mechanism of hormones

1. Name
Irsa Babar 2020-ag-4345
Aiman Habib 2020-ag-4332
Usman 2020-ag-4314
M.Ahmad Maqsood 2020-ag-4370

2. THE HORMONES UNDERSTANDIND THEIR
MECHANISM AND IMPORTANCE
• EDU-516 TEACHING OF BIOLOGY
• B.ED 2ND SEMESTER
• PRESENTATION TOPIC HORMONES
• UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTRE FAISALABAD

3. Introduction to Hormones
• What are hormones?
• Hormones are chemicals that coordinate different functions in your body by carrying messages
through your blood to your organs, skin, muscles and other tissues.
• These signals tell your body what to do and when to do it. Hormones are essential for life and
your health.

4. • Introduction to Hormones
• Mechanism of Hormone Action
• Types of Hormones
• Importance of Hormones
• Factors Affecting Hormone Levels
• Conclusion

5. Hormones continue
• Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood, which carries them
to organs and tissues of the body to exert their functions. There are many types of hormones that
act on different aspects of bodily functions and processes. Some of these include:
• Development and growth
• Metabolism of food items
• Sexual function and reproductive growth and health
• Cognitive function and mood
• Maintenance of body temperature and thirst

6. Where are they secreted from?
Hormones are secreted from the endocrine glands in the body. The glands are ductless, so
hormones are secreted directly into the blood stream rather than by way of ducts. Some of the
major endocrine glands in the body include:
• Pituitary gland
• Pineal gland
• Thymus
• Thyroid
• Adrenal glands
• Pancreas
• Testes
• Ovaries

7. • These organs secrete hormone in microscopic amounts and it takes only very small amounts to
bring about major changes in the body. Even a very slight excess of hormone secretion can lead to
disease states, as can the slightest deficiency in a hormone

8. • Hormones and diseases
• Hormone disorders are diagnosed in the laboratory as well as by clinical appearance and features.
Laboratory tests can be used to test bodily fluids such as the blood, urine or saliva for hormone
abnormalities.

9. • In the case of hormone deficiency, a synthetic hormone replacement therapy may be used and in
cases of excess hormone production, medications may be used to curb the effects of the
hormone. For example, a person with an underactive thyroid gland or hypothyroidism may be
treated with synthetic thyroxine which can be taken in the form of a pill, while a person with an
overactive thyroid may be administered a drug such as propranolol to counteract the effects of
the excess thyroid hormone.
•

10. What do hormones do?
• Hormones are chemical messengers that affect and manage hundreds of bodily processes. Often,
a bodily process involves a chain reaction of several different hormones.
• Your body uses hormones for two types of communication. The first type is communication
between two endocrine glands: One gland releases a hormone, which stimulates another gland to
change the levels of hormones that it’s releasing. An example of this is the communication
between your pituitary gland and thyroid. Your pituitary gland releases thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH), which triggers your thyroid gland to release its hormones, which then affect
various aspects of your body.
• The second type of communication is between an endocrine gland and a target organ. An
example of this is when your pancreas releases insulin, which then acts on your muscles and liver
to help process glucose

11. Types of Hormones
• Your body uses hormones for two types of communication. The first type is
communication between two endocrine glands: One gland releases a hormone, which stimulates
another gland to change the levels of hormones that it’s releasing. An example of this is the
communication between your pituitary gland and thyroid. Your pituitary gland releases thyroid-
stimulating hormone (TSH), which triggers your thyroid gland to release its hormones, which then
affect various aspects of your body.
• The second type of communication is between an endocrine gland and a target organ.
An example of this is when your pancreas releases insulin, which then acts on your muscles and
liver to help process glucose

12. Mechanism of Hormone
• Mechanism of Hormone Action
• The mechanism of hormone action is grouped into two classes:
• Fixed membrane receptor mechanism
• Mobile receptor mechanism

13. • Fixed Membrane Receptor Mechanism
• This type of mechanism is shown by the water-soluble hormones that are amines or proteins in
composition such as the growth hormone, oxytocin, ADH, etc.
• These hormones can’t pass through the lipid membrane. They have their target receptor on the
cell membrane to which the hormone binds.
• When the hormone binds on the specific target receptor, the enzyme adenyl cyclase in the cell
membrane is activated. This helps in the production of cyclic AMP.
• cAMP acts as the secondary messenger. It diffuses through the cell membrane and activates
several enzymatic reactions to cause biochemical changes.
• The target cell responds to these changes and cAMP is deactivated by the enzyme
phosphodiesterase.

14. • Mobile Receptor Mechanism
• This type of mechanism is shown by lipid soluble hormones such as fatty acids and steroids that
can easily pass through the plasma membrane.
• They possess intracellular receptors. The hormones bind to the target receptor that activates the
enzymatic activity of the cell to bring about biochemical changes.
• Transcription of DNA is initiated by the hormone-receptor complex.
• The mRNA is translated into protein. This protein causes biochemical changes inside the cell.

15. Importance of Hormones
• If your body is producing too little or too much of a hormone, it can make you very ill and set you
up for a number of serious health problem.

16. Insulin
• The fat-storage hormone, insulin, is released by your pancreas and regulates many of your
metabolic processes. This hormone makes it possible for your organs, liver, and fat to absorb
glucose. If your body doesn’t generate enough insulin or if it isn’t using it well, blood sugar
accumulates and can set you up for diabetes.

17. Testosterone
• Testosterone is a sex hormone that’s manufactured in male testicles and female ovaries. It’s most
often associated with sex drive, but is also closely associated with muscle and bone mass and the
distribution of fat cells. Low levels of testosterone cause erectile dysfunction, low sex drive,
decreased semen production, loss of muscles and low bone density.

18. Cortisol
• Cortisol is the stress hormone. It’s a natural alert system to let you know when you’re
under duress. While it’s helpful when you need to be aware of imminent danger, consistently
high cortisol levels can lead to anxiety, weight gain, migraines, heart problems, irritability, brain
fog, and sleep disturbances

19. Factors That Contribute to Imbalanced Hormones
• Eating Disorders. ...
• Chemotherapy &Radiation. ...
• Iodine Deficiency. ...
• Abuse of Anabolic Steroids Medications. ...
• Being Overweight. ...
• Poor Diet and Nutrition. ...
• Chronic or Extreme Stress. ...
• Underactive and Overactive Thyroid

20. • Factors Affecting Hormone Levels
• Several factors can affect hormone levels in the body, including age,
gender, lifestyle, and environmental factors. As we age, our hormone
levels naturally decline, leading to changes in bodily functions such as
decreased bone density and muscle mass. Gender also plays a role in
hormone levels, with males having higher levels of testosterone and
females having higher levels of estrogen.

21. • Lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise can also affect hormone
levels. A diet high in sugar and processed foods can lead to insulin
resistance and hormonal imbalances, while regular exercise can help
regulate hormones and improve overall health. Environmental factors
such as exposure to toxins and pollutants can also disrupt hormone
levels and lead to health problems.

22. • Conclusion
• In conclusion, hormones are essential for maintaining overall health
and well-being. They regulate important physiological and emotional
processes and play a critical role in maintaining homeostasis in the
body. Understanding the mechanisms of hormone action and the
factors that affect hormone levels can help us make informed
decisions about our health and well-being.

23. • Further research into hormones and their role in various
health conditions can lead to new treatments and therapies that
improve quality of life and reduce the burden of disease.

24. • THANK YOU