Sachpazis Costas: Geotechnical Engineering: A student's Perspective Introduction
lcd
1. 1
TABLE OF CONTENT
Certificate ……………………………………………………………..i
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………..ii
Abstract ……………………………………………………………….iii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT
1.1 Brief Description of Project..........................................................2
1.2 Scope of project………………………………………………….2
1.2 List of Applications........................................................................2
CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DETAILS
2.1 Detailed Description of the Project..............................6
2.2 Working principle with the help of circuit diagram.......6
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Process followed ......................................................15
3.2 Programming..............................................................16
CHAPTER 4: TESTING AND VALIDATION OF RESULT….20
CHAPTER 5: FUTURE SCOPE...............................................................21
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION.................................................................22
REFERENC
APPENDIX
2. 2
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT
1.1 Brief Description of Project
This is an interesting idea in which a message is displayed on an LCD screen whenever a
sound is produced. The message remains on LCD for a short duration of time and then
disappears. This topic demonstrates the interfacing of a sound operated circuit and LCD
display with the pic microcontroller (16f73). The circuit can be used to display welcome
message at entrance; or warning messages at public places. It can also be used to aid
communication for deaf and dumb people.
1.2 Scope of Project
In a future we can modify sound activated massage display as sound operated massage
display a what we are saying that all are display on the lcd screen by advancing and
connecting it sound module and memory in the present circuit of project.This can be help in
to produce smart notice board at school, collage, railway station, hospital etc. where the
immediate announcement are required after very small interval of time.
1.3 List of Applications
This system has various following application
a. Used to display welcome massage at entrance.
b. Warning massage at public place.
c. It can also be used to aid communication for deaf and dumb people.
3. 3
CHAPTER 2:
PROJECT DETAILS
2.1 Detailed Description of the Project
It is LCD sound activated display using pic microcontroller (16f73) in which we use
microphone to sense any type of sound and the massage is display on the lcd
screen.The message remains on LCD for a short duration of time and then disappears..
2.2 Working principle with the help of circuit diagram
4. The circuit consists of four major modules, namely, a sound sensor, an amplifying circuit, a
control circuit and a display module. A switching circuit is also employed after the amplifier.
Any sound, say clap, is detected by a microphone (condenser mic) which acts as the sound
sensor. This mic is connected to a two stage transistor amplifier. The mic output is thus
amplified to a suitable level so that it can be detected at the TTL logic.
The output of the amplifier is coupled with a transistor switch. Whenever a high voltage
output is received from the amplifier, it generates a pulse. The transistor switching circuit
also ensures that a high TTL logic is not received at the microcontroller due to noise signals.
The pulses, from the switching circuit, are fed to the microcontroller 16f73's pin which is
programmed to detect the pulses. Whenever a high pulse at microcontroller input is detected,
a message ‘MAHARISHI MARKENDESHWAR UNIVERSITY’ is sent to a 16x2 LCD. The
message remains on the LCD display for a short duration after which it is cleared again. The
message is repeated whenever a high pulse (due to clap sound) is received by the controller.
The data pins of the LCD are connected to port P2, while the control pins (RS, R/W & EN)
are connected to pins 1-3 of port P1, respectively. The microcontroller receives sound pulses
through the first pin of port P0.
4
6. 6
Power Supply Circuit:-
A power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric energy to an electrical load. The
primary function of a power supply is to convert one form of electrical energy to another and,
as a result, power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power converters. Some
power supplies are discrete, stand-alone devices, whereas others are built into larger devices
along with their loads. Examples of the latter include power supplies found in desktop
computers and consumer electronics devices.
Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any energy it
consumes while performing that task, from an energy source. Depending on its design, a
power supply may obtain energy from various types of energy sources, including electrical
energy transmission systems
7. 7
Transformer:-
Electrical power transformer is a static device which transforms electrical
energy from
one circuit to another without any direct electrical connection and with the
help of mutual induction between two windings. It transforms power from one
circuit to another without changing its frequency but may be in different
voltagelevel.
1. Bridge Rectifier:-
The four diodes labelled D1 to D4 are arranged in “series pairs” with only two diodes
conducting current during each half cycle. During the positive half cycle of the supply,
diodes D1 and D2conduct in series while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the
current flows through the load.
8. 8
Capacitor:-
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical
component used to store energyelectrostatically in an electric field. The forms of
practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical
conductors(plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e. insulator). The conductors can be thin
films of metal, aluminum foil or disks, etc. The "nonconducting" dielectric acts to
increase the capacitor's charge capacity. A dielectric can be glass, ceramic, plastic
film, air, paper, mica, etc. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in
many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not
dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic
field between its plates.
Resistor:-
The electrical resistance of a circuit component or device is defined as the ratio of the voltage
applied to the electric current which flows through it. If the resistance is constant over a
considerable range of voltage, then Ohm's law, I = V/R, can be used to predict the behavior
of the material. Although the definition above involves DC current and voltage, the same
definition holds for the AC application of resistors.
9. 9
Voltage Regulator:-
A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage
regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative feedback control
loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on
the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.
Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies where
they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In
automobile alternators and central power station generator plants, voltage regulators control
the output of the plant. In an electric power distribution system, voltage regulators may be
installed at a substation or along distribution lines so that all customers receive steady voltage
independent of how much power is drawn from the line.
Led:-
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a basic pn-junction
diode, which emits light when activated.[7] When a fitting voltage is applied to the
leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy
in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the
semiconductor.
An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be
used to shape its radiation pattern.
10. 10
INTERFACING DIAGRAM OF LCD WITH 16f73
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each
character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers.
1. Command/Instruction Register - stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command
is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing, clearing the screen, setting the
cursor position, controlling display etc.
2. Data Register - stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the
character to be displayed on the LCD.
PIC 16F73
fig :- 16f73/72
11. PIC is a family of modified Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip
Technology, derived from the PIC1650 originally developed by General Instrument's
Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral Interface
Controller" now it is "PIC" only.
PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost,
wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low
cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash
memory) capability.
11
LCD Display
Fig :- lcd diplay
A liquid crystal display is a special thin flat panel that can let light go through it, or can
block the light. (Unlike an LED it does not produce its own light). The panel is made up of
several blocks, and each block can be in any shape. Each block is filled with liquid
crystals that can be made clear or solid, by changing the electric current to that block. Liquid
crystal displays are often abbreviated LCDs.
Liquid crystal displays are often used in battery-powered devices, such as digital watches,
because they use very little electricity. They are also used for flat screen TV's. Many LCDs
work well by themselves when there is other light around (like in a lit room, or outside in
daylight). For smartphones, computer monitor, TV's and some other purposes, a back-light is
built into the product.
14. 14
CHAPTER 3:
METHODOLOGY
3.1Process followed with the help of block diagram
IF NO
COLLECTION OF
COMPONENT/RESOURCES
COMPONENT PLACEMENT
SOLDERING+ ROUTING
PROGRAMING
TESTING
Fig no 3.1.1:process follow(pcb designing)
POWER SUPPLY
BLOCK
CONTROLLER BLOCK
DISPLBLOCK
VALIDATION
PROJECT COMPLETED
15. PCB Board
We created a circuit that enabled our robot to follow taped lines based on the light reflected
off the ground. The robot is capable of following the lines by comparing light on either side
of the different colored tape using light sensors. Through this experience we have learned the
basics of circuits, motors,sensors, comparators, and gears.A printed circuit
board (PCB)mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components using
conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive
15
substrate. PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer)
Fig no 3.1.2:pcb board
Component Placement
After the component and board have been cleaned, you are ready to place the components
onto the board. Unless my circuit is simple and only contains a few components, i will
probably not be placing all the components onto the board and soldering them at once. Most
likely i will be soldering a few components at a time before turning the board over and
placing more. In general it is best to start with the smallest and flattest components (resistors,
ICs, signal diodes, etc.) and then work up to the larger components (capacitors, power
transistors, transformers) after the small parts are done. This keeps the board relatively flat,
making it more stable during soldering. It is also best to save sensitive components
(MOSFETs, non-socketed ICs) until the end to lessen the chance of damaging them during
assembly of the rest of the circuit.
16. 16
Soldering
Soldering is defined as "the joining of metals by a fusion of alloys which have
relatively low melting points". In other words, you use a metal that has a low melting point to
adhere the surfaces to be soldered together. Consider that soldering is more like gluing with
molten metal, unlike welding where the base metals are actually melted and combined.
Soldering is also a must have skill for all sorts of electrical and electronics work. It is also a
skill that must be taught correctly and developed with practice.
Routing
In electronic design, wire routing, commonly called simply routing, is a step in the
design of printed circuit board(PCBs) and integrated circuits (ICs). It builds on a preceding
step, called placement which determines the location of each active element of an IC or
component on a PCB. After placement, the routing step adds wires needed to properly
connect the placed components while obeying all design rules for the IC.
Programing
For the programing I have used the software names as Keil. The Keil C51 C Compiler for the
8051 microcontroller is the most popular 8051 C compiler in the world. It provides more
features than any other 8051 C compiler available today.The C51 Compiler allows you to
write 8051 microcontroller applications in C that, once compiled, have the efficiency and
speed of assembly language. Language extensions in the C51 Compiler give you full access
to all resources of the 8051.The C51 Compiler translates C source files into relocatable object
modules which contain full symbolic information for debugging with the μVision Debugger
or an in-circuit emulator. In addition to the object file, the compiler generates a listing file
which may optionally include symbol table and cross reference information.
Testing
An Actual-size, single sided PCB of the microcontroller-based digital alarm clock is shown in
fig and its component layout. Use IC base for microcontroller AT89S52. Also use a heat sink
with voltage regulator 7805(IC2) to avoid any damage to the circuit. Check continuity
between respective connections using a multimeter. checkInitially, byvarying present VR1,
set the contrast level for proper wrok line flowing robot. for looser connections or dry
soldering joining.
17. 17
3.2 Programming
Using Keil's "C51" C Compiler (μVision IDE)
These simple instructions will walk you through the process of configuring Keil's μVision
IDE and C51 C Compiler with settings that produce code that can be download and run on
the 8051 development board .PJRC does not provide technical support for use of Keil's
software. We can--not provide any assistance should these instructions not apply to your
project's code or your μVision installation. However, these instructions were tested and
confirmed to work using "Hello World" example provided with Keil's C51 evaluation
software, version 7.06a.For further assistance with Keil's software, please refer to the manual
Keil’sprovides, or contact Keil for technical support.
Step 1: Copy Startup Code To Your Project
Copy the file "startup.a51" from "c:keilc51lib" to "c:keilc51exampleshello", or the
equivilant pair of directories if you installed μVision in a different directory/drive
location.Add this new copy of "startup.a51" to your project.
Right click "source group 1"
Choose "Add Files to Group 'Source Group 1'
Set "Files of type" to "All files (*.*)"
and select "Startup.a51"
When "startup.a51" has been added to your project, the left side tree representing your project
will be updated, similar to Figure 1.
Step 2: Edit Startup and Other Code
Edit "startup.a51" file. Locate the line "CSEG AT 0" and change it to "CSEG AT 0x2000".
Remember that this will only change the "startup.a51" that you copied to this project. The
global copy in "c:keilc51lib" will remain unchanged.Edit "hello.c", and change the line that
sets TH1. For 115200 baud, you should set this to 255.
Figure 1 shows both of these files opened in μVision, edited with these changes.
18. 18
Figure 3.2.1: Editing Source Code
(Optional): Define a New Target Name For This Board
In this example, the target named "Simulator" was modified to produce output compatible
with this board, which is the fastest and easiest approach.Perhaps a better approach would be
to create a new target, with a name such as "PJRC 8051 Development Board, Rev 5" and
apply these changes to that target rather than the "Simulator" target.
Step 3: Configure Build Target
Click on the "Project" menu, and select "Options for Target 'Simulator'". This will bring up
the Options for Target dialog box, where you must make several changes to configure Keil's
compiler to produce code that will work properly.
First, select the "Target" tab:
Enter 22.1184 in the "Xtal (Mhz)" field.
Uncheck "Use On-chip ROM".
Define "Off-chip Code memory" from 0x2000 to 0x3FFF.
Define "Off-chip Xdata memory" from 0x4000 to 0x7FFF.
19. For larger projects, you may need to change these settings to allocate the memory usage
according to your project's requirements. Such memory allocation planning is beyond the
scope of this simple example.
19
Fig 3.2.2:put the xtal range
Finally, select the "C51" tab. Check "Interrupt vectors at address:" and set the corresponding
value to 0x2000.
20. 20
Figure 3.2.3: Options for Target Dialog, C51 Tab
Once all these changes have been made in all three tabs, click "OK" to commit your changes
to the build target.
Step 4: Compile and Download Intel-Hex Output
To compile the code, click on the "Project" menu and select "Build target". If there are n
errors, the compiler will finish and produce an intel-hex output file, which in this example is
"hello hex".Download the intel-hex file as described in the Using the 8051 Development
BoardFor the First Time page. To run your program using the "J" (Jump) command, and
enter 2000 (which should be the default).To quit, press the board's RESET button to return to
the monitor. You may need to press the ENTER key to allow PAULMON2 to re-detect your
baud rate, if your program overwrites the 4 bytes that are used to store the previously
detected baud rate.
Optional) Reconfigure For Flash ROM
Alternately, you could define the off-chip code memory from 8000 to F7FF and off-chip
Xdata memory from 2100 to 0x7FFF, set CSEG to 0x8000 in startup.a51, and set the
interrupt vectors at address 0x8000. This would configure the compiled code to run from the
Flash ROM, and you can use the autostart utility (on the LED blink example page) to make it
run automatically when the board boots.
21. 21
Proteus:-
Proteus 8 is a best simulation software for various designs with microcontroller. It is mainly
popular because of availability of almost all microcontrollers in it. So it is a handy tool to test
programs and embedded designs for electronics hobbyist. You can simulate your
programming of microcontroller in Proteus 8 Simulation Software.After Simulating your
circuit in Proteus 8 Software you can directly make PCB design with it so it could be a all in
one package for students and hobbyists. So I think now you have a little bit idea about what is
proteussoftware.If you have clear idea about what is proteus 8 simulation software then you
can start proteus 8 simulations at this point of time. I am sure that you have your proteus 8. If
you don’t have then download from above link. To learn Proteus 8 You can start with a series
of video tutorials or you can download a Proteus 8 Software Tutorial PDF. But main and
most important thing with this software is hands on experiments. the more you work the
better you become There is no shortcut.After making your Schematic you have to do PCB
designing so here is the video tutorial which describes Single layer auto routing. According to
me this much information is enough for what is proteus software. If you want to get more
information on what is proteus software then feel free to comment below with your
difficulties about what is proteus software. We will try our best to solve your difficulties
related to what is proteussoftware.We have a separate section on Proteus 8 Simulation
Software which covers all simulations and tutorials have a look at there.To know more and
get latest updates on Proteus 8 Software Subscribe to mail and we would be sending you all
the updates related to Proteus 8 software
Fig no 3.2.4:open the proteus
And after some time you will go to a upper part of aro. This arocolour is white .this aero will
go to isis.
22. 22
Then proteus window is open
Fig no 3.2.5:open the proteus window
And after some time you will go to the library .and select the component . there are many
component Are available.and all are simulate the circuit.we are show this diagmram
Fig no 3.2.6: choose the components
23. Then after simulate the circuit burn the program in the micro controller we are show the this
circuit diagram
23
Fig no 3.2.7:burn the program in proteus
When the program is burn in circuit then you will chek .this ckt is doing proper wrok or
not.We show this diagram
Fig no 3.2.8: proteus is ckt is wroking
24. 24
CHAPTER 4:
TESTING AND VALIDATION OF RESULT
First of all I want to check the power supply when power supply is awrok properly.
Fig no 4.1:testing power supply
When the power supply connect the pic microcontroller and chek the out put it is
wrokproperlly or not
Fig no 4.2:testing microcontroller
25. 25
CHAPTER 5:
FUTURE SCOPE
Ina future we can modify sound activated massage display as sound operated massage display
a what we are saying that all are display on the lcd screen by advancing and connecting it
sound module and memory in the present circuit of project.This can be help in to produce
smart notice board at school, collage, railway station, hospital etc. whare the immediate
announcement are required after very small interval of time. By this if there is any
announcement than we display on the screen by asking againsd the condenser microphone
sensor which sense the voice signal and sound module converted that signal after different
procces it will display in the screen of lcd.
26. 26
CHAPTER 6:
CONCLUSION
This is an interesting idea in which a message is displayed on an LCD screen whenever a
sound is produced. The message remains on LCD for a short duration of time and then
disappears. This topic demonstrates the interfacing of a sound operated circuit and LCD
display with the pic microcontroller (16f73). The circuit can be used to display welcome
message at entrance; or warning messages at public places. It can also be used to aid
communication for deaf and dumb people.
27. 27
APPENDIX
PROGRAMING:
#include<pic.h>
#define port P1
#define dataport P2 //Data port for LCD
#define sec 1000
//CONTROL PINS
sbit rs = port^0;
sbit rw = port^1;
sbit e = port^2;
sbit sensor_input=P0^0;
void delay(unsigned int sec) //Time delay function
{
int i,j ;
for(i=0;i<msec;i++)
for(j=0;j<1275;j++);
}
void lcd_cmd(unsigned char item) //Function to send command to LCD
{
dataport = item;
rs= 0;
rw=0;
e=1;
delay(1);
e=0;
return;
}
void lcd_data(unsigned char item) // Function to send data to LCD
{
dataport = item;
rs= 1;
rw=0;
e=1;
delay(1);
e=0;
return;
}
void lcd_data_string(unsigned char *str) //Function to send string to LCD
{
int i=0;
while(str[i]!='0')
{
lcd_data(str[i]);
