Binder1.compressed

METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWINGS (
STATE CHINESE PENANG ASSOCIATION
槟城州華人公會

TAYLOR’S UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) IN ARCHITECTURE
ARC 1215 METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING
STATE CHINESE PENANG ASSOCIATION
GEORGE TOWN, PENANG
JANUARY 2016

DECLARATION
On behalf of all the group members of Group 10, I here by delcare that
this report submission under the assignment entitiled Methods of
Documentation and Measured Drawings to Dr. Nor Hayati, is a record of
an original work.
Location: State Chinese Penang Association
Address: 13, Jalan Perak, George Town, Penang
Tutor: Ar. Prince Favis Isip
Group Members:
Aaron Tan Weng Ming
Andrew Law Zi Hang
Calvin Suah Jake Ginn
Darshiini A/P Vigneshwaran Pillai
Egbert Chin HawHoong
Eunice Chan Yu Ming
Farah Akmal Binti Mohd Zamzuri
Izzat Abdul Muhaymin Bin Jafri
Lai Chi Mun
Lai Jia Yi
Lo Jia Woei
Loh Khai Jhung
Ng Ke Ning
Nicholas Lee Ngang Kim
Ong Eu Xuan
Schani Bharat A/L Balasubramaniam
Sim Jia Hui
Song Sung Ho
Tan Ree Han
Tang Pei Kei
Tan Wing Hoe
Ting Jin Rong
Too Mun Fai
Wong Carol
Yvonne Chin Yun Miin
0320504
0319050
0318788
0320386
0322100
0315978
0318545
0319333
0318269
0318214
0317742
0315662
0322400
0322670
0313324
0319359
0315115
0315729
0315884
0319437
0319463
0315957
0318585
0318908
0323015
2

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to express our deepest appreciation to all those who
provided us the possibility to complete this report. Aspecial gratitude we
would like to give to is our tutor, Ar. Prince Favis Isip, who contributed in
boosting suggestions and encouragement, helped us to coordinate our
project especially in writing this report.
We sincerely thank the committees of the State Chinese Penang
Association, the present President, Mr. Dato’ Tan Gin Soon, the Vice
President, Mrs. Lillian Tong, and the Secretary, Mr. Khaw Bak Kooi, for
giving us permission to do an interview upon the culture and history of
the building, and allowing us to document the information for the report.
On the other hand, we would like to express our thankfulness towards
the Municipal Council of Penang Island, the Town Planning and
Development Department, on helping us by providing some references
of the building of the State Chinese Penang Association. We would also
like to thank Mr. Micheal Cheah for sharing his background and
knowledge of Baba Nyonyas culture in Penang with us.
teammates,
I would also like to acknowledge with much gratitude the essential role
of the staff of School of Architecture, Building and Design, who has
given the permission to use all required equipment and the necessary
material to complete the task. Next, many thanks goes to our module
coodinator, Dr. Nor Hayati Hussain, who has invested full effort in
guiding everyone in achieving the goal. A special thanks goes to all the
teammates, who helped to assemble the parts and gave suggestion
about the task of Methods of Documentation and Measured Drawing.
Last but not least, we would like to thank the guidance given by other
tutors especially in our project presentation that has improved our
presentation skills, with the help of their comments and advices.
2

This report is dedicated to the
State Chinese Penang Association
Credits to Mr. Ch’ng Kiah Kiean

ABSTRACT
The State Chinese Penang Association (SCPA) is a heritage building,
formerly known as the Straits Chinese British Association (SCBA). It is
currently located at Jalan Perak, George Town, Penang. The building
has been standing for 96 years since the day the association was
founded in 1920, by the pioneer, Mr. Lim Eu Toh, who was voted as the
first President on December 3rd, 1920. The association building which
was originally a bungalow was sold to SCPA and they have attained
their own premises in 1988.
As the time passed, the pride and history of the association has slowly
faded away and became not well-known to the younger generations.
For that, we were chosen to conduct an exercise of documenting and
measuring the heritage building for the assignment Methods of
Documentation and Measured Drawings for our short semester
Practicum 1.
In a group of 25 students, we divided our work as according to our
respective teams to measure and collect information from the building
itself and local departments and people from that area. In the end, our
respective teams were able to produce a set of measured drawings, a
report, a video, a photobook and a physical model to show our
understanding towards our chosen building, at the same time promoting
their culture and raising awareness to the public.
30

list of ﬁgures
Research approach for the project
source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Interview with the President, Dato’ Tan Gin
Interview with the Vice President, Mrs. Lillian
On site group discussion on measurement and sketches
Group discussion at the hotel YMCA Penang
Work Phase
Work Phase
Group discussion with tutor
Group discussion at architectural studio
Photographer in action
Figure 1.1 :
Figure 1.2 :
Figure 1.3 :
Figure 1.4 :
Figure 1.5 :
Figure 1.6 :
Figure 1.7 :
Figure 1.8 :
Figure 1.9 :
Figure 1.10 :
research methodology

list of ﬁgures
Eye level image taken using the camera
ource: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Measurements done using measuring tape
Measured the building structure with 30-meter nylon measuring tape
The laser rangefinder is used to measure long range distance
wooden stick
The ladder used to climb to higher level
January Work Schedule
source: easuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
February Work Schedule
March Work Schedule
Figure 1.11 :
Figure 1.12 :
Figure 1.13 :
Figure 1.14 :
Figure 1.15 :
Figure 1.16 :
Figure 1.17 :
Figure 1.18 :
Figure 1.19 :

list of ﬁgures
Pulo Pinaom
source: http://www.penangmuseum.gov.my/museum/en/museum/historical-paintings
Statue of Francis Light
source: https://penangphotolog.wordpress.com/2012/09/26/founding-father/
Prince of Wales Island and hoisting of Union Jack
source: https://helenang.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/penangflag1.jpg
Fort Cornwallis
Penang Free Port
Map of Penang Island & Province Wellesley
source: https://pathannay.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/map-of-province-wellesley-and-penang-1906.jpg
British Straits Settlement Flag & Coat of arms
source: http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/my-str.html
http://datab.us/i/List%20of%20coats%20of%20arms%20used%20in%20Singapore
Glugor House & spice plantation
Penang Free School
source: http://www.penangmuseum.gov.my/museum/en/street_scenes
Town center electric farm
source: http://www.penangmuseum.gov.my/museum/en/street_scenes
Figure 2.1 :
Figure 2.2 :
Figure 2.3 :
Figure 2.4 :
Figure 2.5 :
Figure 2.6 :
Figure 2.7 :
Figure 2.8 :
Figure 2.9 :
Figure 2.10:
background of site: penang

list of ﬁgures
Map of Perak Road
source: https://www.google.com.my/maps/@5.4087608,100.2984887,14z?hl=en
SCPA Building at Perak Road
SCPA Building Compound
Location of the SCPA Building in George Town
Perak Road
Burma Street
Khaw Sim Bee Road
Chinese Recreation Club
source: Timothy Tye, http://www.penang-traveltips.com/thumbnails/chinese-recreational-club.jpg
Woodville
source: http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/8052209.jpg
Wawasan Open University
source: Mau Horng, 2008
Figure 2.11:
Figure 2.12 :
Figure 2.13 :
Figure 2.14 :
Figure 2.15 :
Figure 2.16 :
Figure 2.17 :
Figure 2.18 :
Figure 2.19 :
Figure 2.20:

list of ﬁgures
KFC on Jalan Larut
source: http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4144/5014208661_2a7effc2b8.jpg
Macalister Mansion
source: http://www.gopenang.my/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/macalister-mansion.jpg
SCPA Building
Neighboring building to the left of the SCPA Building
Neighboring building to the right of the SCPA Building
Figure 2.21:
Figure 2.22 :
Figure 2.23 :
Figure 2.24 :
Figure 2.25 :

list of ﬁgures
The State Penang Chinese Association building
Group photo of the committee members in the 1970s
Group photo of Management committe members in 1996 to 1998
The primary committee board
Mr. Lim Eu Toh
source: https://www.pccc.org.my/image/data/009%20010%20011%20Lim%20Eu%20Toh.jpg
The SCPA Golden Jubilee Dinner in year 1970
source: SCPA Handbook 2015
SCPA Modelling Competition in year 1973
Pot luck party at SCPA Jalan Bulcom in year 1984
Recipients of the SCPA Scholarship
SCPA anniversary celebration
Figure 3.1 :
Figure 3.2 :
Figure 3.3 :
Figure 3.4 :
Figure 3.5 :
Figure 3.6 :
Figure 3.7 :
Figure 3.8 :
Figure 3.9 :
Figure 3.10
historical background ofthe building: scpa

list of ﬁgures
Baba Nyonya Convention in Malacca in year 2001
SCPA Peranakan Festival in year 2005
Baba Nyonya Convention in Jakarta 2014
Exhibition in Khoo Kongsi 2015
SCPA Food Fair 2015
Baba Nyonya Convention in Singapore in year 2015
Figure 3.11 :
Figure 3.12 :
Figure 3.13 :
Figure 3.14 :
Figure 3.15 :
Figure 3.16 :
historical background ofthe building: scpa

list of ﬁgures
Building style of Straits Eclectic Style
source:
Straits Eclectic shophouses characteristics
Straits Eclectic shophouses characteristics
source:
Straits Eclectic bungalow characteristics
Group discussion at the hotel YMCA Penang
source:
Straits settlement states in Malaysia where the Peranakan colonial bungalows were widely built
source:
Anglo-Indian bungalow characteristics
Indo-Malay bungalow characteristics
source:
source:
Figure 4.1 :
Figure 4.2 :
Figure 4.3 :
Figure 4.4 :
Figure 4.5 :
Figure 4.6 :
Figure 4.7 :
Figure 4.8 :
Figure 4.9 :
Figure 4.10 :
architectural style and elements

list of ﬁgures
Location of elements on front elevation
Location of porch on ground floor plan
Front porch
Location of columns on ground floor plan
Types of columns in the building
Tuscan column
Ionic column
Location of verandahs on ground floor plan
Ground floor verandah
Location of verandahs on first floor plan
Figure 4.11 :
Figure 4.12 :
Figure 4.13 :
Figure 4.14 :
Figure 4.15 :
Figure 4.16 :
Figure 4.17 :
Figure 4.18 :
Figure 4.19 :
Figure 4.20 :

list of ﬁgures
DIamond and floral shaped air vents
Location of windows on ground floor plan
Examples of windows on ground floor
Location of windows on first floor plan
Examples of windows on first floor
Casement window #1
Casement window #2
Circular fixed windows
Iron work
Location of extension on plan
Figure 4.31 :
Figure 4.32 :
Figure 4.33 :
Figure 4.34 :
Figure 4.35 :
Figure 4.36 :
Figure 4.37 :
Figure 4.38 :
Figure 4.39 :
Figure 4.40 :

list of ﬁgures
Outdoor covered space
Courtyard
Location of restaurant on plan
Location of restaurant on plan
Figure 4.41 :
Figure 4.42 :
Figure 4.43 :
Figure 4.44 :

list of ﬁgures
Shape of the plan
source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 22 Feb 2016
Repetitive geometry on plan
Zoning of ground plan
Zoning of floor plan
Spaces on the ground floor
Front entrance
Main hall
Verandah
Back corridor
Courtyard
Figure 5.1 :
Figure 5.2 :
Figure 5.3 :
Figure 5.4 :
Figure 5.5 :
Figure 5.6 :
Figure 5.7 :
Figure 5.8 :
Figure 5.9 :
Figure 5.10 :
spatial organization

list of ﬁgures
Kitchen
Dining room
Office
Library
Corridor
Balcony
Ang Hoay Loh
Extended Courtyard
Privacy level within courtyard
Main hall
Figure 5.11 :
Figure 5.12 :
Figure 5.13 :
Figure 5.14 :
Figure 5.15 :
Figure 5.16 :
Figure 5.17 :
Figure 5.18 :
Figure 5.19 :
Figure 5.20 :

list of ﬁgures
Privacy level within main building
Meeting room
Secretary’s office
Privacy level on first floor
The SCPA Building
Compound
Location of corridor on main building ground plan
The corridor
Location of main hall and verandahs on main building ground plan
Main hall
Figure 5.21 :
Figure 5.22 :
Figure 5.23 :
Figure 5.24 :
Figure 5.25 :
Figure 5.26 :
Figure 5.27 :
Figure 5.28 :
Figure 5.29 :
Figure 5.30 :

list of ﬁgures
Location of kitchen, dining space and backyard on main building ground floor plan
Backyard area
Location of corridor and balcony on first floor plan
First floor corridor
Exterior windows
Moulded ornamentations
Front exterior
Arch from the kitchen
Roof
Main hall
Figure 5.31 :
Figure 5.32 :
Figure 5.33 :
Figure 5.34 :
Figure 5.35 :
Figure 5.36 :
Figure 5.37 :
Figure 5.38 :
Figure 5.39 :
Figure 5.40 :

list of ﬁgures
ncestral altar
ncestral altar
ooden staircase with grills
indow with tinted glass panels
indows and iron work
orridor
orridor
igure 5.41 :
igure 5.42 :
igure 5.43 :
igure 5.44 :
igure 5.45 :
igure 5.46 :
igure 5.47 :

list of ﬁgures
Oblique approach
The perspective view of the building when entering the premises
Corridor with doors located by its sides
Linear circulation shown in first floor plan
Location of staircase on ground floor plan
Wooden staircase
Projected entrance
Flush entrance
Windows on ground floor plan
Cross ventilation path
Figure 6.1 :
Figure 6.2 :
Figure 6.3 :
Figure 6.4 :
Figure 6.5 :
Figure 6.6 :
Figure 6.7 :
Figure 6.8 :
Figure 6.9 :
Figure 6.10 :
structural component

list of ﬁgures
Ornated floral air vent
Diamond shaped air vent
Mechanical systems used
Sun Path
Figure 6.11 :
Figure 6.12 :
Figure 6.13 :
Figure 6.14 :
structural component

list of ﬁgures
Use of reinforced concrete on site
Use of timber structure on site (roof structure)
Use of ceramic tiles on site
Use of wrought iron on site
Use of terracotta roof on site
Use of tinted translucent glass on site
Use of plaster on site
Brick wall construction
Installation of steel grills onto the window
Brick wall structure
Figure 7.1 :
Figure 7.2 :
Figure 7.3 :
Figure 7.4 :
Figure 7.5 :
Figure 7.6 :
Figure 7.7 :
Figure 7.8 :
Figure 7.9 :
Figure 7.10 :
materials & construction methods

list of ﬁgures
Added steel to the window on site
Replaced wooden windows
Figure 7.11 :
Figure 7.12 :

list of ﬁgures
Mold growth on column
Mold growth on exterior wall
Mold growth on ceiling
Water leaking through ceiling
Protruding reinforcement bar
Uneven ground level
Slanting window panes
Slanting window panes
Main hall door
Column plaster chipping
Figure 8.1 :
Figure 8.2 :
Figure 8.3 :
Figure 7.14 :
Figure 8.5 :
Figure 8.6 :
Figure 8.7 :
Figure 8.8 :
Figure 8.9 :
Figure 8.10 :
building defects

list of ﬁgures
Paint chipping and stains on pediment
Cracks formed between timber and tiled floors
Cracks formed on hardwood floor
Broken windows
Broken window frame
Figure 8.11 :
Figure 8.12 :
Figure 8.13 :
Figure 8.14 :
Figure 8.15 :
building defects

list of ﬁgures
roup photo (Group 10)
haracteristics of the SCPA Building
ource: SCPA Handbook 2015
irculation
entilation
ighting
igure 9.1 :
igure 9.2 :
igure 9.3 :
igure 9.4 :
igure 9.5:
igure 9.6
conclusion

table of content
declaration of submission
acknowledgement
list of ﬁgures
table of content
introduction: abstract
1- research methodology
2- background of site: penang
3- historical background of building: scpa
4- architectural style & elements
5- spatial organization
6- structural components
7- materials & construction
8- building defects
2
3
4-27
28-29
30
31-44
45-57
58-63
64-87
88-111
112-121
122-129
130-137

table of content
discussion + conclusion
photobook
glossary
references
appendix
138-145
146-196
197-198

The aim of this module is to help us develop an understanding of the
fundamental building preservation and the practice of recording it by
using the documentation methods.
Outcomes of this module are the collection of measured drawings with
plans, sections, elevations, construction details and axonometric views,
along with a report that documents the historical and architectural infor-
mation of the building. Nonetheless, an introductory video of the build-
ing is to be produced for the videography documentation purpose.
1.1 aims & objectives
The objective of the module is arranged to introduce the methods of
documenting historical structures of the building so that we can
preserve a definite record. Other than that, it is designed for us to
produce basic preparation of measured drawings of the chosen building
to prescribed standard.
aims
objectives
learning outcomes
31

1.2 research approach
Figure 1.1: Research approach for the project
Data
Collection
Site
Survey
Measuring
Analysis
Drawings,
Documents,
Report
In this chapter the research methodology used in the study is
described. The concepts and theories which underlie the methods are
included. The instrument used to collect the data, including methods
implemented to maintain accuracy and reliability of the instrument, are
introduction
research approach
This project introduced us to the research methods and documentation
of various information about heritage building, either through measured
drawings, interviews, visual, discoveries and etc. Hence, assigning us
with medium complexity site training is best for developing critical
thinking and other self-achievement skills.
Planning and timeframe have been designed to meet the learning
essions within 8 weeks. All arrangements were also planned and made
prior the site visit. Based on the research approach shown (Figure
1.2.1) jobs are distributed among the 25 members in the team.
32

Figure 1.2: Work distribution diagram
Scopes of Work (On Site)
Group A (Plan & Details)
Coordinator
CAD Manager
Members
Report Team
Report Team
Video Team
CAD Team Modelling Team
Eu Xuan
Loh Khai Jhung
Calvin Suah
Carol Wong
Andrew
Eunice Chan
Jack Too
Ng Ke Ning
Group B (Section & Elevation)
Coordinator
CAD Manager
Members
Lai Chi Mun
Lancelot Ting
Sim Jia Hui
Izzat
Schani
Jonathan Lo
Nicholas Lee
Aaron Tan
Pei Kei
Song Sung Ho
Members MembersYvonne Chin
Tan Ree Han
Darshiini
Egbert
Ray Tan
Farah Akmal
Measurement Team
Scopes of Work (Off Site)
Tutor
Leader
Ar. Prince favis Isip
Lai Jia Yi
Lancelot Ting
Loh Khai Jhung
Sim Jia Hui
Tang Pei Kei
Nicholas Lee
Lai Jia Yi
Eunice Chan
Calvin Suah
Lai Chi Mun
Yvonne Chin
Tan Ree Han
Eu Xuan
Darshiini
Carol Wong
Schani
Aaron Tan
Farah Akmal
Jack Too
Jonathan Lo
Ng Ke Ning
Song Sung Ho
Izzat
Andrew
Egbert
Tutor
Leader
Ar. Prince favis Isip
Lai Jia Yi
1.2 research approach
33

Organizing for this 8 weeks, we separated this project into three
phases; the theoretical, the field work and the report CAD drawing and
model preparation. For first 3 weeks, we have been thought for
theoretical matters, which this including the theory parts of the site
survey. Besides that, we had Auto CAD software learning session. In
the same time, we started collect data about our building.
Moving to the next phase, we were exposed to the fieldwork. During the
fieldwork, each group were measuring their assigned area. Different
equipment and instruments were used to measure the building and
sketches been made to detail out every unique parts of the building.
Obstacles occurred and we used creativity thinking and on-site
discussion were made to solve the problems. Meanwhile, the report
team interview the people in charge of this building and collect data
from local authorities. Video group also started filming and editing the
video.
Figure 1.3: Interview with the President, Dato’ Tan Gin
Figure 1.4: Interview with the Vice President, Mrs. Lillian
1.3 working progress
34

Figure 1.6 Group discussion at the hotel YMCA Penang
Figure 1.5: On site group discussion on measurement and sketches
This is the working progress on site and off site. The measurement
team recorded the dimensions of the building structure by sketches.
Different colours are used in the sketch for better reference in future
discussion.
Group discussion was held in the hotel lobby of YMCAPenang upon the
information gathered at the site. The members gave suggestions and
helped each other on the measurements and data collection.
35

Figure 1.9: Group discussion at Architecture Studio
Figure 1.8: Group discussion with the tutor
The final phase is when we came back from the site. We formed new
groups according to the diagram prepared in Figure 1.2.2. Once
everything has been gathered, all the data then were processed. From
the on site sketches, digital drawings which are plans, elevations,
sections and 3D digital model were produced, likewise from raw
interview details to a history report were made and validate the
accuracy of the history. Report was made based on our findings and
observations. Finally, the model of the building was built when most of
the issues were solved. The production took place in the studio where
we meet up to discuss issues on related problems.
Figure 1.7: Work Phase
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Course introduction
3 weeks lecture session
AutoCAD learning session
Gather data
1 week of survey works
1 week of data collection from local
authorities/interview session with building owner
1 week of building measuring
4 weeks of report preparation
4 weeks of digital drawings of the building preparation
2 weeks of model preparation
1 week of video preparation
36

Figure 1.11: Eye level image taken using the camera
Figure 1.10: Photographer in action
We are required to fulfill our fieldwork through data collection, on-site
investigation and measurement. Measurement of the building were
carried out for five days from 25th of January to 29th of January. We
used different equipment and instruments to help with our on-site
measurement.
Cameras were brought to take pictures of the building for report and
documentation purpose so that we could use the pictures as reference.
Besides, camera was necessary to fil the building because we were
required to submit a video based on our site. For details or
ornamentations that are too complicated, we took eye level images of it
and traced them using the AutoCAD SPLINE tool.
equipmentand instruments used
camera
37

Figure 1.12: Measurements done using measuring tape
It was the most general tool that we used on site. Everyone of us
brought our own measuring tape range from 3m to 8m. To measure
length, distance or height of any elements or component of the building.
It was usually used with a ruler to ensure that we get the most accurate
measurement.
measuring tape
38

Figure 1.14: The laser rangefinder is used to measure long range
distance
Figure 1.13: Measured the building structure with 30-meter nylon
measuring tape
The 30-meter nylon measuring tape is used to ensure curved surface
such as columns, arches, curvy ornamentation and long distance (wall
boundary) due to its flexibility. One unit of the tool was rented from our
university.
This used to measure the height or distance that is not easily reached
such as height or length of roof trust. It is also used to measure extreme
length with lesser effort compared to normal measuring tape. We rented
two of this tool from our university before we depart to the fieldwork.
30 meter nylon measuring tape
laser rangeﬁnder
39

Figure 1.16: The ladder used to climb to higher levelFigure 1.15: A wooden stick
diywooden stick
To measure narrow area which we unable to reach. To measure narrow
area we were unable to reach. Measurements were marked on the stick
so that actual length could be taken using measuring tape.
The ladder that was brought by our teammate was used to reach to the
higher area such as ceiling, roof ornamentations, second floor external
façade and details (refer to Figure 1.2.18).
ladder
40

1.3 research methods
ﬁrst hand resources:
interviews
second hand resources:
book references
internet resources
organization
These are the general ways we have gathered information on Penang
heritages and cultural background.
We have done a few interviews with the committee members of the
State Chinese Penang Association, which are the President, Mr. Dato’
Tan Gin Soon, the Vice President, Mrs. Lillian Tong, and the Secretary,
mr. Khaw Bak Kooi, for the background of the association and what was
their intention in the future. We also interviewed Mr. Micheal Cheah,
who sincerely shared his knowledge of the peranakan culture in
Penang.
We have found books in our university library that is helpful in our
research. Other than books, there are also dissertations that are about
Penang as a reference on how people did their research. Instead, we
also went to the National Archive and National Library to retrieve
information of Penang heritages.
The internet is a fascinating invention that helped us find information
that we were looking for when there is not much information found with
just books. We have found several internet resources that is relevant in
our research.
We also went to get some help from the Penang Island City Council on
the information that we required about the association.
41

A monthly work schedule was made to record the working progress of
the group and plan for the next task to be distributed to the members.
Figure 1.17: January Work Schedule
1.4 MONTHLYWORK SCHEDULE
42

Figure 1.18: February Work Schedule
43

Figure 1.19 March Work Schedule
44

2.1 history of george town,
penang
Penang was an uninhabited island discovered by early 16th century
Portugese traders. During that peroid, this small island was a place for
them to replenish fresh water supplies in lang journey to the Far East in
search for spices. This island was dubbed ‘Pulo Pinaom’.
Figure 2.1: Pulo Pinaom
The island is situated in a strategic loaction, at the northern entry of the
Straits of Melaka. It is thus became a natural harbour during the
monsoon months for Arabian, Chinese, European and Indian ships.
Inevitably, it became a hunting ground for pirates and marauders.
In the 17th century, Penang was part of the Kedah Sultanate. In 1771,
Captain Francis Light was offered the island of Penang from the Sultan
of Kedah in return for protection from the Siamese and Burmese armies
who were constantly threatening Kedah. This treaty never materialised
as Francis Light's superiors refused to offer any aid.
In 1786, Francis Light acted as a mediator in securing Penang from
Sultan Abdullah of Kedah in return for a guarantee of British protection
from his enemies. The Sultan of Kedah was not aware that Light had
acted without the authorization of his superiors when making the deal.
Figure 2.2: Statue of Francis Light
46

penang
Light first arrive in Penang on July 17, 1786, at an area now known as
the Esplanade. On August 11, 1786, the Union Jack was hoisted as
Captain Francis Light, known as founder of Penang officially took
possession of the island for the Crown. The island was named "The
Prince of Wales Island” as the procurement date coincide on the
prince’s birthday. The settlement in the Eastern Cape of the island was
known as Georgetown named after the King of England, George III.
Figure 2.3: Prince of Wales Island & hoisting of Union Jack
Prai (Province Wellesley) to reclaim Penang Island but was defeated by
Captain Francis Light. The following year, Sultan Abdullah signed a
treaty with the British, officially handing over Penang Island to the
British. The Sultan of Kedah was paid 6,000 Spanish dollars
annually as part of the treaty. Captain Francis Light was appointed
Superintendent of Prince of Wales Island.
The first settlement in Penang was at the present Esplanade area. At
that time it was a swampy, malaria infected area. Fort Cornwallis, the
island’s main defense was located at the same area (Figure 2.1.4).
Light devised a plan to fire silver dollars using the ship’s cannons into
the wilderness in order to expedite clearing of thick undergrowth around
that area.
n 1790, the Company failed to provide military assistance when Kedah
was assaulted by Siam, Sultan Abdullah formed an army to dispose of
the Dutch and English. The Sultan assembled his men at Seberang Figure 2.4: Fort Conwallis
47

penang
The named George Town was bestowed upon the township, after King
George III of Britain. Four original streets of George Town - Beach
Street, Light Street, Pitt Street and Chulia Street were formed, all of
which still serves as the primary avenues of the current city.
When Light first took control over the island, there were less than 1,000
Malay fishermen living on the island. Penang was introduced as a free
port in order to attract traders and encourage settlers. As an incentive,
new comers are allowed to claim as much land as they could clear.
Captain Light's term as the first Superintendent of the Prince of Wales
Island ended in 1794. He died of Malaria on October 21, 1794 at the
age of 54 and was buried at the Protestant cemetery at the end of
Northam Road (now known as Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah).
Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Wellesley arrived in Penang as a
replacement for Captain Light to oversee the defenses of the island. In
1800, Lieutenant-Governor Sir George Leith secured a strip of land
across the channel from the island and named it Province Wellesley
(Seberang Prai). This gave Penang control over the harbour and
resources from the mainland. After the acquisition of Province Wellesly,
the annual payment to Sultan of Kedah was increased to 10,000.
Figure 2.6: Map of Penang Island & Province WellesleyFigure 2.5: Penang free port
48

penang
In 1805, Penang was elevated from a colonial status to that of a
Residency. A new Governor, the honourable Philip Dundas was
appointed into office. His assistant secretary was Thomas Stamford
Raffles, future founder of Singapore in 1819. In 1832, under the British
administration in India, the Straits Settlements comprising the states of
Malacca, Singapore and Penang was formed. Penang became its
capital but in 1935 Singapore took over as capital of the Straits
Settlements.
a hub of traders. European planters and Chinese head businessmen
profited in the plantations and mines in other northern states but built
their properties in George Town just be near to their businesses. When
the community starts to grow, they saw the need of education to further
their businesses, especially the English language, thus sending their
children to school in the city.
Figure 2.9: Penang Free School
Figure 2.7: Biritish Straits Settlement Flag & Coat of arms
Towards the end of the 19th century, Penang’s trade economy was
booming as the Industrial Revolution in Britain created a relentless
demand for natural resources and spices. Plus, rich deposits of tin from
neighbouring states created an influx of traders and businesses.
Trading of various resources contibuted to this economic uprise. In time,
Penang’s property attracted settlers from various parts of the globe,
especially those from Europe, China and India, as Penang has became
Figure 2.8: Glugor House & spice plantation
49

penang
In 1905, the first hydro-electric plan in Penang was completed,
providing the island with the first electricity. The following year, the first
electric tramway in Penang began operations. By mid 20th century,
manual transportation such as rickshaws, bullock carts and horse-carts
gradually disappeared from the roads of Penang.
By the 1930s, Penang had turned into a bustling port with sea liners and
coastal steamers docking at Swettenham Pier or mooring in the waters
of the channel. Penang became an entertainment centre, with cabarets,
cinemas, amusement parks and gambling establishments.
When Wall Street crashed, the economy of Penang suffered badly. The
Second World War broke out on December 8, 1941 before Penang
could recover from the depression. Penang was atacked by the
Japanese while the British fled to Singapore living the island
defenceless. The general populationof Penang lived in fear and fled to
the inner parts of the island to escape the ruthless Japanese army. The
days of the Japanese Kempettai were the days of horror, torture and
executions.
On September 4, 1945, the Japanese surrendered to the British
Forces. Remarkably, many of George Town’s historic building were
undamaged by the allied bombings.
After World War II, the Straight Settlements were dissolved and Penang
became part of Malayan Union, later Federation of Malaya in 1948.
Malaya gained independence in August 31, 1957 and Penang being
one of it’s 13 states. Penang was formally known as Negeri Pulau
Pinang. Plus,George Town, which maintained the oldest municipal
history in the country, was accorded City status by Queen Elizabeth II
on 1st January 1957.
Figure 2.10: Town center electric farm
50

2.2 perak road
Perak Road is one of the longest street in George Town,
Penang. It acts as the first ring road of the city. George Town's one-way
road system has fragmented Perak Road into various parts, some of
which today are one-way streets.
On its long course through the city, Perak Road passes from
the working class neighbourhoods to the south, through the Malay
settlements in the middle, and then to the affluent neighbourhoods to
the north. Our site State Penang Chinses Association (SCPA) is located
at the end and top of Perak Road in the affluent district.
Figure 2.11: Map of Perak Road
Figure 2.12: SCPA Building at Perak Road
Figure 2.13: SCPA Building compound
51

2.3 genius loci
site location
George Town that embraces modernity while retaining its colonial
traditions, has developed over 500 years of trading and cultural
exchanges between East and West in the Straits of Malacca. It features
both residential and commercial buildings, as well as represents the
British era from the end of 18th century. (UNESCO, 2008)
The city known as home to many British colonial buildings of the Straits
Chinese, houses the SCPA building that is located up north of
Georgetown. Like many colonial buildings of George Town, the SCPA
building radiates elegance from the east, with terracotta roof and
Plastered columns that grace the main entrance to the building.
Figure 2.12: Location of the SCPA Building in George Town Figure 2.13: Perak Road
The State Chinese Penang Association building is located on Perak
Road, one of the longest streets in Georgetown. It acts as the first ring
road of the city. Georgetown's one-way road system has fragmented
Perak Road into many parts, some of which are today one-way streets.
On Perak Road's long course through the city, it passes from the
working class neighborhoods to the south, through the Malay
settlements in the middle, and then to the affluent neighborhoods to the
north, where the State Chinese Penang Association building is located.
52

2.3 genius loci
streetscapes
Burma Street, located off Perak Street (approximately 200m from the
SCPA building), shows the peculiar idiosyncrasy and characteristics of
Straits Chinese Peranakan architectural style.
Red terracotta roofs and rectangular transoms. The peranakan culture
left a huge influence on architecture of George Town.
Figure 2.14: Burma Street
Figure 2.15: Khaw Sim Bee Road
The Kaw Sim Bee road (located less than 100m away from the SCPA
building), houses several other British colonial buildings from the
colonial era, mostly from the early 1900s.
53

2.3 genius loci
architecture
(within 200m radius)
The SCPA Building, located north of Georgetown, amongst rich
neighborhoods of Penang. Georgetown, which exemplifies the
country's colonial past and mixed-heritage future, houses buildings of
all types; idiosyncratic Chinese shop lots, narrow roads, old-fashioned
colonial-era mansions, clan houses, numerous schools and ornate
temples.
Several prominent buildings (some of the similar British colonial
building style) within 200 meter radius of the SCPA building include: Figure 2.19: Woodville
Figure 2.18: The Chinese Recreation Club Figure 2.20: Wawasan Open University
54

2.3 genius loci
architecture
(within 200m radius)
Figure 2.19: KFC on Jalan Larut
Figure 2.20: Macalister Mansion
Many of these colonial buildings on George Town used to be mansions
that belong to the affluent residents of Penang.
Many were transformed and refurbished into buildings of different
purposes. For instance, Disted-Stamford College and Wawasan Open
University was once the residence to Yeap Chor Ee, who ended up
donating his grounds for educational purposes.
Macalister Mansion has been renovated and turned into a high-end
hotel, while one of the colonial bungalows on Jalan Larut has been
transformed into a Kentucky Fried Chicken outlet.
55

2.3 genius loci
immediate neighboring buildings
Figure 2.23: SCPA Building
Throughout our investigation we have identify many characteristics in
our chosen structure which includes structural elements such as
masonry structure with plaster decor, continuous rows of windows and
a symmetrical form, which are shared amongst other buildings in the
near vicinity. These are all due to the cultural links which all these
places share.
Figure 2.24: Neighboring building to the left of the SCPA Building
Figure 2.25: Neighboring building to the right of the SCPA Building
56

2.3 genius loci
imediate neighboring building
he Penang Chr
PCC is a charismatic church along Khaw Sim Bee Road in Penang. It
traces its history back to 1981, when the first service was held in the hall
of the Penang Chinese Girls' school, attended by 15 believers. It was
recognised as a Home Mission Church by the Assemblies of God,
Malaysia, on 1 February, 1982. Services were held at Rasa Sayang
otel and Dewan Sri Pinang.
In 1987, the Penang Christian Centre started its Hokkien worship
service. The youth ministry was also started at the end of that same
year catering to secondary school students. In 1989, the church
purchased the 6th floor of Canton Square, holding its first service there
he following year.
Figure 2.24: The SCPA compound
57

3.1 historical background
historical background of building:
state chinese penang association
Back in the 15th and 16th centuries, despite staying within the confines
of their own community to practice their own culture, these Peranakan
descendants co-existed with the dominant races peacefully. They have
a strong bond, and their fraternity is worthy of mention in Penang
history.
In the year 1920, on the 3rd December, a handful of Straits Chinese
decided to form an association to protect their interests due to them
being mainly English educated, and spoke a spattering of Chinese
dialects and Malay words. This decision heralds in the birth of The State
Chinese Penang Association which has been active for the past 97
years.
The association started up with only a handful of members. Applicants
for membership into the association had to prove their Baba Nyonya
lineage. The activities organized by the association were very modest
and were purely for interaction with members and to catch up on the
latest news. But throughout these years, the members of the
association increased. They organize bigger events, and ocassionally
invite outsiders to attend and participate in their activities.
Figure 3.1: The State Chinese Penang Association building
The State Chinese (Penang) Association was made up of descendants
of the Chinese migrants who ventured over to Malaya to seek their
fortune for a better life from their motherland, China. Throughout these
years, through intermarriages with the locals and assimilations into the
local community, they adopted a fusion of languages, food, culture,
mannerism. Being neither Chinese nor Malay, the descendants were
aptly called Baba and Nyonya, the monikers then given to them by the
local community to describe their identity.
58

3.1 historical background
The association started up with only a handful of members. Applicants
for membership into the association had to prove their Baba Nyonya
lineage. The activities organized by the association were very modest
and were purely for interaction with members and to catch up on the
latest news. But throughout these years, more members were
recruited, and bigger events and programmes were held. They would
ocassionally invite outsiders to attend and participate in their activities.
The State Chinese Penang Association has flourished steadily and
successfully to uphold the Baba Nyonya heritage, culture and
traditions. They continue to recruit more members from Penang, as well
as organize more events regarding the Peranakan heritage to retain
and preserve the Peranakan culture.
Figure 3.2: Group photo of the committee members in the 1970s.
Figure 3.3: Group photo of Management Committee members 1996-1998
59

3.2 founder
The association was formerly known as the Straits Chinese British
Association (SCBA), Penang.
The SCBA was founding in 1920, with Lim Eu Toh as the first president,
who was elected on 3rd December 1920. The SCBA finally acquired its
own premises in 1988 at 13, Perak Road in Penang until now.
Figure 3.4: The primary founders and the committee board
Lim Eu Toh was born a Penang Hokkien in year 1872. Straits-born and
English-educated, he was educated in Penang Free School and St.
Xavier’s Institution, then became an established businessman. Apart
from the SCBA, he also served as the president of the Penang Chinese
Chamber of Commerce.
Figure 3.5: Mr. Lim Eu Toh
60

3.3 intension in the past
Soon after its establishment, the association became more
sophisticated and as an added attraction to the members with
diversified interests, many other activities and events were held.
Figure 3.5: The SCPA Golden Jubilee Dinner in year 1970.
Figure 3.6: SCPA Modeling competition in year 1973.
Figure 3.7: Pot luck at the SCPA Jalan Bulcom in year 1984.
61

3.3 intension in the past
Figure 3.9: Recipients of the SCPA Scholarship Figure 3.11: Baba Nyonya Convention in Malacca in year 2001.
Figure 3.10: SCPA Anniversary celebrations in year 1986 Figure 3.12: SCPA Peranakan Festival in year 2005.
62

3.4 recent events
Figure 3.13 Baba Nyonya Convention in Jakarta 2014 Figure 3.15: SCPA Food Fair 2015
Figure 3.14: Exhibition at Khoo Kongsi 2015 Figure 3.16: Baba Nyonya Convention in Singapore 2015
63

4.1 architectural style
straits eclectic style
Figure 4.1: Building Types of Straits Eclectic Style
During the Dutch and British colonisation, the Peranakan Cina began to
embrace the European style and allied themselves with the foreigners.
This style combines Eastern and Western elements which in the early
20th century introduced ceramic artwork and elaborate plaster
renderings.
Such architecture include shophouses, temples, clan or association
buildings, villas or bungalows.
These Peranakan Cina came to be identified as an urban white-collar
community with high social class noble lifestyle and living in colonial
bungalows or verandahed Anglo-Indian villas. Those who are into
business live in highly decorated shophouses of the Straits Eclectic
Style.
These types of buildings relect more significantly on the social life of the
Peranakan Cina in Malaysia. Thus,the number of shophouses and
bungalows is greater compared to the Chinese temples and association
or clan buildings.
architectural style & elements
65

Shophouses began to adopt Western architectural styles with an
emphasis on full length French windows with a pair of full-length timber
shutters, an arched or rectangular transom over the window opening,
pilasters of classical orders; and plaster renderings.
Reinforced concrete used in the early 1900s to allow wider roof
overhangs and more elaborate brackets which sprung from above the
pilasters.
Unlike the early and traditional shophouses which have a continuous
row of windows, the Strait Eclectic style developed with the breaking of
the facade into two or three moulded openings. Such style became
popular among the Peranakan Cina community in Penang.
Some shophouses are heavily decorated with plaster renderings. In
addition, some of the window or door panels were beautifully carved.
These decorations reflect not only wealth of the owners or tenants, but
also their status or position in the local community.
straits eclectic style:
shophouses
Figure 4.2: Straits Eclectic Shophouses characteristics
66

shophouses
Figure 4.3: Straits Eclectic Shophouses characteristics
One of the main differences between a Peranakan Cina shophouse and
a pure Chinese shophouse is the presence of these highly intricate
ornaments and carvings.
The Peranakan Cina shophouses reached its richest phase with the
addition of coloured tiles on either walls or floors. These ceramic tiles
are usually placed on walls below the front windows on the ground floor
facing the street. Flowers and geometrical designs are usually painted
on the tiles.
Furthermore, colored floor tiles made of terra-cotta are commonly seen
in the Straits Eclectic style.
67

bungalows
Figure 4.4: Straits Eclectic Bungalow elements and characteristics
During the golden age of the Peranakan Cina in Penang, most were
westernised and many preferred living in European-style villas or
colonial bungalows.
Generally, a colonial bungalow is a two-storey residential building which
expresses the Western and local architectural traditions modified by the
use of local methods of building construction and building materials.
These buildings often respond. to the local climate.
This can be seen from the introduction of verandah (balcony), front
porch, internal courtyard, ventilation grilles, big openings and high
ceilings. The term bungalow was originated in the 17th Century Bengal
of India which means indigenous hut or bangala, which was constructed
of mud-walled structure raised a foot or two above the ground,
enclosing by a verandah and with a roof curved at the ridge.
The Europeans, mostly the British adapted the bangala hut and
modified it to suit their needs by adding more bedrooms and bathrooms
but retaining the front and rear verandahs for natural ventilation.
68

Bungalows
Figure 4.5: Straits Eclectic Bungalow characteristics
These bungalows are usually distinguishable from the European
residences in terms of their architectural details and uses of the internal
spaces reflecting the social customs. For example, the sign hung above
the entrance door, security bars to windows, and the pintu pagar or
ence door. The size and number of rooms are also distinguished.
Some of these bungalows have internal courtyards, stables, circular
riveways, ample gardens and servants' quarters.
The upper floors were usually constructed of timber including Chengal
and Jati while the ground floors were made of either brick, concrete or
cement finished with red Malacca clay floor tiles. In some bungalows,
arble slabs or patterned mosaic tiles were laid.
Walls were made of brick were rendered with lime plaster prior to
lime-wash painting of white, pale yellow or light green colour. Before
reinforced concrete was introduced, many bungalows had timber
staircases with timber handrails and cast-iron or timber balustrades.
Balusters of green glazed earthenware were usually found on the first
loor verandahs.
69

4.2 architectural styles comparison
Figure 4.6: Straits settlement states in Malaysia where the Peranakan
colonial bungalows were widely built
Colonial bungalows or villas were built in many parts of the British
Empire including India, Jamaica, Australia, Singapore and Malaysia.
These buildings combined the architectural styles of the Anglo-Indian,
Straits Eclectic and Malay. The architectural styles, grandiose scale,
decorative building elements and lavish interiors of the bungalows
became very much the distinctive characteristics of the rich and elite
Straits Chinese communities including the Peranakan Cina.
In the early 1900, some of the Straits Chinese elite gave up living in
their shophouses and moved in to these ostentatious bungalows.
anglo-indian style
70

Figure 4.7: Anglo-Indian bungalow characteristics Figure 4.8: Indo-Malay bungalow characteristics
Anglo-Indian bungalows were prevalent in George Town from the 18th
to the 19th century. They concur with a period when the South Indian
community had a dominant presence in the settlement before it was
gradually eroded by the increasing influence of the ethnic Chinese.
Some of its characteristics and distinct elements made it into the Straits
Eclectic style.
anglo-indian style
Indo-Malay bungalows used to be homes of the Malay elites in George
Town, and as of today, many were demolished and are seldom seen in
Penang.
In the 20th century, certain elements are incorporated into the Straits
Eclectic style, which the SCPA Building eventually adapted.
indo malay style
71

The SCPA Building, adapted certain spaces and their planning from the
Chinese architecture into the building.
The use of courtyard and the spatial planning of spaces such as the
large main hall, courtyard, kitchen and dining room. Some of these are
heavily influenced by Feng Shui.
chinese temple style
The SCPA Building, despite its function of using it to preserve the local
Straits Chinese community, its building is slightly westernized, adpating
certain styles of the European architectural style.
Its layout within the building, on both floors are based on European
buildings, as well as the use of portico and car way by the entrance of
the building.
western style
72

4.3 architectural elements
Figure 4.11: Location of elements on front elevation
The SCPA Building is a British colonial bungalow of Straits Eclectic
style. Its architectural elements are fairly distinguishable.
Some of its most significant elements that represent its architectural
style and the Peranakan culture would be its projecting porches,
classical columns, high ceilings, verandahs, French windows and
short-ridged hipped roofs.
73

front porch
Figure 4.12: Location of porch on ground floor plan Figure 4.13: Front porch
The front porch of the building is located by the main projected entrance
of the building. It has a roof over the porch, with a wide verandah sitting
on top of it. The roof is supported by square and ionic columns.
74

columns
Figure 4.14: Location of columns on ground floor plan
Figure 4.15: Types of columns in the building
There are two kinds of columns, square columns used throughout the
building, and cylindrical classical order used only for the front porch of
the building.
The building is partially influenced by the European style. The cylindri-
cal columns located by the front porch are of ionic and square tuscan
order. These columns are decorated with lime moulding, broken by a
stringcourse to emphasize the first floor and roof lines.
On the other hand, the square columns are widely used throughout the
entire building. It is used as a main support for the whole structure,
providing support between walls.
75

columns
Figure 4.16:
Squar tuscan column
These square columns is used throughout the entire
building. It is used for support, with walls built by its
side to form the structure of the building.
Figure 4.17:
Ionic column
These ionic columns with square Tuscan base are
located on the front porch. They are decorated with
volutes and flutings.
76

ground ﬂoorverandah
Figure 4.18: Location of verandahs on ground floor plan
Figure 4.19: Ground floor verandah
Small verandahs are located at both side of the main hall. These
roofed, open-air porch is enclosed with ornamentated, molded plaster
railings that extend across the front and sides of the structure.
77

ﬁrst ﬂoorverandah
Figure 4.20: Location of verandahs on first floor plan
Figure 4.21: First floor verandah
A wide, spacious verandah sits right atop of the front porch of the front
porch of the building. It is located at the end of the first floor corridor,
and has French windows with shutters lining its three sides.
78

ﬂoortiles
Figure 4.22 Floor tiles of choice for each space on ground floor plan
Figure 4.23: Timber flooring
Figure 4.24: Ceramic floor tiles
Two different types of flooring is used. Originally paved with the ceramic
floor tiles, the floor of the main hall is then replaced with timber floor.
The main hall is often used for dancing activities. Due to the original
ceramic tiles being too slippery to dance on, they were replaced by
wooden flooring. They are arranged in a Herringbone pattern,
zig-zagging, creating a dynamic effect.
The corridor, verandahs and the tiny store room located by the side of
the main hall, are paved with these patterned ceramic floor tiles.
Nyonya tiles often include geometric shapes and quirky colors. These
tiles paved some of the columns too.
79

ﬂoortiles
Figure 4.25:
Herringbone timber tiles
Figure 4.26:
Peranakan ceramic tiles
Figure 4.27:
Running-bond timber tiles
These timber tiles replaced the original
ceramic tiles in the main hall.
They are arranged in a zig-zag pattern,
resembling the bones of a fish. The main
hall is widely used for dancing, and its
material works better for the dance floor.
These timber tiles are used most on the
first floor of the building, from the corridor
to the administration rooms.
They are arranged in an alternating
stretch, in a basic running bond pattern.
These tiles were the original tiles
throughout the building.
Peranakan style tiles usually consist of
floral, fruits, geometrical, mythological
creatures. These patterned tiles are
colorful and exotic.
80

staircase
Figure 4.28 Location of staircase on ground plan
Figure 4.29: Wooden staircase & ballusters
The one staircase in the building is located by the end of the long and
narrow corridor. It is a dog-legged staircase, two flights of stairs running
in opposite directions, with a mid-landing halfway.
The wooden staircase has handrail and ballustrades with little
ornamentation. It has a simple and elegant design, but striking visual
impact due to the sleek surface.
Its design matches with the ambience of the building.
81

Airvents
Figure 4.30: Floral-shaped vent
Figure 4.31: DIamond and floral shaped air vents
Air vents are widely built and used within the building to get rid of still
air, and provide good ventilation. These air vents also double as an
opening that allow natural sunlight to penetrate through to illuminate the
spaces in the building.
These air vents are of many different shapes. Most of them are located
on the ground floor of the building. Their unusual patterned shapes may
cast a uniquely patterned shadow during afternoons.
82

windows: ground ﬂoor
Figure 4.32 Location of windows on ground floor plan Figure 4.33: Examples of windows on ground floor
Windows are widely used in the building to illuminate the interior
spaces.
Windows of all kinds and styles are used, most of which are
wooden-framed windows with often colored or patterned glass panels.
83

windows: ﬁrst ﬂoor
Figure 4.34: Location of windows on first floor plan Figure 4.35: Examples of windows on first floor
Most windows on the first floor are of the same style.
Casement windows and many are framed with patterned metal grills for
safety and aesthetic purposes.
84

Figure 4.36:
Casement window #1
These windows are often seen
on the ground floor.
French windows with tinted
patterned glass panel jalousie
as transoms.
Figure 4.37:
Casement window #2
Figure 4.38:
Circular fixed windows
Figure 4.39:
Iron work
These windows are often seen
on the first floor.
These casement windows have
fixed tinted glass transoms and
metal grills across.
These circular windows can be
seen by the sides of the main
hall and beside the wooden
staircase.
The glass panels are fixed in
place in its circular frame.
These iron work are placed
over most windows on the first
floor.
These patterned metal grills
are installed for both aesthetic
and safety purposes.
windows: ﬁrst ﬂoor
85

4.4 refurbishment &
extensions
court extension
Figure 4.40: Location of extension on plan
Figure 4.41: Outdoor covered space
Figure 4.42: Courtyard
The space behind the building is used as a courtyard. A metal canopy
is added as shade. The base of the small columns are decorated with
patterned ceramic tiles.
The space is open and relaxing. Chairs and tables are added to the
space for visitors and tenants to sit back and relax. The weather during
afternoons are hot and stuffy despite the shade provided at the space.
86

4.4 refurbishment &
extensions
RESTAURANT: ANG HOAY LOH
Figure 4.43: Location of restaurant on plan
Figure 4.4.2: Temporary Shelter
Figure 4.44: Ang Hoay Loh
By the other side of the mansion, within the boundary, an extension is
built to accommodate one of the well-known Hokkien Chinese restau-
ant in George Town, Ang Hoay Loh.
ts compound includes the restaurant itself and a small kitchen behind.
87

5.3 properties of space
ﬁrst ﬂoor spaces
Figure 5.14: Office
Figure 5.12: Spaces on the first floor
Figure 5.13: Library
On the upper floor, most spaces are semi-private, due to
the fact that only committee members are allowed to enter
the first floor.
Smaller rooms line the sides of the upper floor corridor, filled with
books and documents. Most rooms receive no natural lighting. While
most rooms are smaller in size, the conference room is wide and
spacious, with open bathrooms.
96

Figure 5.15: Corridor Figure 5.16: Balcony
The corridor is long and wide. It has good natural lighting due to the
strategic location of the balcony at the end of the corridor, with
half-length French windows lining its three sides.
The floor and walls are painted light brown to match the wooden
staircase. The choice of color and material add a sense of harmony to
the space.
Naturally, the balcony has good ventilation, the space is the focus point
of the upper floor because of its location at the end of the first floor
corridor and architectural style.
The space is cooling and comforting, encouraging people to stay and
unwind.
97

Figure 5.17: Ang Hoay Loh
Figure 5.19: Privacy levels within compound
Figure 5.18 Extended courtyard
5.4 privacy of building
building compound
The compound of the SCPA Building is open to public. Within the
compound, there sits the main association building, and well-known
Hokkien restaurant (Ang Hoay Loh) and its kitchens.
The restaurant itself is open to public. The kitchens, both dry and wet
are used for cooking and food preparation. They are usually only allow
staffs to enter, thus they are semi-private.
The courtyard is part of the SCPA Building. It is often locked to avoid
outsiders from entering. It can be accessed through the building.
98

5.5 spatial experience
building ambience
Figure 5.25: The SCPA Building
Figure 5.26: Front compound
Based on its outlook, the building radiates magnificence. Located in
such a prime spot in George Town, its unique fusion of eastern and
western architecture stands out beautifully amongst others.
According to Feng Shui, it is necessary to build the main entrance
facing the the road. The main entrance lead to front hall (thia besar)
which serves as a visitors reception hall. Unmarried nyonyas are not
allowed to enter the reception hall. This arrangement is borrowed from
Chinese culture. Its spacious environment is to accumulate positive
energy(Chi) into the space.
Its front elevation is symmetrical, shows a strong sense of balance and
stability.
The space has a peaceful and calming ambience, keeping the visitors
of the building at ease.
Its quiet on most days, even with the traffic beyond the boundary of the
compound. Theres a restaurant located within the compound of the
building. The combination gives off a delightful atmosphere.
101

ground ﬂoor
Figure 5.21: Privacy levels within main building
Figure 5.20: Main hall
Most spaces on the ground floor of the SCPA Building are semi-private.
These spaces are only open to the members and visitors of the State
Chinese Penang Association.
The main space on the ground floor is the main hall that holds activities
and events for the members.
Toilets are accessible via the side entrance, through the long corridor.
They are open to the public, which includes the customers of Ang Hoay
Loh.
99

ﬁrst ﬂoor
Figure 5.24: Privacy levels on the first floor
Figure 5.22: Meeting room
Figure 5.23: Secretary’s office
The first floor consists of the smaller rooms located by the sides of the
long corridor.
These rooms are mainly used for administrative work and discussions.
They are usually occupied by the committee members of the
association.
100

ground ﬂoor corridor
Figure 5.27: Location of corridor on main building ground plan
Figure 5.28: The corridor
Via the side entrance, visitors would be entering a long and narrow
corridor. Decorated with beautiful French windows for both lighting and
aesthetic purposes, the space looks poetic, with the hint of a little
sunlight.
Upon entering the corridor, visitors would be greeted with paved exotic
colored tiles, engaged columns rendered with lime plaster with
decorations of doric capital and plinth.
The fusion of eastern and western elements complement one another,
creating a harmonic and exotic Peranakan style.
102

main hall (major spaces)
Figure 5.29: Location of main hall and verandahs on main building
ground plan
Figure 5.30: Main hall
The main hall of the building is wide and spacious, it is mostly used for
events and activities.
Within the wide and spacious hall, there are many half length French
windows and diamond-shaped air vents, allowing natural ventilation
and sunlight to penetrate through, leaving the space breezy and
cooling.
These vents are employed with an elegance of economy, architectural
composition as squares or diamond between windows. The main
entrance door is made of wood and patterned glass panels are
introduced into the door panels, allowing sunlight to seep in through the
colored glass panels.
104

kitchen & backyard
Figure 5.31: Location of kitchen, dining space and backyard on ground
floor plan
Figure 5.32: Backyard area
The back of the building is the kitchen and dining area, a space where
miscellaneous activities is being held. The walls are lined with various
different types of doors and windows.
The backyard area can be accessed via the courtyard. Due to its low
density in circulation, the space is very quiet and peaceful. The sun
provides natural lighting, without leaving the place hot and stuffy. Its a
nice spot to sit and unwind during the day.
Despite the building’s irregular, disordered corners, the space
nevertheless gives out a balanced, calming feeling.
105

ground ﬂoor spaces
Figure 5.11: Kitchen Figure 5.12: Dining room
The kitchen is on of the most spacious in the building. Chinese beliefs
of the kitchen being the heart of the home is practiced widely till today,
thus its emphasis on space. It is partially exposed, thus providing good
ventilation.
The dining area has a curved wall section and a long rectangular like
space. It proved to be an area of spotlight on most activity nights. It’s the
central gathering spot among guests in the building.
95

CORRIDOR
Figure 5.33 Location of corridor and verandah (balcony) on first floor
plan
Figure 5.34: First floor corridor
The wooden staircase leads up to the first floor of the peranakan
mansion. It leads up to another corridor, with more rooms located by
both sides.
Wooden staircase with wooden steps and ballustrades, along with the
wooden floor tiles, this long corridor radiatesa warm and cosy feeling.
At the end of the corridor is a folding door with patterned, colored glass.
And beneath the door is a wide and spacious balcony, with french
windows lining its three sides. Located at the front of the building, the
balcony gives away a good view when you’re standing there.
106

Figure 5.9: Back corridor Figure 5.10: Courtyard
Corridor leading towards the staircase is long and narrow, with high
density of circulation due to its connection to most spaces on the
ground floor.
The floor is paved and decorated with colorful geometric-patterned
ceramic tiles.
The courtyard isfurnished with tea tables and chairs, adding a homely
feeling to the building. The space is open and bright, though the after-
noon heat is often reflected by the metal canopy, leaving the space
stuffy and hot. Despite its easy accessibility, it is not frequently used by
visitors.
By its sides, little rooms are used as storage space and verandahs.
94

5.6 acoustic architecture
& poetic elements
outdoor spaces
Figure 5.35: Exterior windows
Figure 4.4.2: Temporary Shelter
Figure 5.36: Moulded ornamentations
The walls of the building is decorated with elaborate ornamentation,
plaster renderings and moldings.
The steps leading up to the verandah are sensitive to human scale,
allowing ease in circulation.
The building has a pretty remarkable exterior, from beautiful white
plaster molding, to French windows, as well as circular ones.
These windows are symmetrical, of various different shapes and
intricate designs.
107

Figure 5.8: VerandahFigure 5.7: Main hall
The front hall is an enclosed multipurpose space for all events such as
social gatherings, ceromonial functions and ethic festivals. The hall
recieves natural lighting and ventilation via windows and vents. The
green tinted glass has fengshui properties that is related to wood whose
foliage evokes the energy of potent youthfulness. The floor is lined with
wooden tiles.
By its sides, little rooms are used as storage space and verandahs.
Located by the sides of the main hall, on the outside of the building, are
verandahs. These verandahs are small, roofed open-air porch, and are
partly enclosed with their half length ornamentated walls.
They are cooling and breezy at most times, due to it being exposed
partially.
93

& poetic elements
outdoor spaces
Figure 5.37: Front exterior
Figure 5.38: Arch from the kitchen
Figure 5.39: Roof
The arch, clearly seen from the backyard, leads to the kitchen of the
building. Semicircular arch, originated from the Romans, shows a great
sense of symmetry and balance.
The red terracotta roofs blends well with the metal roof deck, showing a
harmonious combination between the two.
The top of the front exterior, from the pediment, to the signboard,
makes a huge statement. The pediment, originated from the classical
Greek temples, gives the building a spiritual outlook.
108

Figure 5.5: Spaces on the ground floor
Figure 5.6: Front entrance
Most of the spaces located on the ground floor are opened to public.
The front entrance is seen as a portico, using supporting columns for a
roof structure over a walkway. The grandeur of European style shows in
the entrance way.
92

& poetic elements
Ground ﬂoor spaces
Figure 5.40: Hall
Figure 5.41 & 5.42: Ancestral altar
The ancestral altar is situated in the main hall, opposite the main
entrance. It has a simple design, with folding doors that can be closed
to cover the altar. Colored, patterned glass panels are used for
aesthetic purposes.
Within the large, spacious main hall, the arrangement for nearly
everything is symmetrical.
Intricate details tap into the emotions of people. The main hall’s
purpose makes a statement on the building.
109

Figure 5.4: Zoning of first floor
The administration spaces, which may consist of several office rooms,
meeting rooms and a library, are located by the sides of a long corridor
for easy access, allowing them to all be located on the same floor, for
work purposes.
The end of the corridor is a balcony that serves as a breather spot in
the building instead of an official office for the members. This breather
space are walls of windows that allow tremendous light into the
hallway, which can also be seen as an application for a mural.
administration/ofﬁce spaces
semi-outdoor space
5.2 zoning of spaces
91

& poetic elements
Ground ﬂoor spaces
Figure 5.43: Wooden staircase with grills
Figure 5.44: Window with tinted glass panels
Wooden window panes with green-colored patterned glass panels. The
intricate patterns on the glass are often shone onto the ground when the
sunlight passes through.
On the end of the ground floor corridor sits a wooden staircase. With
wooden steps and wooden ballustrades.
Lined by the sides of the stairs are windows with patterned glass
panels, allowing rays of sunlight to penetrate through, illuminating the
narrow space.
110

Figure 5.3: Zoning of ground floor
The major space of the building, often used to hold various events and
activities, and sometimes welcome outsiders to attend their events.
Influenced by Chinese culture and architectural style, kitchen (dapuh),
bathroom (Chiwan) and dining room are built on the back part of the
building because these spaces are more private and usually occupied
by females. Kitchens are bound to place away from the main building,
thus the location.
Located outdoor, the extended patio by the side of the building is a
great place to unwind and relax. Dated back to the early 1900s, natural
lighting was more favored as compared to electricity, thus the need for
this outdoor space.
main space
conventional spaces
5.2 zoning of spaces
outdoor spaces
90

& poetic elements
Figure 5.45: Windows and iron work
Figure 5.46 & 5.47: Corridor
Openings on the first floor, their subtle, but intricate designs allow the
sunlight to enter gently.
French windows lining the walls. Betweenthin wooden window panes
are beautiful patterned tinted glasses, some colored, allowing rays of
sunlight of different colors to shine through.
Patterned window grills are fixed, for both safety and aesthetic
purposes. These patterns allow the grills to cast patterned shadows.
111

5.1 layout
The small spaces in the building are organized in relation to form a
single large space.
The spatial layout is well organized, with a simple circulation system,
giving direct access to most areas, allowing the building to adapt more
easily to different events in the building.
The plan consists of squares and rectangular shapes, emphasizing its
symmetrical aspects which achieves the sense of Ying and Yang. It can
be seen as motives of the eclectic architecture, using geometrical
layouts to achieve full usage of space to generate highest efficiency.
Figure 5.2: Repetitive geometry on floor plan
Figure 5.1: Shape of the plan
The main function of the SCPA Building is to provide a space where the
Penang Peranakans can gather for events and activities.
The building has a J-shaped ground floor plan layout. It has an axial
organization, allowing the visitors to walk through spaces of different
functions, following the path.
89

6.1 circulation
oblique approach
Figure 6.1: Oblique approach
Figure 6.2: The perspective view of the building when entering the
premises
The SCPA building’s front entrance is designed in an oblique
approach to enhance the effect of the perspective on the front facade
and the form of the building as well as the three dimensional form of the
building as we move closer to the building.
The path to the entrance of the building is directed to delay and
prolong the sequence of the approach because it will allow the
visitor to have the visual of the perspective on the facade and the
form of the building.
structural components
112

6.1 circulation
linear circulation
Figure 6.3: Corridor with doors located by its sides Figure 6.4: Linear circulation shown in first floor plan
112
In the SCPA Building, the architects separate the private and
semi-public spaces. The semi-public spaces are in the ground floor
while private spaces are on the first floor. It shows a clear separation
between those spaces.
To get from one room to another, one will have to pass through a long
path. Rooms are located by the sides of the corridor.
113

6.1 circulation
vertical circulation: staircase
Figure 6.5: Location of staircase on ground floor plan
Figure 6.6: Wooden staircase
The staircase is a dog-legged staircase, with a mid landing. Both
located at the end of the corridor on both floors.
Structures such as staircase is used as circulation elements, as they
are positioned and designed to optimize the flow of people through
the building.
114

6.1 circulation
points ofaccessibility
Figure 6.8: Flush entrance
Figure 6.7: Projected entrance
The SCPA Building have two entrances which are the projected
entrance and the flush entrance.
The projected entrance is one of the Straits Eclectic style where
they are often designed in a symmetrical organization with projected
entrance in the midde to form a transitional space, announcing its
function to the approach and provide overhead shelter.
But the flush entrance is more commonly used due to the main
entrance being locked most of the time. The other entrance is
designed in a simple flush entrance to maintain the continuity of the
surface of a wall as well as the facade of the building.
115

6.2 ventilation
passive design strategies
Figure 6.9: Windows on ground floor plan Figure 6.10: Cross ventilation path
Passive design strategies are implemented in the SCPA Building to
get rid of still air within the building. Cross ventilation is used, allowing
wind to enter directly from openings at one side and escapes through
the other end.
The air is recycled out via two opposite openings. It is the most
effective. Hot air within the building is huffed out and replaced by the
cool wind.
116

6.2 ventilation
openings & airvents
Figure 6.12: Diamond shaped air vent
There are many air vents and openings within the building to ensure
good ventilation. Apart from ventilation, they also act as the opening
for lighting. Diamond shaped air vent and Ornated floral shaped vent
are widely used in the building.
Casement windows can be opened to catch buffers of wind.
It is the most effective open area window among the other three type of
window design; double hung, awning and horizontal sliding. They also
designed a louvered openings where it permits uninhibited air flow.
Figure 6.11: Ornated floral air vent
Figure 6.10: Jalousie windows
117

6.2 ventilation
mechanical system
Figure 6.13: Mechanical systems used
The construction of the building was dated back to the early 1900s,
and though constructions then favored natural ventilation and
lighting rather than the use of electricity, the tenants today installed
mechanical system to assist in ventilating the building automatically.
The design of the building relied heavily on these mechanical
system such as air conditioner and fans. On hot days, cross
ventilation methods tend to be less effective.
118

6.3 lighting
sunpath
Figure 6.14: Sun path
The north point faces the side elevation of the building, thus the
morning sun that rises from the east would face the back of the
building, giving the kitchen and backyard more morning sunlight.
When noon approaches, the sun shines brightest at its front, giving
the first floor verandah more sunlight.
6.3 lighting
sun path
119

7.1 structural materials
reinforced cement concrete (rcc)
This material is used in the building as the wall and to give the roof a
wider overhang. Reinforced concrete has high compressive strength
and adequate tensile strength compared to the normal concrete
which tend to be brittle, and break easily under sudden stress and
crumbling under the influence of time and weather.
It’s written in the history that long ago the building was set on fire and the
material has since then changed to concrete, which is more durable
than any other building system. The concrete is fireproof and weather
resistant. No risk of moisture damage or any other weather related
problem once the system is complete. Due to its strong durability, less
skill labour required and less deflection, the reinforced concrete
requires little or no maintenance at all. But the final strength of the
concrete is uncertain and it also shows the sign of shrinkage.
Figure 7.1: Use of reinforced concrete on site
Reinforced concrete is a structural material, made out of small stones
and gravel called aggregate, sharp sand, cement and water. It is a
combination of these traditional cement concrete with reinforcements
(steel bar) and is commonly used for construction of slabs, beams,
columns, foundation, and precast concrete. It is a normal concrete cast
around a more solid object for extra support.
122

7.1 structural materials
timber
Apart from its good appearance and aesthetic appeal, timber is
versatile and can be used in a wide variety of ways. It is easy to
install, light, can be worked with simple tools and reduces the energy
needed for construction.
Although timber is said to be one of the combustible element, building
with thick structure elements do not collapse easily on fire. Thick
structure element is consider as another way to extend the time of
the burning point because of the outer layers of the timber. The
outer layers will produce charcoal which is a very effective heat
insulator thus making it burn very slowly.
The only disadvantages of using timbers are its subjected to rot and
attacked by biotic agents.
Figure 7.2: Use of timber structure on site (roof structure)
Timber is a dry construction and one of the few natural building
material. It is use as the timber louvers between the two roofs, timber
staircase and its handrails and the flooring. Timber has good sound,
thermal and electrical insulation property. In order to reduce the
amount of energy used to heat and operate a building, insulation is
very important which is why timber is used. It can also reduce energy
needs when it is used in windows, doors, and floor because it acts as
a natural insulator.
123

7.2 ﬁnishing & furnishing materials
ceramic tiles
Tiles are a mixture of clays that are pressed into shape and fired at
high temperatures which gives the tile its hardness. Durability is one
of its good quality where it is extremely tough and are difficult to
crack. One can last for 10 to 20 years and longer if it’s well
maintained.
Ceramic flooring is easy and low maintenance because if a single tiles
crack, it can be easily replace. Dirt, stain, and liquids all rest on the
surface, allowing it to be easily clean, wipe or mop them away. This
allows for a good hygiene. Ceramic tiles can be mixed and matched in
the pattern or accented with designs or motifs and it is also colour
permanence. The colours are unaffected and will not change or fade
from direct sunlight exposure. Besides, ceramic tiles are completely
fire resistance. It will not burn nor fuel a fire but it will provide protection
for structural surface during fires.
The only disadvantages for the tiles are it required skilled labour and
does not hold heat well.
Figure 7.3: Use of ceramic tiles on site
124

wrought iron terracotta roof
Wrought Iron was used as the security bar and the gate at the
building.
Wrought Iron is an iron with a very low carbon content in contrast to
cast iron. It can be heated and reheated and worked into various
shapes, the more it worked the stronger it become. Thus, it is
malleable. Besides, it is also strong, magnetic, ductile, durable and soft
despite its aesthetic appeal.
Figure 7.4: Use of wrought iron on site
erracotta is a type of clay based ceramic which is used to create roof
tiles. It is installed by placing overlapping and interlocking rows of
tiles on the roof.
Terracotta clay roof tile are attractive, impermeable, and durable.
They are waterproof and fire-resistance, offering a good protection to the
building and can last up to 100 years. Terracotta are easy to recycle and
do not harm the environment. It also have good thermal properties
because of the red colour which is moderately reflective colour and
light coloured roofs have higher reflectance and emissivity than dark
coloured roofs. But this roofs are quite fragile, relatively heavy and may
attract moss and lichen.
Figure 7.5: Use of terracotta roof on site
125

tinted translucent glass plaster
Tinted Translucent Glass are used mostly on the windows and doors.
It creates a privacy space within a room keeping it out from the other
space. It causes temperature reduction by reflecting some of the UV
ray and make it a long lasting furniture. This tinted glass may function
as giving a space some kind of emotions but it is less effective at
night.
Figure 7.6: Use of tinted translucent glass on site
Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative
coating of walls and ceilings, moulding and casting decorative
elements. Plaster gives off decorative appeal, durability and easier
installation.
Figure 7.7: Use of plaster on site
126

7.3 CHANGE OF MATERIALS & REFURBISHMENTS
brickwall wooden windows + iron work
Figure 7.8: Brick wall construction
Parts of the brick wall was reconstructed, and re-plastered during their
renovation. Brick walls are sturdy and load-bearing, giving the building
a strong structure.
Figure 7.9: Installation of steel grills onto the window
A geometrical patterned steel grill is installed onto the wooden window
frames to provide structure. As opposed to the wooden frame, the
metal grills are able to provide better support and strength, as well as
asethetic value to the windows.
127

7.4 reason regarding the change of material
brick :
used for structure
environment
ﬁre
maintenance
heat
sustainability
Brick is more resistant to cold and moist weather condition. Thus
enabling it to construct permanent buildings in regions with harsh climate
precluded the use of mud bricks.
Figure 7.10: Brick wall structure
Brick have negligible routine maintenance. It doesn’t need to be painted
regularly or any other treatments to maintain its aesthetics and
durability. They remain strong and reliable after decades, saving you on
the cost and time to upkeep buildings.
Brick is a highly fire resistant because of its heat resistant material.
Thus, it will provide a good fire protection to the residents.
Brick is used due to its ability to withstand the test of time and its low
maintenance even under harsh environmental conditions. It produces
less environment pollutant as compared to concrete during its
manufacturing process. It will also provide lifetime value and is cost
effective because it’s weatherproof with and virtually no maintenance.
Brick is made out of organic minerals found in shale and local, naturally
abundant sources of clay. Its long-lasting life cycle offers ongoing
environmental and health benefits. It is also as durable as concrete but
its free from contaminants and naturally resistant to pests. It is
reusable and recyclable. It is easy to be demolished, thus less time
consuming and economic.
128

steel :
used forwindows
heat
pests
rigid
maintenance
ﬁre
Steel is one of the few materials that are fire resistant, which means
the building doesn’t catch fire as easily as wood does.
Figure 7.11: Added steel to the window on site
Steel grills are added to the original window for conventional, safety and
aesthetic purposes. The iron work has a distinct geometrical pattern.
Geometrical shapes are widely used as a Peranakan motif.
Steel also lasts a lot longer under harsh environmental conditions. A
simple coat of paint will protect it from rusting and corrosion, hence
reducing the maintenance cost.
Steel is also structurally stable and rigid so the measurements will
not deviate.
Steel also happens to be pest proof, so no pest control will be needed.
Steel is better at withstanding heat from the environment, it will not warp
bend into different shapes, nor will it lose its structural integrity after
heating.
129

wood :
replaced on windows
environment
ﬁre
Wood would not be generally considered as a fire resistant material
because of its organic compound which are composed mainly of carbon
and hydrogen. Therefore, wood is classified as a combustible
material making it less ideal material to use in applications where
fire safety is a concern. Certain types of the treated wood such as
Chromated copper Arsenate (CCA) can emit toxic chemicals, arsenic,
which can be fatal in closed spaces. Wood burns harder when the
specific gravity, surface mass which can affect the duration of the
flame and the moisture content increase and vice versa.
Figure 7.12: Replaced wooden windows
Wood wrap can be affected by the age, temperature, and
environmental factors. It produces gain and loss of moisture content
in the surrounding area or environment. Depending on the
conditions, the wood may warp by swelling, shrinking, or twisting.
(Kellenberg, 2016) This means that in many fine-calculation
applications, such as in doorways and around window frames, the
form will deviate from several millimeters up to a few centimeters.
Wood is a fairly versatile material, but it comes with many unwanted
disadvantages. Wooden windows were widely used in the building.
When the old ones begin to show signs of rotting, they were replaced
with new wood.
130

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