The document discusses sanitation issues in Varanasi, India and the city's sanitation plan to address them. Key issues included open defecation, limited sewer coverage and connectivity, and low sewage treatment. The plan aimed to build more public toilets, connect unserved areas to sewers, upgrade septic tanks, and increase sewage treatment capacity through a new STP. With interventions to implement the plan, Varanasi saw major improvements to its sanitation level within the targeted timeframe.
2. INTRODUCTION
The first challenge for countries seeking to solve
the problem of access to sanitation is to define
what “sanitation" really means. The second
challenge is to decide what aspects are the most
important. In other words, what aspect of the
problem is going to be dealt with as a priority?
This problem is not a simple one and many
professional confuse the two steps
3. INTRODUCTION
With respect to defining sanitation most professionals would agree that
"sanitation" as a whole is a “big idea” which covers inter alia
Safe collection,
storage, treatment
and dispersal/re-
use/re-cycling of
human excreta
Collection and
management of industrial
waste products;
Management of hazardous
wastes (including hospital
wastes, and
chemical/radioactive and
other dangerous substances).
Drainage and disposal/re-
use/recycling of household
wastewater (often referred to
as sludge or Grey water);
Drainage of storm water;
treatment and disposal/re-
use/recycling of sewage
effluents;
Management/re-
use/recycling of
solid wastes (trash
or rubbish
5. KEY WORDS
• Excreta: Defecation and urine
• Latrine: An installation used for defecation and urination
• Septic tank: A tank or container, normally with one inlet and one outlet, that
retains sewage and reduces its strength by settlement and anaerobic
digestion of excreta.
• Sewage: Wastewater from a community, including excreta that is, will be, or
has been carried in a sewer
• Sewer: A conduit, usually a pipe, that is used to convey the wastewater from
more than one property
• Sewerage: System of interconnected sewers.
• Sullage: Wastewater from bathing, laundry, preparation of food, cooking and
other personal and domestic activities that does not contain excreta.
(Sometimes known as greywater).
• Wastewater: Sewage or sullage
6. WORLD SANITARY STATISTICS
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
% Access to sanitation
no access to improved sanitation
access to improved sanitation
Regions with lowest access
to sanitation
Sub Saharan Africa 37%
Southeastern Asia 38%
Eastern Asia 45%
Western Asia 84%
Out of every three
persons un-served, two
live in Southern Asia or
Eastern Asia.
7. CONDITION OF SANITATION IN INDIA
In 1980 rural sanitation coverage
was estimated at 1% and reached
21% in 2008. Also, the share of
Indians with access to improved
sources of water has increased
significantly from 72% in 1990 to
88% in 2008. In addition, only
two Indian cities have continuous
water supply and an estimated
69% of Indians still lack access to
improved sanitation facilities.
8. CONDITION OF SANITATION IN INDIA
Most Indians depend on on-site sanitation facilities which mean mainly
pit latrines in rural areas. In rural areas, the government has been
promoting community-led sanitation approaches such as the Total
Sanitation Campaign, with some success. Of the 2.5 billion people in the
world that defecate openly, some 665 million live in India, making it the
country with the highest number of people who defecate in the open.
This has serious public health implications.
A specific Indian problem is also the (officially prohibited) "manual
scavenging" which is connected to the officially banned caste system,
and relates to unsafe and undignified emptying of toilets and pits, as
well as handling of raw, untreated human excreta
10. INTRODUCTION
Varanasi also known as Banaras is a northern Indian city on the banks of
Ganges in Uttar Pradesh, 320 km south of the state capital Lucknow and
121 km east of Allahabad. Varanasi is one of the oldest continuously
inhibited cities in the world.
The spiritual capital of India, it is the holiest of the seven sacred cities
(Sapta Puri) in Hinduism and Jainism, and played an important role in
the development of Buddhism.
Varanasi grew as an important industrial center, famous for its muslin
and silk fabrics, perfumes, ivory works, and sculpture. Varanasi is one of
the only six Indian cities to have city sanitation plan
11. Government of India has identified 100% sanitation as a goal during the
11th five year plan. The ministry od Urban Development officially
launched a country-wide National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSO) on
November 2008, with an objective to call upon individual states to draft
their own strategies based on NUSP, while taking into account of their
own specific requirement. These strategies are a part of City Sanitation
Plan.
NUSP defines the City Sanitation Plan as a comprehensive document
which deals out the short, medium and long term plans for the issues
related to governance, technical, capacity building, awareness and
proper interventions to ensure 100% access to safe sanitation.
INTRODUCTION
12. Varanasi government developed a
city sanitation plan as an
intervention to address the issue of
sanitation in a systematically way
following the concept and
guidelines formulated by NUSP, the
city sanitation plan team translated
the vision of the policy into time-
bound and step-wise approach.
Varanasi sanitation plan covers key
key issue affecting the city and
provides recommendations for a
proper sanitation practice in the
city.
14. KEY SANITARY ISSUES & WAY OUT
Open Defecation: Public toilets in the city are
inadequate and under maintained. The urban
poor also lack access to toilet making open
defecation rampant in the city affecting the
health and environment.
The existing public toilet complexes were
repaired/rehabilitated.
Government enforces private operators of
pubic toilets to collect user charges on
household basis.
240 public toilets seats and 250 community
toilets are constructed
WAY OUT
15. KEY SANITARY ISSUES & WAY OUT
Sewerage: no coverage to sewage system in
peripheral areas and limited sewer
connectivity in covered areas.
Unserved areas were connected to the existing
planned centralized sewerage system.
Upgradation of the existing septic tanks and
decentralization of on-site and off site system.
Municipal bye-law mandated and ensure
existing household are connected to the
existing/proposed sewer network.
WAY OUT
16. KEY SANITARY ISSUES & WAY OUT
Low influent organic load: the total capacity of
treatment plant in Varanasi is 101.8MLD yet
233MLD is produced. Therefore only 43% of
sewage generated is being treated at the STP
260MLD STP was developed under JNNURM
and JICA. This enhances the total treatment
capacity to 361.8MLD.
Use of DEWATS system for treatment of
sewerage for maximum treatment of wste.
WAY OUT
17. Conclusion
Varanasi is was an area suffering from proper sanitation
facilities but with the intervention of government and the will
of the locals to due away with the problem related to
sanitation in the city, a proper city sanitation plan was
introduced and in few years less than the targeted years of the
plan a huge achievement was recorded in the sanitary level of
the city. In line of this, it is very possible to improve sanitary
condition from very poor to an excellent level using a proper
strategy that suits the need of the desired community.
