presented for Dr | Magdy Basta Faculty of petroleum and mining engineering, Suez University Physical Geology Course ( 2016 - 2017 ) presented by : G7 - Members

1. METAMORPHICROCKS
G7-MEMBERS
Suez University
Faculty Of Petroleum & Mining Engineering
Petroleum Engineering Depatment

2. Definition & Formation
• They are formed in the solid state as in response to pressure,
temperature and chemical active fluids.
• They are formed within the earth crust below the zone of
weathering and cementation ,however above the zone of re-
melting.
• The process of forming metamorphic rocks is called
metamorphism .

3. Metamorphism
• (from the Greek words for “changing form”)
• is the process by which rising temperature and changes in other
environmental conditions transforms rocks and minerals.
• Metamorphism can change any type of parent rock: sedimentary,
igneous, or even another metamorphic rock.
• The acting agents of metamorphism are; heat, pressure and
chemically active fluid.

4. Heat
• Heat increases with depth. It is the most important factor in
metamorphism.
• Metamorphism can take place at temperatures between ( 150 : 800 ) C0

5. Pressure
• Pressure increases with depth. At about 40,000 psi rocks
become plastic.
1. Confining pressure : reduces the space between the grains
leading to re-crystallization and forming anew mineral with a
closer atomic packing.
2. Differential pressure : simply causes shear stresses resulting in
movement in the planes of the material and re-orientation of
grains.

6. Chemically active fluids
Water with its dissolvent is the most active of chemical
agents.
Chemical agents
deposition Picking up

7. Metamorphic Changes
• Metamorphism commonly alters both the texture and mineral
content of a rock.

8. TEXTURAL CHANGES
• As a rock undergoes metamorphism, some mineral grains grow larger
and others shrink. The shapes of the grains may also change.
Fossils give this limestone its fossiliferous texture. (Marble)Metamorphism has destroyed the fossiliferous
texture of the limestone

9. Texture In Metamorphic Rocks
• Which Deals with the arrangements of grains .
• In metamorphic rocks , we have just two types.

10. Texture In Metamorphic Rocks
Foliated(Cleavage)-
preferred orientation of
breakage
Non-foliated –No
preferred orientation of
breakage

11. Types Of Foliated Rocks
slaty Phyllitic Schistose Gneissic
Is Based upon the coarseness or fineness of the foliation & the thickness

12. Composition Of metamorphic Rocks
Marble
Quartzite
Monomineralic
slate
phyllite
Schist
geneiss
Multimineralic

13. GRADE OF METAMORPHISM
Low-Grade
Intermediate-
Grade
High-Grade
Pressure increases (Force acting upon the rock)
Temperature Increases

14. 1 ) CONTACT METAMORPHISM
• occurs where hot magma intrudes cooler country rock. The country
rock may be of any type sedimentary, metamorphic, or igneous.
• The highest-grade metamorphic rocks form at the contact, closest
to the magma. Lower-grade rocks develop farther out.
• Contact metamorphism commonly occurs without deformation. As
a result, the metamorphic minerals grow with random orientations.

15. 2 ) Regional Metamorphism
• Develops over extensive area. It is associated with the
building of some mountain ranges.
• Many new minerals are developed in response to high
pressure and temperature.

16. Important Metamorphic Rocks
Slate
Phyllite
Schist
Gneiss
Marble
Hornfels
Quartzite

17. Slate
 Low grade metamorphism of Shale.
Finegrained
Caused By Regional Metamorphism .
Composed mostly of colorless Mica and
Small amounts of chloride of different colors

18. Phyllite
 Higher grade metamorphism of Shale.
Caused By Regional Metamorphism .
Composed mostly of Muscovite and
Chlorite.
Formed between [ 250 – 300 ] C0

19. Schist
 Intermediate grade metamorphism.
Caused By Regional Metamorphism .
Composed of clearly visible flakes of
Mica, Talc, Chlorite and Hematite.

20. Gneiss
high grade metamorphism.
Caused By Regional Metamorphism .
Composed of Granite, Diorite.

21. Marble
Caused By Regional Metamorphism of Limestone and dolomite.
(more often)
Or caused by contact Metamorphism of Calcite
Or dolomite.

22. Quartzite
Any grade metamorphism .
The metamorphic product of quartz-rich sandstone.
Mostly white color.

23. Question : What is The Difference Between …?
GneissQuartzite
Metamorphic Rock
(comes from shale)
Metamorphic Rock
(Comes from Sandstone)
Un-FoliatedFoliated
high grade metamorphism.Any grade metamorphism

24. Question : What is The Difference Between …?
SandstoneQuartzite
Sedimentary RockMetamorphic Rock
QuartzQuartzite
MineralMetamorphic Rock

25. Question : What is The Difference Between …?
limestoneMarble
Sedimentary RockMetamorphic Rock
CalciteMarble
MineralMetamorphic Rock

26. Question : What is The Difference Between …?
PhylliteSlate
High-Grade Metamorphism
Of Shale
Low-Grade Metamorphism
Of Shale

27. Rock Cycle
Magma
Igneous
rocks
sediments
Sedimentary
Rocks
Metamorphi
c Rocks
Heating Cooling
WeatheringPressure+Heat
Pressure
+
Cementation
Erosion
Erosion
Heat+Pressure

29. G7-MEMBERS
‫محمود‬ ‫ممدوح‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫وهبة‬ ‫خالد‬ ‫محمد‬
‫أحمد‬ ‫حمدي‬ ‫بيومي‬ ‫عبدالفتاح‬ ‫جميل‬ ‫محمود‬