It describes about wildfires and deforestation occurred in amazon forest.

1. AMAZON RAINFOREST
WILDFIRES

3. TOPICS
Importance of Amazon rainforest and why it is considered as lungs
of earth.
Effects and impacts of deforestation in the amazon rainforest since
past decade.
2019 Brazil dry season fires and responses of Brazilian government
and also protests against Brazilian government policies.
Impacts on indigenous people of Brazil.
It describes the health impacts due to the smoke from wildfires. It
explains the environmental impacts (Biodiversity, Emissions) of the
wildfires on earth.
It includes political and economic losses due to these wildfires. It
involves serious measures to save the world's lungs.

4. IMPORTANCE OF AMAZON RAINFOREST
The Amazon rainforest is the largest rainforest in the world. It has an
area of 5,500,000 km2. It represents over half of the planet's
rainforests, and comprises the largest and most biodiverse sector of
tropical rainforest in the world.
This region includes territory belonging to nine nations. The majority
of the forest is contained within Brazil, with 60%, followed by Peru
with 13%, Colombia with 10%, and with minor amounts in Venezuela,
Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and France (French Guiana).
Amazon rainforest borders these countries and has the world's largest
river basin and is the source of 1/5 of the Earth's river water.

5. The Amazon Rainforest is popularly known as the ‘Lungs of Earth’
due to its capability of absorbing about 25% of the earth’s total
carbon dioxide emission.
It behaves similarly to a pair of human lungs, absorbing the carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere and releasing oxygen.
This is a huge biodiversity to thousands of plant species and is on the
verge of being destroyed by human activity and climate changes.
 Recent studies have been published stating that till now, the rain
forest has accumulated around 11000 metric tons of carbon.

6. DEFORESTATION IN THE AMAZON RAINFOREST
Amazon wildfires caused due to slash and burn approach to
deforest land for agriculture and effects of climate change due
to unusually longer dry season and above average
temperatures around worldwide during July and August
(Summer in Southern Hemisphere).
This climate changes are due to deforestation in Amazon
rainforest and also deforestation in forests surrounding this
Amazon rainforest.
Deforestation effects both evaporation and evapotranspiration
phenomenon’s from hydrological cycle.
If there is absence of plants and trees, there will be absence of
evapotranspiration which affects the rainfall from that plants and
trees. Hence there will be reduction of water in water bodies
which led to decrease in evaporation.

7. Deforestation effect on Hydrological Cycle
This climate changes are due to deforestation in Amazon rainforest
and also deforestation in forests surrounding this Amazon rainforest.
Because this deforestation effects both evaporation and
evapotranspiration phenomenon’s from hydrological cycle.
Water enters atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration from
leaves and these water condenses to droplets and falls from
atmosphere as precipitation.
This precipitated water returns to hydrosphere by runoff and to
lithosphere by infiltration.
If there is absence of plants and trees, there will be absence of
evapotranspiration which reduces the rainfall from that plants and
trees which will lead to water crisis.

8. HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

10. Deforestation since past decade
Based on data from the National Institute for Space Research and the
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) several graphs plotted to
describe effects of deforestation.
Graph between Estimated remaining forest cover VS Period from
1970 to 2018 shows that variation of decrease of forest cover over
years.
Graph between Total forest loss from 1970 VS Period (from 1970 to
2018) shows the variation of increase of forest loss over years.

11. Period
Estimated remaining forest cover in the Brazilian
Amazon
Annual forest loss (km2) % of 1970 cover remaining
Total forest loss since 1970
(km2)
Pre–1970 4,100,000 — — —
1977 3,955,870 21,130 96.50% 144,130
1978–1987 3,744,570 21,130 91.30% 355,430
1988 3,723,520 21,050 90.80% 376,480
1989 3,705,750 17,770 90.40% 394,250
1990 3,692,020 13,730 90.00% 407,980
1991 3,680,990 11,030 89.80% 419,010
1992 3,667,204 13,786 89.40% 432,796
1993 3,652,308 14,896 89.10% 447,692
1994 3,637,412 14,896 88.70% 462,588
1995 3,608,353 29,059 88.00% 491,647
1996 3,590,192 18,161 87.60% 509,808
1997 3,576,965 13,227 87.20% 523,035
1998 3,559,582 17,383 86.80% 540,418
1999 3,542,323 17,259 86.40% 557,677
2000 3,524,097 18,226 86.00% 575,903
2001 3,505,932 18,165 85.50% 594,068
2002 3,484,281 21,651 85.00% 615,719
2003 3,458,885 25,396 84.40% 641,115
2004 3,431,113 27,772 83.70% 668,887
2005 3,412,099 19,014 83.20% 687,901
2006 3,397,814 14,285 82.90% 702,186
2007 3,386,163 11,651 82.60% 713,837
2008 3,373,252 12,911 82.30% 726,748
2009 3,365,788 7,464 82.10% 734,212
2010 3,358,788 7,000 81.90% 741,212
2011 3,352,370 6,418 81.80% 747,630
2012 3,347,799 4,571 81.70% 752,201
2013 3,341,908 5,891 81.50% 758,092
2014 3,336,896 5,012 81.40% 763,104
2015 3,330,689 6,207 81.20% 769,311
2016 3,322,796 7,893 81.00% 777,204
2017 3,315,849 6,947 80.90% 784,151
2018 3,307,949 7,900 80.70% 792,051

12. •
4,100,000
3,307,949
3,200,000
3,300,000
3,400,000
3,500,000
3,600,000
3,700,000
3,800,000
3,900,000
4,000,000
4,100,000
4,200,000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Estimatedremainingamazoninkm2
Period (from 1970 to 2018)
Estimated remaining forest cover in the Brazilian Amazon

13. 144,130
792,051
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Totalforestlosssince1970inKm2
Period from 1970 to 2018

14. The cattle sector of the Brazilian Amazon encouraged by the
International Beef and Leather Trades, has been responsible for
about 80% of all deforestation in the region, or about 14% of the
world's total annual deforestation, making it the world's largest
single driver of deforestation.
By 1995, 70% of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and
91% of land deforested since 1970 had been converted to cattle
ranching. Much of the remaining deforestation within the
Amazon has resulted from farmers clearing land (sometimes
using the slash-and-burn method) for small-scale subsistence
agriculture or mechanized cropland producing soy, palm, and
other crops.

15. CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION
Cattle ranching and infrastructure: Forest removal to make
way for cattle ranching was the leading cause of deforestation
in the Brazilian Amazon from the mid-1960s on. Cattle ranching
is not an environmentally friendly investment though. Cattle emit
large amounts of methane. These emissions play a major role
in climate change because methane's ability to trap heat is 20
times greater than that of carbon dioxide in a time horizon of
100 years and exponentially higher in shorter time horizons.
Hydroelectric Dams: Construction of these dams has
encouraged the construction of roads which in turn leads to
deforestation. These dams often flood vast areas of rain forest,
leading to a major loss of biodiversity and the devastating
displacement of indigenous communities from their ancestral
lands.

16. Mining activities: Mining has also increased deforestation in
the Brazilian Amazon, particularly since the 1980s, with miners
often clearing forest to open the mines or to provide building
material, collecting wood for fuel and subsistence agriculture.
Soybean production: Brazil is currently the second-largest
global producer of soybeans after the United States. As prices
for soybeans have risen, soy farmers have pushed north into
the forested areas of the Amazon. As stated in the Constitution
of Brazil, clearing land for crops or fields is considered an
"effective use" of land and is the first step toward land
ownership. This led to deforestation.

17. Logging: The economic opportunity for developing regions is
driven by timber export and demand for charcoal. Up to 60 to
80% of logging in Brazil is estimated to be illegal. Most illegal
logging companies are international companies that don't
replant the trees and the practice is extensive. A tree can
absorb 48 pounds of carbon per year. So illegal logging has a
major impact on climate change.

18. Cattle Ranching

19. Hydroelectric Dams

20. Mining Activity

21. Soybean Production

22. Logging

23. EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Climate Change: The most recent survey greenhouse gas
emissions reports that deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon is
responsible for 10% of current greenhouse gas emissions.
Biodiversity: With rapid deforestation, the habitats of many
animals and plants are under threat. The Brazilian Amazon is
known to possess vast resources for medicine to find a cure for
major global killers such as AIDS, cancer, and other terminal
diseases.
Indigenous people

24. Land degradation: If too much timber is cut, soil leads to
erosion and degradation of soil fertility.
Pollution: Exploitation of forests for mining activities such as
gold mining significantly increased the risk of mercury
poisoning. Mercury poisoning can affect the food chain and
wildlife on lands, rivers. It can also affect plants and the crops of
farmers trying to farm forest areas.
Water Supply: Deforestation increased the impacts of the
droughts in 2005, 2010, and 2015-2016.
Impact on local temperature: In 2019, a group of scientists
published research suggesting that deforestation of the Amazon
Rainforest would raise the temperature in Brazil by 1.45
degrees.

25. AMAZON RAINFOREST WILDFIRES OVER PAST
YEARS
This amazon wildfires caused due to slash and burn approach to
deforest land for agriculture and effects of climate change due to
unusually longer dry season and above average temperatures
around worldwide during July and August (Summer in Southern
Hemisphere). This % of wildfires detected by INPE over past
years shown below in the pie-chart.
This pie chart shows more number of wildfires are resulted in
2019.This what created more awareness regarding this
rainforest.

26. 9%
15%
14%
18%
14%
11%
19%
No. of wildfires detected by INPE
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
This percentages (%)
indicates number of
wildfires from 2013-2019

27. Question to you?
Generally wildfires occur in summer(April – may) in India, but why
are these amazon wildfires occur in the period July to august?

28. • Because Brazil is in southern hemisphere and India is in northern
hemisphere.