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1. Bioremediation
Aakifah Amreen H. E
2nd MSc (BT)

2. Content
• Definition
• Principle
• Types of Bioremediation
• Methodologies involved
• Phytoremediation

3. Bioremediation
Defined as,
Bioremediation is a means of cleaning up
contaminated environments by exploiting the diverse
metabolic abilities of microorganisms to convert
contaminants to harmless products by
mineralization, generation of carbon dioxide and
water, or by conversion into microbial biomass

4. Principle
• It's main role is to return polluted environments to
their natural state.
• The pollutants that can be sequestered or removed
by microorganisms include toxic heavy metals such
as lead, cadmium, arsenic and radioactive metals.

5. Cont'd....
In general, Bioremediation methodologies focus on-
1. Enhancing the abundance of certain species or
groups of microorganisms that can metabolize toxic
chemicals (Bioagumentation)
2. Optimizing environmental conditions for the actions
of these organisms. It focuses on rapidly increasing the
abundance of naturally occurring ubiquitous
microorganisms.

6. Types of Bioremediation
On the basis of place where wastes are removed,
there are principally two ways of bioremediation:
1. Insitu bioremediation
2. Exsitu bioremediation

8. Insitu bioremediation
• Treating polluted substance at the site of pollution
• Doesn't require excavation
• This technique is less expensive
• Intrinsic or natural bioremediation is a process
where no enhancement is require ment
• It can be used to treat successfully chlorinated
solvents, dyes, heavy metal & hydrocarbon

9. Two types of in situ bioremediation are distinguished
based on the origin of the microorganisms applied as
bioremediants:
(i) Intrinsic bioremediation-
• Is carried out without direct microbial amendment
• Through intermediation in ecological conditions of
the contaminated region
• Fortification of the natural populations and the
metabolic activities of indigenous or naturally existing
microfauna by improving nutritional and ventilation
conditions.

10. (ii) Engineered in situ bioremediation—
• Is performed through the introduction of certain
microorgansims to contamination site.
• The conditions of contamination sites are most
often unfavorable for the establishment and
bioactivity of the exogenously amended
microorganisms
• therefore, the environment is modified in a way
that improved physico-chemical conditions are
provided.

11. Extrinsic bioremediation
• It is done somewhere out from Contaminated site
i.e., excavating contaminated soil or pumping out the
ground water to sit of bioremediation
• Techniques based on - the cost of treatment ;depth
of pollution ;geology of polluted site.
• Depending on the state of the contaminant in the
step of bioremediation, ex situ bioremediation is
classified as:

12. • Solid phase system —The system is used in order to
bioremediate organic wastes and problematic
domestic and industrial wastes, sewage sludge, and
municipal solid wastes.
• Slurry phase systems - Slurry phase
bioremediation is a relatively more rapid process
compared to the other treatment processes.

13. Bioremediation technique

14. Bioventing
 It's a process of stimulating the natural
onsite bioremediation of contaminants in
soul by providing air or oxygen to existing
soil microorganisms.
 Biovenrung useslow air flow rates to
provide oxygen to sustain mictibial
activity in the vadise zone
 This technique is used in restoring sites
pollutted with Petroleum products to bit
light

15. Biosparging
• involves injection of air
under pressure below the
water level to increase
ground water concentration
• To enhance rate of biological
degradation of contaminants
by naturally occurring
bacteria

16. Biopile
• Are hybrid of land n composting
• Typically used for treatment of surface
contaminants
• It provides a favorable environment for indigenous
aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms

18. Land farming
• Is a simple technique
• Here contaminated soil is excavated and spread
over a bed prepared bed and periodically tilled until
pollutants are degraded
• The practice is limited to treatment of superficial 10
- 35cm of soil

20. Phytoremediation remediation
• Phytoremediation is a technology that uses plants
to degrade, assimilate, metabolize, or detoxify
metal and organic chemical contamination.
• Phytoremediation can provide a low-cost and
sustainable way to improve the economies of
developing countries.

22. • Phytoremediation basically refers to the use of
plants and associated soil microbes to reduce the
concentrations or toxic effects of contaminants in
the environment. Phytoremediation is widely
accepted as a cost-effective environmental
restoration technology.