China's District Energy Systems: Optimizing Renewables and Efficiency
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Plenary Keynote at the 5th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems, 4th Generation District Heating, Electrification, Electrofuels and Energy Efficiency, Aalborg University, 10-11 September, 2019, Copenhagen
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China's District Energy Systems: Optimizing Renewables and Efficiency
- 1. District Energy Systems in China Options for Optimization and Diversification Jianjun Xia Tsinghua University 5th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems Copenhagen, 10-11 September2019 #SESAAU2019
- 2. • Energy resource scarcity and security are likely to be major incentives in coming decades to curtail energy demand growth. • Air quality is another key influence on China’s increasing commitment to restrict inefficient and polluting fossil fuel combustion, • Along with government policies to limit carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 2 China has many reasons to pursue a more sustainable energy future
- 3. 3 In 2018,China consumes 4.64 billion tce(ton standard coal equivalents,1 tce=29.3 GJ) ,increasing 3.3% from a year earlier. Non-fossil fuels and natural gas accounted for most of the growth in energy consumption, with each increasing 50 million tce, accounting for two-thirds of the increase in consumption. Development status-Energy consumption Resource: China electric power planning& Engineering Institute.<China Energy Outlook 2018>,2019
- 4. In 2018, China‘s net energy imports amounted to 970 million tce (21% of the total), including 270 million tce of coal, 460 million tce of crude oil (71%) and 120 billion m3 of natural gas (43%). Development status-Energy supply 47.5 billion m3 3.1billion m3 13 million tons 20.3 million tons 10.1 million tons 270 million tons 410 million tons 51.1 million tons Resouce: China electric power planning& Engineering Institute.<China Energy Outlook 2018>,2019
- 5. The role of renewables: potential for Solar energy, Hydropower and Biomass • In China, the renewables share in district heating was around 1%; IRENA suggested that in China, reaching a 24% renewable share in district heat generation by 2030 is feasible. • Many renewable heat options find it difficult to compete against fossil fuels, and especially coal, in China. Key agricultural residue resource areas Key agricultural and forestry residue resource areas Key coal phase out areas Northern urban heating area Heilongjiang Jilin Liaoning Xinjiang Inner Mongolia Tibet Qinghai Gansu Yunnan Sichuan Hainan Henan Hubei Shanxi Shaanxi Chongqing Guizhou Guangxi Ningxia Guangdong Hunan Jiangxi Fujian Anhui Jiangsu Zhejiang Tianjin Beijing Shandong Hebei Shanghai This map is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Solar energy Hydropower Biomass IEA & BERC(Building energy research center, Tsinghua University).<District energy system in China: options for optimization and diversification >,2018
- 6. The role of renewables: potential for Solar energy, Hydropower and Biomass • In China, the renewables share in district heating was around 1%; IRENA suggested that in China, reaching a 24% renewable share in district heat generation by 2030 is feasible. • Many renewable heat options find it difficult to compete against fossil fuels, and especially coal, in China. Key agricultural residue resource areas Key agricultural and forestry residue resource areas Key coal phase out areas Northern urban heating area Heilongjiang Jilin Liaoning Xinjiang Inner Mongolia Tibet Qinghai Gansu Yunnan Sichuan Hainan Henan Hubei Shanxi Shaanxi Chongqing Guizhou Guangxi Ningxia Guangdong Hunan Jiangxi Fujian Anhui Jiangsu Zhejiang Tianjin Beijing Shandong Hebei Shanghai This map is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Solar energy Hydropower Biomass IEA & BERC(Building energy research center, Tsinghua University).<District energy system in China: options for optimization and diversification >,2018
- 7. Development status-Power supply Installed wind power capacity（10 MW） Installed solar power capacity（10 MW） Installed nuclear power capacity（10 MW） Installed hydro power capacity（10 MW） 87-times increase in 12 years(2006-2018) and ranked 1st in the world in 2012 3-times increase in 12 years(2006-2018) and ranked 1st in the world in 2001 253-times increase in 12 years(2006-2018) and ranked the 1st in the world in 2015 5-times increase in 10 years(2008-2018) and ranked the 3rd in the world in 2018 Resource: China electric power planning& Engineering Institute.<China Energy Outlook 2018>,2019
- 8. 18.8 18.2 19.2 17.6 21.3 21.4 24.2 26.3 28.2 29.0 29.6 10 15 20 25 30 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Proportion of power from clean(renewable) energy Development status-Power supply Proportion（%） From 2008 to 2018, the proportion of clean energy power generation increased from 18.8% to 29.6%. Resource: China electric power planning& Engineering Institute.<China Energy Outlook 2018>,2019
- 9. The role of renewables: potential for wind power • Coal-fired power plants can regulate electric supply in non-heating period; • Coal-fired power plants produced electricity according to heat demand in Heating season; • The wind curtailment in winter accounted for 86% of the whole year Wind power Coal-fired power plant
- 10. Power flow in 2018 Development status-Power flow Hydro power base Coal power base Hydro power flow Coal fired power flow Legend China electric power planning& Engineering Institute.<China Energy Outlook 2016>,2017
- 11. Development tendency-Energy consumption Coal flow in 2016 Crude oil flow in 2016 Natural gas flow in 2016 China electric power planning& Engineering Institute.<China Energy Outlook 2016>,2017 Power flow in 2016
- 12. 12 Background – Current situation • Hot Summer & Cold Winter Zone, Cold Zone and Severe Cold Zone, 16 provinces Regions in China with District Heating Statistic Data in 2016 • Total building area: 13.1 billion m2 • Total heating energy consumption: 0.191 billion tce/year • 25% of total building energy • 84.5% of the area supplied by district heating. • Due to the urbanization process, a lot of cities face the situation of lacking heating source. ~10% Units： 0.1billion m2 Floor area increasing rate BERC.<Annual report on the development of Chinese building energy saving 2015> ,2015
- 13. District Heating systems play a key role in China • China has the world’s largest and fastest-growing district energy system 192 721 km of hot water networks and 11 692 km of steam networks The district heat network covers around 8.5 billion square meters (m²), having tripled since 2005. • Challenges for China’s district energy systems Coal accounts for 90% of energy consumed for district heat production Energy demand for space heating and cooling is expected to grow as urbanization continues • Opportunities for a cleaner district energy system The role of renewables, energy efficiency, excess heat, nature gas • Possible business models and pricing options
- 14. 14 China’s district energy system relies heavily on fossil fuels BERC.<Annual report on the development of Chinese building energy saving 2019>,2019 2013~14 2014~15 2015~16 2016~17 2017~18 2013~14 2014~15 2015~16 2016~17 2017~18 PM2.5concentration(kg/m3） NO2concentration(kg/m3）
- 15. 15 Recent government push has increased coal-to-gas switch • Annual consumption in 2016 is 208.3 billion m3; around 6% share; 71.4 billion m3 import , around 34% share; • The increase in gas-fired heat generation for district heat in recent years is likely to continue in the coming decade. IEA & BERC.<District energy system in China: options for optimization and diversification >,2018
- 16. 16 China Clean Heating 2025- roadmap • Surplus heat application- clean heating resources • Long-distance distribution • Low return temperature system • Thermal-electric synergy • Gas based peak load regulation
- 17. 17 Power plant excess heat Bengbu Puer Honghe Wenshan Xishangbanna Yuxi Lincang Shaotong Dali Chuxiong Dehong Baoshan Diqing Nujiang Lijiang Kunming Qujing Baise Liuzhou Nanning Guigang Wuzhou Qinzhou Laibin Chongzuo Guilin Hezhou Hechi Beihai Fangchenggang Yulin Haerbin Qiqihaer Mudanjiang Jiamusi Daqing Qitaihe Suihua Yichun Jixi Heihe Fuyang Huainan liuan Hefei yangz hou Hegang Shuangyashan Daxinganling Xian Tongchuan Baoji Weinan Yanan Hanzhong Yulin Ankang Shangluo Xianyang Shenyang Dalian Anshan Fushun Benxi Dandong Jinzhou Yingkou Fuxin Liaoyang Tieling Chaoyang Panjin Huludao Guiyang Zunyi Anshun Qiannan Qiandongnan Tongren Bijie Liupanshui Qianxinan LasaRikeze Changdu Linzhi Shannan Naqu Ali Fuzhou Xiamen Quanzhou Zhangzhou Putian Sanming Ningde Longyan Nanping Wuhan Huangshi Shiyan Yichang Xiangfan ezhou Jingmen Xiaogan Jingzhou Huanggang Xianning Suizhou Enshi Shennongjia TianmenQianjiang Xiantao Haikou Sanya Hainan Hangzhou Ningbo Wenzhou JiaxingHuzhou Shaoxing Jinhua Quzhou Zhoushan Taizhou Lishui Nanchang Pingxiang Jian Xinyu Jiujiang Ganzhou Jingdezhen Shangrao Yingtan Yichun Fuzhou Urumqi Karamay HamiTurpan Boertala Aletai Tacheng Changji Yili Bayinguole Akesu Kezilesu Kashgar Hotan Changchun Jilin Tonghua Siping Baicheng Baishan Songyuan Liaoyuan Yanbian Wuhu Maanshan Huaibei Tongling Anqing Huangshan Chuzhou Bozhou Suzhou Xuancheng Chaohu Chizhou Yinchuan Shizuishan Wuzhong Guyuan Zhongwei Wudu Zigong Panzhihua Luzhou Deyang Mianyang Guangyuan Suining Neijiang Leshan Yibin Nanchong Guangan Yaan Aba Ganzi Bazhong Meishan Ziyang Dazhou Chengdu Liangshan Huhehaote Baotou Wuhai Chifeng Tongliao Eerduosi Hulunbier Wulanchabu Bayanzhuoer Xingan Xilinguole Alashan Langfang Beijing Tianjin Xingtai Shijiazhuang Baoding Handan Tangshan Chengde Cangzhou Zhangjiakou Qinhuangdao Hengshui Shanghai Chongqing Xining Haidong Haibei Huangnan Hainan Guoluo Haixi Yushu Changsha Zhuzhou Xiangtan HengyangShaoyang YueyangChangde Zhangjiajie Yiyang Chenzhou Yongzhou Huaihua Xiangsi Loudi Zhengzhou Kaifeng Luoyang Pingdingshan Anyang Hebi XinxiangJiaozuo Puyang Xuchang Luohe Sanmenxia Nanyang Shangqiu Xinyang Zhoukou Zhumadian Jiyuan Nanjing Wuxi Xuzhou Changzhou Suzhou Nantong Lianyungang Huaian Suqian Yancheng Zhenjiang Taizhou Guangzhou Shenzhen Shaoguan Zhuhai Aomen Xianggang Shantou Fuoshan Jiangmen Zhanjiang Maoming Zhaoqing Huizhou Meizhou Shanwei Heyuan Yangjiang Qingyuan Dongwan zhongshan Jieyang Chaozhou Yunfu Jinan Qingdao Zibo Zaozhuang Dongying Yantai Weihai Taian Weifang Laiwu Jining Linyi Rizhao Dezhou Heze Binzhou Liaocheng Linfen Jinzhong Yangquan Datong Yuncheng Jincheng Shuozhou Lvliang Changzhi Xinzhou Taiyuan Jiuquan Taiwan[0,500) [500,2000) [2000,5000) [5000,10000) [10000,20000) Powerd by ExcelPro的图表博客 Power plant excess heat in northern China(MW) Power plant excess heat （MW） The number of prefecture- level cities 0~500 24 500~2000 37 2000~5000 55 5000~10000 31 ＞10000 11 The distribution of power plant excessheat has obvious regional heterogeneity. It’s mainly distributed in Henan, Inner Mongolia, Shandong, Hebei, Xinjiang, Shanxi etc The role of surplus heat from power plant BERC.<Report on the clean heating source in northern China>,2019
- 18. 18 The role of surplus heat from industry • Policies to maximise energy efficiency would improve management of surplus heat, including its use for district energy networks in China. • In China, energy consumed by manufacturing industries accounts for 2/3 of the social total energy, compared to the global average 1/3, the Great Britain 1/4, and the USA 1/5. BERC.<Annual report on the development of Chinese building energy saving 2015>,2015
- 19. 19 The role of Clean heating resources Bengbu Puer Honghe Wenshan Xishangbanna Yuxi Lincang Shaotong Dali Chuxiong Dehong Baoshan Diqing Nujiang Lijiang Kunming Qujing Baise Liuzhou Nanning Guigang Wuzhou Qinzhou Laibin Chongzuo Guilin Hezhou Hechi Beihai Fangchenggang Yulin Haerbin Qiqihaer Mudanjiang Jiamusi Daqing Qitaihe Suihua Yichun Jixi Heihe Fuyang Huainan liuan Hefei yangz hou Hegang Shuangyashan Daxinganling Xian Tongchuan Baoji Weinan Yanan Hanzhong Yulin Ankang Shangluo Xianyang Shenyang Dalian Anshan Fushun Benxi Dandong Jinzhou Yingkou Fuxin Liaoyang Tieling Chaoyang Panjin Huludao Guiyang Zunyi Anshun Qiannan Qiandongnan Tongren Bijie Liupanshui Qianxinan LasaRikeze Changdu Linzhi Shannan Naqu Ali Fuzhou Xiamen Quanzhou Zhangzhou Putian Sanming Ningde Longyan Nanping Wuhan Huangshi Shiyan Yichang Xiangfan ezhou Jingmen Xiaogan Jingzhou Huanggang Xianning Suizhou Enshi Shennongjia TianmenQianjiang Xiantao Haikou Sanya Hainan Hangzhou Ningbo Wenzhou JiaxingHuzhou Shaoxing Jinhua Quzhou Zhoushan Taizhou Lishui Nanchang Pingxiang Jian Xinyu Jiujiang Ganzhou Jingdezhen Shangrao Yingtan Yichun Fuzhou Urumqi Karamay HamiTurpan Boertala Aletai Tacheng Changji Yili Bayinguole Akesu Kezilesu Kashgar Hotan Changchun Jilin Tonghua Siping Baicheng Baishan Songyuan Liaoyuan Yanbian Wuhu Maanshan Huaibei Tongling Anqing Huangshan Chuzhou Bozhou Suzhou Xuancheng Chaohu Chizhou Yinchuan Shizuishan Wuzhong Guyuan Zhongwei Wudu Zigong Panzhihua Luzhou Deyang Mianyang Guangyuan Suining Neijiang Leshan Yibin Nanchong Guangan Yaan Aba Ganzi Bazhong Meishan Ziyang Dazhou Chengdu Liangshan Huhehaote Baotou Wuhai Chifeng Tongliao Eerduosi Hulunbier Wulanchabu Bayanzhuoer Xingan Xilinguole Alashan Langfang Beijing Tianjin Xingtai Shijiazhuang Baoding Handan Tangshan Chengde Cangzhou Zhangjiakou Qinhuangdao Hengshui Shanghai Chongqing Xining Haidong Haibei Huangnan Hainan Guoluo Haixi Yushu Changsha Zhuzhou Xiangtan HengyangShaoyang YueyangChangde Zhangjiajie Yiyang Chenzhou Yongzhou Huaihua Xiangsi Loudi Zhengzhou Kaifeng Luoyang Pingdingshan Anyang Hebi XinxiangJiaozuo Puyang Xuchang Luohe Sanmenxia Nanyang Shangqiu Xinyang Zhoukou Zhumadian Jiyuan Nanjing Wuxi Xuzhou Changzhou Suzhou Nantong Lianyungang Huaian Suqian Yancheng Zhenjiang Taizhou Guangzhou Shenzhen Shaoguan Zhuhai Aomen Xianggang Shantou Fuoshan Jiangmen Zhanjiang Maoming Zhaoqing Huizhou Meizhou Shanwei Heyuan Yangjiang Qingyuan Dongwan zhongshan Jieyang Chaozhou Yunfu Jinan Qingdao Zibo Zaozhuang Dongying Yantai Weihai Taian Weifang Laiwu Jining Linyi Rizhao Dezhou Heze Binzhou Liaocheng Linfen Jinzhong Yangquan Datong Yuncheng Jincheng Shuozhou Lvliang Changzhi Xinzhou Taiyuan Jiuquan Taiwan color ratio number (0,0.5) 18 [0.5,1) 27 [1,2) 52 ≥2 61 Powerd by ExcelPro的图表博客 BERC.<Report on the clean heating source in northern China>,2019
- 20. 20/40 首钢 秦皇岛 秦热 武安 龙 山 张家口怀安 承德 滦河 三河 衡丰 恒兴 邢台 绥中 沧东 高安屯 华能 草桥 高井 太阳宫 郑常庄 邯 峰 马 头 大唐盘山 宣化 ~1000MW ~1700MW（except: Guojin Touneng 2600MW，Caoqiao2100MW） ~3700MW（except: Suizhong 4300MW） Power plant： Steel plant Non-ferrous metals smelting works Chemical plant Oil refining and coking plant Cement plant Note: Chemical plant only includes fertilizer plant Industrial waste heat: Long distance distribution Jinan BERC.<Report on potential of industrial waste heat for city heating in northern China>(in Chinese),2016
- 21. 2121/40 Heating radius ≈200km 陈塘 国电津能 军电杨柳青 国华盘山 大港 裕华 良村鹿华 西柏坡 上安 定州 清苑 沧州 唐山 曹妃甸 丰润 王滩 首钢 秦皇岛 秦热 武安 龙 山 张家口怀安 张家口 承德 滦河 三河 衡丰 恒兴 邢台 绥中 沧东 高安屯 华能 草桥 高井 太阳宫 郑常庄 邯 峰 马 头 宣化 大唐盘山 国投津能 ~1000MW ~1700MW（except: Guojin Touneng 2600MW，Caoqiao2100MW） ~3700MW（except: Suizhong 4300MW） Power plant： Steel plant Non-ferrous metals smelting works Chemical plant Oil refining and coking plant Cement plant Note: Chemical plant only includes fertilizer plant Industrial waste heat: Long distance distribution Xingtai BERC.<Report on potential of industrial waste heat for city heating in northern China>(in Chinese),2016
- 22. 22/40 陈塘 国电津能 军电杨柳青 国华盘山 大港 国投津能 裕华 良村鹿华 西柏坡 上安 定州 清苑 沧州 唐山 曹妃甸 丰润 王滩 首钢 秦皇岛 秦热 武安 龙 山 张家口怀安 张家口 承德 滦河 三河 衡丰 恒兴 邢台 绥中 沧东 高安屯 华能 草桥 高井 太阳宫 郑常庄 邯 峰 马 头 大唐盘山 宣化 ~1000MW ~1700MW（except: Guojin Touneng 2600MW，Caoqiao2100MW） ~3700MW（except: Suizhong 4300MW） Power plant： Steel plant Non-ferrous metals smelting works Chemical plant Oil refining and coking plant Cement plant Note: Chemical plant only includes fertilizer plant Industrial waste heat: Heating network between Cities BERC.<Report on potential of industrial waste heat for city heating in northern China>(in Chinese),2016
- 23. Integration of heating network Coal CHP Nuclear CHP Industrial Excess heat Peak load Boiler Waste power plant Deep Geothermal Heat Long distance network 130/20℃ Distribution network 80/40℃ Terminal network 45/35℃ CHPExcess heat Sewage HP Temperature transformation station Heat transfer station Low-grade or distributed heat sources Long distance distribution
- 24. 24 Hex AHP Supply 125℃ 25℃ 55℃ 45℃ 95℃ 55℃ 90℃ 51.6℃ Primary Secondary Return Supply Return Technical solution for reducing return water temperature
- 25. 25 Integrated energy and regional planning could boost district energy Interconnections and potential energy synergies within an integrated energy system Synergies across electricity and thermal energy systems offer numerous opportunities for deeper integration but require appropriate planning and policy frameworks.
- 26. 26 • Peak-shaving in DH system by gas – Economical and energy-use efficiency of DH system based on waste heat in power plant get greatly increased by above mode • Peak-shaving in electricity system by gas – Make full use of advantage like large adjustment range and fast regulating speed of gas power plant to regulate for power grid Gas based peak load regulation
- 27. 27 Recommendations • Policies and planning: Prioritise locally based and tailored solutions Local governments could be required to carry out heat mapping and assessments of demand and resources. District heating networks could be improved through urban planning that increases densities and distributed (i.e. decentralised) energy potential. • Policies and market: Gradually promote fair prices with government support A clear policy framework and predictable market context are needed to support cost-effective diversification of heat sources, including renewables and IEH. Clean energy sources need positive price signals, such as taxes on heat from coal for new districts, to become competitive with coal. • Demand side: Develop adequate solutions based on assessed demand Development of new district energy should be demand-based. Education on behaviour and energy conservation can support better demand-side management. • Supply side: progressively develop cleaner sources Excess heat and renewable sources, including geothermal and biomass, should be promoted according to locally available resources. To integrate a higher share of renewables, a variety of sources are needed, often requiring business models (e.g. third-party access) that allow for variable heat generation.
- 28. 28 Thank you for your attention xiajianjun@Tsinghua.edu.cn
Editor's Notes
- 就像很多其他国家一样，
- 能源整体对外依存度约21%，其中原油对外依存度达到71%，天然气对外依存度达到43%。90%来自海上
- 说明为什么可再生能源在中国供热里面用的很少
- 说明为什么可再生能源在中国供热里面用的很少
- In the face of the changing energy supply and demand relationship, the energy flow between regions needs to adjust the development roadmap and adapt to the changes of time reform. This adjustment also brings new opportunities and challenges for the development of regional energy and electricity.
- 讲一下为啥是地级市，而不是省或者县