1. A
REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
Taken At
INDUSTRIAL HUB TECHNOLOGIES
(From 08/05/2019 to 21/06/2019)
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
Poornima College of engineering, Jaipur
Session: 2019-20
Submitted By: Submitted To:
Sanjay Saini Prof.(Dr.) Himani Goyal
PCE16EE140
IV Year, EE (Faculty Coordinators- Practical Training Seminar)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING POORNIMA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, JAIPUR RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,
KOTA
(08-05-2019 to 21-06-19)
2. DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work which is being presented in the Practical Training & Industrial visit
report title Solar Pv System in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electrical Engineering and submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur, is an authentic record of my own work carried out at IHT,
Mahaveer Nagar, behind Jaipur hospital, Dist. Jaipur,rajasthan. during the session 2019-20 (Even
Semester).
I have not submitted the matter presented in this report any where for the award of any other Degree.
Sanjay Saini
PCE16EE140
Place: Jaipur
Date: _________
3. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Practical Training & Industrial visit report titled Solar PV System has been
submitted by Sanjay Saini reg. no. PCE16EE140 in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Engineering during the session 2019-20, Even Semester. The
Practical Training & Industrial visit work is found satisfactory and approved for submission.
Dr. Himani Goyal
Assistant Professor/Associate Professor/Professor,
(Faculty Incharge - Industrial Training)
Date: ________
Place: Jaipur
Dr. Amit Shrivastava
Professor-EE
Coordinator-Industrial Training
Dr. Virendra Sangtani
HoD, EE
4.
5.
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have undergone an Industrial Training which was meticulously planned and guided at every stage so
that it became a life time experience for me. This could not be realized without the help from
numerous sources and people in the Poornima college of engineering and IHT Jaipur.
I am thankful to Ms. Dipti Lodha, T.P.O, Poornima college of engineering for providing us a platform
to carry out this activity successfully.I am also very grateful to Dr. Virendra Sangtani(HOD),
Electrical Engineering) for his kind support and guidance.
I would like to take this opportunity to show our gratitude towards Dr. Himani Goyal. who helped me
in successful completion of my Industrial Training. She has been a guide, motivator & source of
inspiration for us to carry out the necessary proceedings for completing this training and related
activities successfully.
I am also privileged to have Mr.GauravShrivastava(T.P.ODepartmentOfElectrical)
Who have flourished us with their valuable facilities without which this work cannot be completed.
I would also like to express my heart felt appreciation to all of my friends whom direct or indirect
suggestions help me to develop this project and to entire team members for their valuable suggestions.
Lastly, thanks to all faculty members of Department of Electrical engineering for their moral support
and guidance.
Sanjay Saini
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
Title Page I
7. Candidate Declaration
Certificate By The Company
Certificate By The Department
Acknowledgement
Abstract
1 OVERVIEW OF IHT
1.1 Introduction to IHT
2 PROCESS / WORK FLOW
2.1 Basic Solar Power System
2.2 DC Solar
2.3 AC Solar
2.4 Solar PV Modules
2.5 Types of Solar Panels
2.5.1 Monocrystalline Solar Cells
2.5.2 Polycrystalline Solar Cells
2.5.3 Thin Film Solar cells
2.6 Solar Charge Controller
2.7 PWM Solar Charge Controller
2.8 MPPT Solar Charge Controller
3 Applications of Electric Solar System
3.1 Standalone Solar Electric System
3.2 Solar Lantern
3.3 Rural Electrification
4 Solar Manufacturers In India
5 Conclusion
8. LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Basic Solar System
Figure 2.2 DC Solar System
Figure 2.3 AC Solar System
Figure 2.4 Solar PV Module
Figure 2.5 Smart Solar System
Figure 2.6 Monocrystalline silicone solar cells
Figure 2.7 Polycrystalline Solar Cells
Figure 2.8 Thin Film Solar Cells
Figure 2.9 Solar charge controller
Figure 2.10 PWM Charge Controller
Figure 2.11 MPPT Solar Charge Controller
Figure 3.1.1 Standalone solar electric System with DC Load
Figure 3.1.2 Standalone solar system with DC Load and
electronic Control system
Figure 3.1.3 Standalone Solar (PV) System with DC
Load, Electronic Control Circuit and
Battery
Figure 3.1.4 Standalone Solar (PV) System with AC/DC Load,
Electronice Control Circuit and Battery
Figure 3.2.1 Solar Lantern
Figure 3.2.2 Water Pumping System Configuration
9. 9
ABSTRACT
This Practical Seminar Report is about Practical Training on Solar Power System. Solar
Photovoltaic (PV) energy is becoming an increasingly important part of the worldโs renewable
energy. This report focuses on the solar power system and the present solar energy scenario as the
use of Renewable is increasing very rapidly due to very less availability of conventional energy
sources for generation of electricity. The solar energy is easily available without any cost and
installation is also very easy and Solar PV System is now became best technology to generate
electricity from solar energy so the main part of the report is Solar PV System. To understand the
whole Solar PV System the fundamental part of the whole system are described briefly.
The construction, manufacturing, specifications, types, advantages & disadvantages are also
considered for every fundamental component of Solar PV System. For a complete analysis in proper
technical manners the V-I and PโV characteristics of PV cells, modules and arrays, especially under
uneven shading conditions, and considers both the physics and electrical characteristics of a Solar
PV System is also analysed and described in the report. The dissertation examines how different
bypass diode arrangements could affect maximum power extraction characteristics of a solar PV
module or array because if we have to install a good and efficient Solar Power Plant it is required to
determine all the specifications and consideration so these all are also considered in the report.
We know that in India there are lots of place where electricity is not reachable due to geometrical
conditions and lack of sources so solar energy is very useful for those remote areas and the Rural
Electrification is also required for Rural loads and it is very costly for the government so the Solar
Water Pumping Systems are also developed now a days and in this practical training report the
method to use solar energy in remote areas and Rural electrification is also described.
After the complete study of the Solar Power System the application of it for different types of
requirement is also read and considered in the report. The report will surely help one to understand
the Basics of Solar Power System and find out how useful is it for the present scenario. Drawback
of the Solar Power System is only the cost of installation, manufacturing of the components and
dependency on weather so the Solar Power System is best option to generate electricity in present
scenario.
Overview of Industrial Hub Technologies
Industrial Hub Technologies, Jaipur is a technical training providing institute which works in the
field of Engineering training with a large portfolio of training courses. IHT, Jaipur provides training
in electrical engineering, Computer Science, Information Technology, Electronics & Communication
10. 10
and mechanical engineering. Industrial Hub Technologies having two branches, main branch in
Ghaziabad,(U.P.) and another branch in Jaipur. IHT is training partner in various institutes in North
India and becoming a rising training company with there updated training programs according to
market need. IHT also provides job & business consultation.
Industrial Hub Technologies (IHT) Provide Industrial Interface Training & Manufacturing Product ,
Project. IHT develop various projects like humoniod Robot, electric bike, Solar water pump etc.
IHT, Jaipur having a good expertise team of training faculties which train every student from zero
basics to his advance level until his fulfilment.
Introduction To Industrial Hub Technologies, Jaipur
Industrial Hub Technologies is a training and skill development company. It's main office is located
in phanchseel Wellington, Ghaziabad(U.P.). I have completed my training from it's Jaipur branch
located behind Jaipur hospital, Mahaveer Nagar, Jaipur.
IHT, Jaipur train around 800 Engineering students and professionals everyyear. IHT Jaipur having
good infrastructure of classes fulfilled with practical equipments and tools.
11. 11
2. Process And Work Flow
2.1 Basic Solar Power System
Basically solar power system is designed to supply usable sun energy by means of photovoltaics. It
consists several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a
solar inverter to convert the output from direct to alternating current, as well as mounting, cabling, and
other electrical accessories to set up a working system. It may also use a solar tracking system to
improve the system's overall performance and include an integrated battery solution, as prices for
storage devices are expected to decline. Strictly speaking, a solar array only encompasses the ensemble
of solar panels, the visible part of the PV system, and does not include all the other hardware, often
summarized as balance of system (BOS). Moreover, PV systems convert light directly into electricity
and shouldn't be confused with other technologies, such as concentrated solar power or solar thermal,
used for heating and cooling.
13. 13
2.2 DC Solar
DC-connected energy storage system connects to the grid mains at the same place as the solar panels;
this usually means that they share a โhybridโ inverter. Because they contain fewer components (which
usually translates into lower costs), we generally recommend DC-coupled systems for homes
considering a brand new solar & storage system
Figure2.2 DC Solar System
14. 14
2.3 AC Solar
An AC-coupled storage system is connected to the AC grid mains that service the property. You can
think of this type of arrangement as a โtwo boxโ solution, because there is one box (inverter) for the
solar panels, and another for the battery bank.
The main
advantage of AC-coupled battery storage is that it is the easiest and generally more cost-effective way
to retrofit batteries onto a pre-existing solar PV system
Figure 2.3 AC Solar System
15. 15
2.4 Solar PV Modules:
A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of typically 6x10 photovoltaic solar
cells. Photovoltaic modules constitute the photovoltaic array of a photovoltaic system that generates
and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications.
Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the
photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells.
The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the top layer or the back layer. Cells
must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most modules are rigid, but semi-
flexible ones based on thin-film cells are also available. The cells must be connected electrically in
series, one to another.
PV junction box is attached to the back of the solar panel and it is its output interface.Externally, most
of photovoltaic modules use MC4 connectors type to facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the
rest
of
the
system. Also, USB power interface can be used.
Figure 2.4 Solar PV Module
16. 16
Smart Solar Modules
Several companies have begun embedding electronics into PV modules. This enables performing
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for each module individually, and the measurement of
performance data for monitoring and fault detection at module level. Some of these solutions make use
of power optimizers, a DC-to-DC converter technology developed to maximize the power harvest from
solar photovoltaic systems. As of about 2010, such electronics can also compensate for shading effects,
wherein a shadow falling across a section of a module causes the electrical output of one or more strings
of cells in the module to fall to zero, but not having the output of the entire module fall to zero.
Figure 2.5 Smart Solar System
17. 17
2.5 Types of Solar Panels
There are generally three types of Solar Panels
1. Monocrystalline silicone solar cells
2. Polycrystalline silicone solar cells
3. Thin-film Solar cells
2.5.1 Monocrystalline Silicone Solar Cells
This type of Solar cell is made from thin wafers of Silicone cut artificially grown crystals. These cells
are created from singlegrown in isolation, making them most expensive in all types of Solar panels.
Monocrystalline Silicone Solar cells having the highest efficiency between 15-24%.
Figure 2.6 Monocrystalline silicone solar cells
18. 18
2.5.2 Polycrystalline silicone solar cells
This type of Solar cell is also made from thin wafers of Silicone cut artificially grown crystals but
instead of single crystals, these cells are made from multiple interlocking silicone crystals grown
together, hence they are cheaper to produce but there efficiency is lower compare to Monocrystalline
silicone solar cells.
Polycrystalline silicone solar cells having efficiency between 13-18%.
Figure 2.7 Polycrystalline Solar Cells
19. 19
2.5.3 Thin-Film solar cells
Thin-film solar cell is a second generation solar cell that is made by depositing one or more thin layers,
or thin film (TF) of photovoltaic material on a substrate, such as glass, plastic or metal. Thin-film solar
cells are commercially used in several technologies, including cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper
indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), and amorphous thin-film silicon (a-Si, TF-Si).
Figure 2.8 Thin Film Solar Cells
20. 20
2.6 Solar Charge Controller
A solar charge controller is fundamentally a voltage or current controller to charge the battery and keep
electric cells from overcharging. It directs the voltage and current hailing from the solar panels setting
off to the electric cell. Generally, 12V boards/panels put out in the ballpark of 16 to 20V, so if there is
no regulation the electric cells will damaged from overcharging. Generally, electric storage devices
require around 14 to 14.5V to get completely charged. The solar charge controllers are available in all
features, costs and sizes. The range of charge controllers are from 4.5A and up to 60 to 80A.
Figure 2.9- Solar charge controller
21. 21
Features of Solar Charge Controller:
Protects the battery (12V) from over charging
Reduces system maintenance and increases battery lifetime
Auto charged indication
Reliability is high
10amp to 40amp of charging current
Monitors the reverse current flow
2.7 PWM Solar Charge Controller
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is the most effective means to achieve constant voltage battery
charging by switching the solar system controller's power devices. When in PWM regulation, the
current from the solar array tapers according to the battery's condition and recharging needs.
22. 22
Figure 2.10 PWM Charge Controller
2.8 MPPT Solar Charge Controller
The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a higher efficient DC-DC converter technology
compared to "shunt controller" and "pulse width modulation (PWM)" technologies.
The MPPT utilizes whole module power by dictating the voltage of the battery charging state. The
charge controller keeps the voltage and current at an optimized level where the modules deliver the
most juice.
23. 23
MPPT controllers offer a potential increase in charging efficiency up to 30%
These controllers also offer the potential ability to have an array with higher input voltage than
the battery bank
You can get sizes up to 80 Amps
MPPT controller warranties are typically longer than PWM units
MPPT offer great flexibility for system growth
MPPT is the only way to regulate grid connect modules for battery charging
Figure 2.11 MPPT Solar Charge Controller
24. 24
3 APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ELECTRIC SYSTEM
3.1 Standalone Solar Electric System
The system which utilizes only solar electric energy as main source of energy is referred as standalone
solar electrical system. There are many locations on this earth where no source of electricity is available.
At these locations standalone solar electrical system can be the ideal source of electricity. The main
advantage of this system is that it does not depend on grid or any other source of electricity. As it does
not have any connection with grid or other electric supply line, it is also known as off-grid photovoltaic
system. As the sun is the only source of energy in this system it should have some means to make it
active even in night times. A storage battery system does the job. Therefore, a storage battery system is
an essential component of standalone solar system. But, often this battery system can be omitted from
the system if the system is dedicated for the load which to be operated in day times only.
Popular examples of standalone solar system are solar lanterns, solar home lighting systems, solar water
pumping systems, etc.
Types of Standalone Solar Systems
Depending upon the use and design there are different types of standalone solar systems.
Standalone Solar (PV) system with only DC load
Standalone Solar (PV) system with DC load and Electronics control circuitry
Standalone Solar (PV) system with DC load, Electronics control circuitry and Battery
Standalone Solar (PV) system with AC/DC load, Electronics control circuitry and Battery.
Standalone Solar (PV) System with only DC Load
This system is simplest among all the standalone solar system. Standalone Solar (PV) System with
only DC Load requires only two main components one the solar module array where the electricity is
generated and one or more DC loads where the electricity is consumed. This system serves only during
sunny day times. The configuration of this system is quite simple as we told earlier here the solar module
array is directly connected to the load no other arrangement is required in between. It is quite natural
25. 25
that the rate of production of electricity in this system varies throughout the day depending upon the
intensity and incidence angle of the sunlight. This makes the applications of Standalone Solar (PV)
System with only DC Load limited to some specific electrical appliances where the precise operation
is not essential. This standalone solar system can be successfully utilized for pumping drinking and
irrigation water as in these both cases fixed amount of water is not required to lift every hour.
Figure 3.1.1 Standalone solar electric System with DC Load
DC fan can be operated by this system when speed of the fan is not required to be constant throughout
the day. In this system the speed of the fan is maximum when the intensity of sunlight is maximum.
Hence, maximum pleasant air flow is achieved during maximum hot period of the daytimes.
Standalone Solar (PV) System with DC Load and Electronic Control Circuit
Standalone Solar (PV) System with only DC Load can be improved by adding an electronic control
circuit. This added electronic control circuit to the system, improves the utilization of power generated
by the solar module array. This electronic control circuit is normally an electronic solar charge
controller (SCC) (voltage or current regulator) or a maximum power point tracker (MPPT). The main
purpose of these circuits is to provide regulated current and voltage to the load. The MPPT circuit is
used to extract maximum power from the solar modules under all conditions. Thus, it ensures the best
utilization of solar PV modules.
26. 26
Figure 3.1.2 Standalone solar system with DC Load and electronic Control system
Standalone Solar (PV) System with DC Load, Electronic Control Circuit and Battery
A standalone system can be more practical and usable if it is able to serve even in absence of sunlight
that is in night times. This can be simply done by adding a storage battery in the system which stores
electricity produced during day times. This stored electricity can be utilized when there is no sunlight
and in night times. After adding a suitable rated battery, the system becomes a Standalone Solar (PV)
System with DC Load, Electronic Control Circuit and Battery. It is needless to say that this standalone
system has four basic components
Solar Module Array
Electronics Control Circuit
Storage Battery System and
DC Load
27. 27
Figure 3.1.3 Standalone Solar (PV) System with DC Load, Electronic Control Circuit and
Battery
Here solar module charges the battery during daytimes and the battery supplies the load both during
day and night. The electronic control circuit plays a vital role here it actually controls the flow of charges
into the battery and out of the battery depending upon the system conditions and demands. The control
circuit also protects the battery from overcharging as well as over-discharging. This system is most
commonly used in solar street light system in remote villages. LED based solar lanterns which
nowadays widely available in the local market are popular examples of Standalone Solar (PV) System
with DC Load, Electronic Control Circuit and Battery.
Standalone Solar (PV) System with AC/DC Load, Electronic Control Circuit and Battery
So far we have discussed about the standalone solar energy systems which can only be used for
operating DC load but maximum numbers of equipment we use in our daily life are AC operated so
some means is required to attach with the solar energy system so that we can run AC equipment as well
28. 28
with standalone solar system. Inverter is a device which converts DC to AC of specified voltage and
frequency. Inverter is basically a DC to AC converter whose input is DC and output is AC of desired
voltage and frequency. So if we connect an inverter across the DC output terminals of electronic control
device along with the DC load then the system becomes able to run AC equipments as well. As this
system can operate both DC and AC load, the system becomes most popular version of standalone solar
energy system. Nearly all kinds of DC and AC load can be operated by this system such as AC/DC fan,
computer, TV, tube lights, CFL, LED lamps etc. This system is most suitable as alternative of grid
electric supply where limited grid electric supply is available. It is needless to say that this standalone
system has six basic components
Solar Module Array
Electronics Control Circuit
Storage Battery System and
DC Load
Inverter
AC Load.
Figure 3.1.4 Standalone Solar (PV) System with AC/DC Load, Electronice Control Circuit and Battery.
29. 29
3.2 Solar Lantern
Introduction
A solar lantern is well-known example portable stand alone solar electric system. It consists of all
necessary components required for a standalone solar electric system in a single casing except the solar
PV module. It is consists mainly a lamp, a battery and an electronic control circuit in a single casing.
The solar module is a separated past of the lantern. This PV module has to be connected with lanternโs
battery terminals for charging purpose. Now days solar lantern are very popularly used for both indoor
and outdoor purposes.Casing of a solar lantern may be mode of either metal, plastic or fiberglass.
Battery, charging and control circuit are placed inside the casing with proper memer, so that inside
space of the casing can be properly used. On the top of the casing there is a lamp holder mounted at
centre. One CFL of required rating is attached with this holder.
The lamp is covered from all sides by transparent glass or fiberglass. This cover is transparent from all
sides, hence solar lantern can emit light in all directions i.e. 360o
of light illumination. The top of the
transparent hollow cylindrical lamp cover, there is one top cover which is not transparent and generally
made of some material by which casing of solar lantern is made. Hanger of the lantern is filled with the
top cover. There is a plug point and charging discharging (ON) indications on casing. For changing
purpose, wire with socket comes from solar module which placed under sunlight is plugged to the plug
point on the casing. There are different models of solar lantern, but normally battery capacity of a solar
lantern is 12 V 7 Ah. CFL lamp used in this system is normally either 5 W or 7 W. The PV module
used for charging solar lantern is from 8 Watts peak to 14 Watts peak. A table showing different
configuration of solar lantern as per MNRE specifications is given below
30. 30
Figure 3.2.1 Solar Lantern
Table-
The lumen output is generally in the range of 230 ยฑ 5 %for 7 W CFL.
Model Lamp (CFL) Battery PV Module
I-A 5 W 12 V, 7 Ah at 20o
C 8 to 99 Watts (Peak)
I-B 5 W 12 V, 7 Ah at 20o
C 8 to 99 Watts (Peak)
II-A 7 W 12 V, 7 Ah at 20o
C 8 to 99 Watts (Peak)
II-B 7 W 12 V, 7 Ah at 20o
C 8 to 99 Watts (Peak)
31. 31
The Components of Solar Lantern
Solar Module or PV Module
Generally solar module used for charging a single solar lantern has rating of 8, 10 or 12 Watts (Wp).
The module is normally kept on rooftop at most tilt angle for which the module gets maximum intensity
of sunlight, for maximum duration. The lanterns are connected to module through wire socket which is
kept in room or other places. But sometimes users do not install solar module at roof top instead they
like to keep the module in sunlight in daily basis.
Battery
Normally maintenance free sealed dry type lead acid battery of tabular shaped with 12 V 7 Ah capacity
is used for solar lantern.
Inverter
For CFL lamp one inverter is required to make the battery output of AC. The inverter should have at
least 80 % efficiency.
Protection and Indication System
The lantern has electronic circuit to provide cut off provision to prevent excess charging or over
discharging of the battery. An electrical fuse is also provided with the system to protect it from any
short circuit fault. Two Light Emitting Diodes (LED) are provided on the casing for charging and deep
discharging states of the solar lantern.
LED Based Solar Lantern
Solar electricity is expensive. The availability of solar electricity in portable solar module is not large
it is small. So, LED has become quite suitable light source in portable handy solar lantern. LED is best
suited for small house hold solar lantern because of its small electricity consumption. Although LEDs
are manufactured in different colours but white colour LED is most suitable for solar lantern.
As the electricity consumption sate of LEDs is quite low, the power ratings of the PV module used to
charge the lantern is also low and if the peak power rating of a solar module is more than 2.5 W at 17
V it can be suitably used to charge a LED based solar lantern. Became of low power consumption,
battery of this lantern is also smaller and lower rated. A 2.3 Ah 12 V at 20 o
C sealed, maintenance free
dry type lead acid battery can be suitably used for LED solar lantern. More than 30 lumens per Watt 5
mm white LED is most suitable for LED based solar lantern.
32. 32
3.3 Rural Electrification
The provision of electricity to rural areas derives important social and economic benefits to remote
communities throughout the world. Power supply to remote houses or villages, electrification of the
health care facilities, irrigation and water supply and treatment are just few examples of such
applications.
Water Pumping
In the villages for agriculture purpose water is needed and we all know that the required water taken
from the earth ova and for this motor is needed for pumping up the water and the electrical motor
required electricity to run, so for that amount of electricity we can mount solar PV pumping system
in remote areas where transmission and distribution cannot be done. So water pumping is a very good
application in scenario.
Water Pumping System Configurations
There is a range of possible components and configurations for photovoltaic water pumping systems,
as shown in figure 10.2.1. Selection of the most suitable components and configurations for each
specific application and site is critical to the economic viability and the long-term performance of the
system.
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Figure 3.2.2 Water Pumping System Configuration
In the simplest photovoltaic water pumping systems, the solar panels are directly connected to a DC
motor that drives the water pump. For such simplified systems, DC motors and centrifugal pumps are
virtually mandatory, due to their ability to be matched to the output of the solar panels.
Volumetric (also known as positive displacement) pumps have completely different torque โ speed
characteristics and are not well suited to being directly coupled to solar panels, when volumetric
pumps are used, it is therefore common for power conditioning / maximum power point tracking
circuitry to be included between the solar panels and the motor / pump to convert the electrical energy
into a suitable useable form. Similarly, ranges of motor types are used for water pumping systems,
including DC series motors, DC permanent motor, DC permanent magnet brush less motor, AC
asynchronous induction motors and AC synchronous motors.
34. 34
As with the different types of pump, each motor has its advantages and disadvantages, which
determine suitability to particular applications. In case of AC motors, an inverter must also be
included between the solar panels and the motor.
Batteries for water pumping
Batteries for energy storage are sometimes necessary in pumping systems, particularly if it is critical
that pumping takes place at particular times, if pump rates exceed replenishment rates for the water
source, or even to provide power conditioning for the pump / motor. Batteries have the benefit of
holding the operating point of the solar panels near their maximum power points. They can thus be
considered to be a "power conditioning" element in the circuit between solar panels and motor,
although they may also be used to provide energy storage for a period of days during poor weather.
Wherever possible, the use of batteries or other forms of storage should be avoided due to:
Their relatively short life expectancies
Requirements for maintenance
Poor reliability
High cost
Need for protection by a voltage regulator.
In fact system becomes quite complex if an AC motor is used with a volumetric pump. Batteries or
power conditioning circuitry may used to provide the high starting currents, although if batteries are
used, a voltage regulator at their input and an inverter at their output, to drive the AC motor, are
necessary. In addition, the speed of a volumetric pump is not well matched to that of an AC motor,
thus necessitating some form of transmission wit appropriate gearing.
35. 35
Water Pumps
Water pumps have a rotating impeller that throws the water radially against a casing so shaped that
the momentum of the water is converted into useful pressure for lifting. They are normally used for
low head / low pressure applications, particularly if direct connection to the solar panels is required.
They are well suited to high pumping rates and due to their compactness; wherever small diameter
bores or well exists. Centrifugal pumps are characterized by the torque being proportional to the
square of the speed (angular velocity of the impeller).
These pumps have relatively high efficiencies, but rapidly loose pumping performances as their
speed reduces and in fact do not pump at all unless quite substantial spin speeds are achieved. This
is a problem for a PV powered system when light intensity is reduced. Maximum speeds performance
is achieved at high spin speeds, making them easy to match to motors, which tend to develop
maximum torque (maximum efficiency) at similar speeds.
For pump designs, high efficiencies are only obtained for low pumping pressures and hence relatively
small pumping heads of less than 25 meters. To overcome this limitation, either multistage or
regenerative centrifugal pumps can be used. With the latter, water that leaves the pump under pressure
is channeled back through cavities in the casing into an adjacent chamber, where it is pumped to a
greater pressure, hence making suitable for increased pumping heads.
Efficiencies of these pumps, however, tend to be a little lower, due to leakage of water from the high-
pressure chamber to the low-pressure chamber. In addition, the clearances between impellers and
casing need to be substantially less to give good performance, which creates reliability problems.
Another modification to suit centrifugal pumps to larger heads is to include a water injector (jet
pump). However it is more common to use multistage centrifugal pumps for larger heads. These
have been used successfully to pump water up to heights of 100 meters.
For many years this has been a problem, since the preferred DC motors were not submersible due to
the presence of the brushes. Long driving shafts were therefore necessary required between motor
and pump, which in turn lead to other complications. For this reason, submersible AC motors were
often used, despite their lower efficiencies and requirements for inverters. More recently, however,
36. 36
submersible DC motors have become more readily available. In these, electronic commutation is
used to remove the need for brushes.
Another alternative has been the use of self-priming centrifugal pumps (side pumps) where a chamber
containing water at the side of the pump keeps the pump effectively submerged and hence primed.
4. Solar Manufacturers In India-
1. Su Kam
2. Waaree Energies
3. HHV
4. Lubi
5. KOSOL
6. MOSER BAER
7. Tata Power
8. Vikram
37. Conclusion
Solar power is an immense source of directly useable energy and ultimately creates other energy
resources: biomass, wind, hydropower and wave energy.
Most of the Earth's surface receives sufficient solar energy to permit low-grade heating of water
and buildings, although there are large variations with latitude and season. At low latitudes, simple
mirror devices can concentrate solar energy sufficiently for cooking and even for driving steam
turbines.
The energy of light shifts electrons in some semiconducting materials. This photovoltaic effect is
capable of large-scale electricity generation. However, the present low efficiency of solar PV cells
demands very large areas to supply electricity demands.
Direct use of solar energy is the only renewable means capable of ultimately supplanting current
global energy supply from non-renewable sources, but at the expense of a land area of at least half
a million km2
#Learning Outcome
I have completed my training at industrial Hub Technologies on Solar power system. Ultimately
I found knowledge about Solar power system installation, Solar system requirements, Calculation
for installing a solar system and various projects and latest technologies developing in solar energy
sector like TFSCs solar modules smart solar modules, Hybrid solar power station etc. My training
at IHT give me a wide practical knowledge which is my real life practical outcome through this
training as an electrical engineer.
