concerned
with the engineering mechanics and
properties of soil, whereas rock
mechanics is concerned with the
engineering mechanics and properties
of rock, usually but not necessarily the
bedrock.

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1. Introduction
• Soil mechanics applies the basic
principles of mechanics including
kinematics, dynamics, fluid mechanics,
and the mechanics of materials to
soils.

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1. Introduction
• In other words, soil rather than water
or steel or concrete, for example, now
becomes the engineering material
whose properties and behavior we
must understand in order to build with
it or upon it. A similar comment could
also be made for rock mechanics.

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Agenda
1. Introduction
2. WHERE?
• Soil
o 3. Asphalt
• Concrete
o 4. Lab
4. References

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2. Where?
Where
?
Soil
Drilling QC
Asphal
t
Concr
ete
Lab
Conc.
Statio
n

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling , Sampling,

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2.1 Drilling , Sampling, and Description

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling

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2.1 Drilling,

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2.1 Drilling, Sampling, and Description

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2.1 Drilling, Sampling

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• Split Spoon Sampler (Barrel)

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• Split Spoon Sampler (Barrel) (S.S)

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• Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

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• Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

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• Shelby Tube Sampler

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• Shelby Tube Sampler

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• Single Core

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• Single Core

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2.1 Drilling, Sampling, Description
• Soil description
• Samples must be described in a
routine way, with each element of the
description having a fixed position
within the overall description:

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Examples
• Very stiff fissured dark grey CLAY
(London clay)
• Loose brown very sandy subangular
coarse GRAVEL with pockets of soft
grey clay

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• Rock Description
1. color;
2. grain size;
3. texture fabric and structure;
4. weathered state and alteration state where relevant;
5. minor lithological characteristics, including
cementation state where relevant;
6. ROCK NAME (in capitals);
7. estimated strength of the rock material; and
8. ther terms indicating special engineering
characteristics

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• Total core recovery (TCR)
• Solid core recovery (SCR)
• Rock quality designation (RQD)

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1
1 1

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2. Where?
Where
?
Soil
Drilling QC
Asphal
t
Concr
ete
Lab
Conc.
Statio
n

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2.2 Quality Control (Soil Tests)
• Sand Tests
o Sieve Analysis
o Direct Shear box
• Clay tests
o Water content
o Hydrometer
o Atterberg limits (Plastic limit – Liquid limit)
o Uni-axial Unconfined test
o Consolidation
• Rock tests
o Unconfined compressive strength
o Permeability
o Porosity
• Aggregates Tests
o Proctor
o California bearing ratio(CBR)

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• Sand Tests
oSieve Analysis (Soil classification
test)
o Direct Shear box

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• Clay tests
o Water content
o Hydrometer (Soil classification test)
o Atterberg limits (Plastic limit – Liquid
limit)
o Consolidation
o Swelling

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• Rock tests
o Permeability
o Porosity
o Proctor
o Los Angelou’s (Soundness)

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• Sand Tests
test)
o Direct Shear box

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2.2 Quality Control (Sand Tests)

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• Dry sieving is only suitable for sands
and gravels which do not contain any
clay.

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• Sand Tests
test)
o Direct Shear box

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• Direct shear test
• The direct shear test carried out in the
shear box apparatus; soil is cut to fit
tightly into a box which may be
rectangular or circular in plan and is
normally rectangular in elevation.

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• The box is constructed to allow
displacement along its horizontal
mid-plane, and the upper surface of
the soil is confined by a loading
platen through which normal stress
may be applied.

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• Shear load is applied to the lower
half of the box, the
• upper half being restrained by a
proving ring or load cell which is used
to record the shear load.
• The sample is not sealed in the shear
box; it is free to drain from its top
and bottom surfaces at all times

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2.2 Quality Control (Clay tests)
• Clay tests
o Water content
limit)
o Consolidation
o Swelling

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• Hydrometer: A hydrometer analysis is a
measurement method used to
determine soil particle size in a sample.
Hydrometer analysis is specifically for
soil particle sizes that are less than
approximately 0.75 mm in diameter.

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• Clay tests
o Water content
limit)
o Consolidation
o Swelling

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• Atterberg: Atterberg limits is a basic
measure of the critical water content of
fine-grained soils. These tests include
shrinkage limit, plastic limit, and liquid
limit,
• Depending on the water content of a
soil, it may appear in four states: solid,
semi-solid, plastic and liquid.

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• The Atterberg limit refers to the liquid limit
and plastic limit of soil.
• These two limits are used internationally for
soil identification, classification, and strength
correlations. When clay minerals are present
in fine-grained soil, the soil can be remolded
in the presence of some moisture without
crumbling. This cohesiveness is caused by
the adsorbed water surrounding the clay
particles.

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• At a very low moisture content, soil behaves
more like a solid; at a very high moisture
content, the soil and water may flow like a
liquid. Hence on an arbitrary basis,
depending on the moisture content, the
behavior of soil can be divided into the four
basic states shown in Figure 5-1: solid,
semisolid, plastic, and liquid.

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• This test method is used as an
integral part of several engineering
classification systems (USCS,
AASHTO, etc.) to characterize the
fine-grained fractions of soils and to
specify the fine-grained fraction of
construction materials.

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• The liquid limit, plastic limit, and
plasticity index of soils are also used
extensively, either individually or
with other soil properties to
correlate with engineering behavior
such as compressibility, hydraulic
conductivity (permeability), shrink-
swell, and shear strength.

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Liquid Limit test

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Plastic limit test

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The water content obtained is the
plastic limit.

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Shrinkage limit test

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• Clay tests
o Water content
limit)
o Consolidation
o Swelling

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• Uni-axial Unconfined test
• To determine the shear strength of a
soil

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• Clay tests
o Water content
limit)
o Consolidation
o Swelling

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• Rock tests
o Permeability
o Porosity

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2.2 Quality Control (Rock Tests)

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• Rock tests
o Permeability
o Porosity

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2.2 Quality Control (Aggregates Tests)
o Proctor

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o Proctor

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• Proctor Compaction test:
• The objective of this test is to determine
the maximum proctor density.
• This is a relationship between an
optimal moisture content and a
maximal proctor density of the soil.

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• The Proctor Compaction test is used to
determine the density of a soil sample
in order to determine the foundation
stability of the soil.

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• The test is conducted by achieving the
highest density for different moisture
content percentages, while applying a
certain amount of energy. This is called
the optimal moisture content.

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• The test can be conducted as a Normal
Proctor test or, with more stringent
requirements, a more arduous test. The
difference between the tests is the
amount of energy used.

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o Proctor

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• The California Bearing Ratio test (CBR):
• The C.B.R. is the proportional
percentage between the plunger
pressure with a certain penetration and
the necessary plunger pressure to
achieve the same penetration in a
standard sample of “crushed rock”,
which has an assumed C.B.R.-value of
100%.

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• The California Bearing Ratio test (CBR):
• The C.B.R. test provides information
about the load-bearing capacity of the
foundation (insitu field test) or of a
material (laboratory test). In the
Netherlands, the test is mainly used to
research the load-bearing capacity of
the soil on which a flexible road will be
built.

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2. Where?
Where
?
Soil
Drilling QC
Asphal
t
Concr
ete
Lab
Conc.
Statio
n

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Engineering geology
• Next time

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Agenda
1. Introduction
2. WHERE?
• Soil
o 3. Asphalt
• Concrete
o 4. Lab
4. References

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Reference
• Site Investigation, Second Edition, C. R. I. Clayton, M. C. Matthews and
N. E. Simons; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Surrey.
• https://www.engineeringcivil.com/

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