Health monitoring of a gravity dam using modern technology

1. Aditya Kale:- 20070121001
Pranjal Bhujbal :- 21070121508
Idris Saify :- 21070121503
Suyash Tamhane :- 20070121027
Group ID : 1
Name of Guide :- Dr. Kanchan Khare
Name of CO-guide and Expert :- Dr. Ujjwala Kshirsagar (E&TC)
Mr.Ashok Dhawan
Specialist ( Dam Instrumentation) at Egis India Consulting Engineers Pvt Ltd.
Department of Civil Engineering , Symbiosis Institute of Technology
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2. What is gravity dam ?
A gravity dam is a solid structure,
masonry- or concrete-built
structure that is built across a river
to create a reservoir upstream. The
gravity dam section is roughly
triangular in shape, with the apex
at the top and the maximum width
at the bottom, as shown in Figure.
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3. Need of study
India is third in terms of the number of dams. However, India only has 225 cubic
metres of storage per person (1,200 cubic metres) There are currently 447 large
dams being built, and 7,216 large dams that have been completed.
Gravity dam failure happens as a result of overturning, sliding, tension, and compression. A gravity
dam is built to withstand all external forces pressing on it, such as water pressure, wind pressure,
wave pressure, ice pressure, and uplift pressure, with its own weight.
Therefore, it is essential to continuously check on the dam's health to ensure the safety of those
residing nearby, as well as to preserve the efforts made to build the dam and conserve water.
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4. Forces Acting on A Gravity Dam:
A gravity dam is subjected to the following main forces
I. Weight of the dam
II. Water pressure
III. Uplift pressure
IV. Wave pressure
V. Silt pressure
VI. Ice pressure
VII. Wind pressure
VIII. Earthquake pressure
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5. • study of the literature on various gravity dams.
• choosing a gravity dam from a guidebook.
• lowering the time of the conventional dam to 1:33.
• meeting with various persons to plan and carry out work.
• creating an open container to house the completed dam.
• Choosing the items to utilize in the lab with the assistance of the mentor.
• creating a grid out of steel with 6mm and 8mm diameters.
• chicken mesh is tied to the grid all over
• Using gas-wielding, all the pieces are joined together.
• Shuttering with BMD sheet and tying in with binding wire.
• illustrating the model.
• Installing of sensor.
Preparing a lab scale model through research and discussion.
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6. PHOTOGRAPHY :-
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7. Importance of sensors :-
The use of sensors in industrial applications for process control, monitoring, and safety is
essential. Additionally, sensors are essential to medical diagnosis, monitoring, critical
care, and public health.
In order to provide reports on the impact of age, earthquakes, erosion, storm events, and
other factors on the dam's overall health, these instruments gather extensive data
throughout time.
Programmable alarms and callouts enable engineers to spot potential faults. Most
significantly, these technologies make it possible to continuously monitor and identify a
variety of problems that might otherwise go unnoticed.
In order to provide reports on the impact of age, earthquakes, erosion, storm events, and
other factors on the dam's overall health, these instruments gather extensive data
throughout time.
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8. PROBLEM/CONCERN TYPICAL INSTRUMENTATION
Seepage or leakage Visual observation, weirs, flowmeters, flumes, calibratedcontainers, observation
wells, piezometers
Boils or piping Visual observation, piezometers, weirs
Uplift pressure, pore pressure, or phreatic surface Visual observation, observation wells, piezometers
Drain function or adequacy Visual observation, pressure and flow measurements, piezometers
Erosion, scour, or sedimentation Visual observation, sounding, underwater inspection,photogrametric
survey
Dissolution of foundation strata Water quality tests
Total or surface movement (translation, rotation) Visual observation, precise position and level surveys, plumbmeasurements,
tiltmeters
Internal movement or deformation in
embankments
Settlement plates, cross-arm devices, fluid leveling devices, pneumatic settlement
sensors, vibrating wire settlement sensor,
mechanical and electrical sounding devices, inclinometers,extensometers, shear
strips
Internal movement or deformation in concrete
structures
Plumblines, tiltmeters, inclinometers, extensometers, jointmeters,calibrated tapes
Foundation or abutment movement Visual observation, precise surveys, inclinometers,extensometers, piezometers
Poor quality rock foundation or abutment Visual observation, pressure and flow measurements, piezometers, precise
surveys, extensometers, inclinometers
Slope stability Visual observation, precise surveys, inclinometers, extensometers, observation
wells, piezometers, shear strips
Joint or crack movement Crack meters, reference points, plaster or grout patches
Stresses or strains Earth pressure cells, stress meters, strain meters, overcoring
Seismic loading Accelerographs
Relaxation of post-tension anchors Jacking tests, load cells, extensometers, fiber-optic cables
Concrete deterioration Visual observation, loss of section survey, laboratory andpetrographic
analyses
Concrete growth Visual observation, precise position and level surveys, plumbmeasurements,
tiltmeters, plumblines, inclinometers,
extensometers, jointmeters, calibrated tapes, petrographicanalyses
Steel deterioration Visual observation, sonic thickness measurements, test coupons
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9. VIBRATING WIRE STRAIN GAGE MODEL
EDS-20V-E EMBEDMENT TYPE
FEATURES:-
The preferred electrical strain gauge is the Encardio-rite type
EDS-20V-E since its frequency output is impervious to It can
withstand wet wiring typical in geotechnical applications, is
resilient to outside noise, and is capable of long-distance
signal transmission. It has these characteristics:
 Aged thermally to reduce long-term drift.
 Can be inserted into concrete or soil.
 Rugged and reliable.
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10. CRACK & JOINT METER
Model EDJ-31, 32, 33, 34
Range (mm) 15, 30, 50, specify
Accuracy (non linearity +
repeatability)
2 % fs (± 1 % fs available if specifically
requested)
Temperature limit 20 to 70 C (operational).
Coil resistance 120 -140 Ohm
Insulation resistance > 500 m Ohm at 12 V
Sensor material Stainless steel with phosphor
Model EPS-30V Series
Specification:-
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JOINT METER
CRACK METER

11. PRESSURE CELL
Model EPS-30V Series
 Model EPS-30V-S Earth Pressure Cell
FEATURES
Reliable, accurate, robust and low cost
Long term stability with high reliability.
High sensitivity and high pressure range.
Low volumetric displacement.
Fluid filled for high rigidity, accurate response.
Thermistor available for temperature correction.
Remote digital readout available.
Ease in data logging.
Transmission of signal as a frequency over long cable lengths.
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COSTING OF SENSORS IN AN ACTUAL DAM.
Our guide Dr Kanchan Khare got in touch with an expert in dam sensors implementation Mr Ashok
Dhawan, and got relevant information about costing of sensors in dam. Official survey shows that one
running meter consisting of 5 different sensors including everything (wiring, installation, ect) costs around
25 lacs to 50 lacks depending on the quality of the sensors.
The 5 sensors used are:
1. Tilt meter
2. Water pressure
3. Crack detector
4. Earthquake alarm
5. Water level sensor

13. Conclusion :-
We learned about several aspects that are taken into account when
creating a gravity dam as well as the requirement to keep an eye on the
functioning dam. Additionally, we investigated various sensors that can
be utilised to measure various dam-acting forces and the corresponding
safety measures. Most importantly, we discovered how to work together
as a team to solve issues.
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