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1. FIGHT AGIANST THE
EARTHQUAKES
Liyanage Amal Indrajith

2. 1. Introduction
2.Earthquakes Impacts
3.Methods used to Reduce the Impacts of Earthquakes
4.safety precaution
OUT LINE OF THE PRESENTATION

3. Earthquake Terminology
• a sudden slipping or
movement of a portion of
the Earth’s crust, followed
by a series of vibrations.
• an earthquake of less
intensity that follows the
main earthquake
Earthquake: Aftershock:
Introduction

4. Where do earthquakes occur
1) Most earthquakes occur along the edge of the
oceanic and continental plate
2) Along faults: normal, reverse, transform
Shifting plates

5. Why do earthquakes occur?
• Fractures, faults
• Energy released
and propagates in
all directions as
seismic waves
causing
earthquakes
focus
epicenter

6. Earthquake Impacts
• Ground Failure - constructions collapse
• Fires - from broken gas and electrical lines
• Landslides - occur in hilly/mountainous areas.
• Liquefaction - water-saturated, unconsolidated
materials flow
• Tsunami (seismic sea waves; "tidal" waves) -
can grow up to 65 m

7. World biggest earthquake- Chile
• May 22, 1960
• M9.5
• Largest earthquake in the world
• More than 2,000 deaths, 3,000 injures, 2,000,000
homeless, and $550 million of damage
• Tsunami occur in Hawaii,
Japan, Philippines, and west
coast of the United States
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/events/1960_05_22.php

8. Landslides: May 30, 1970 Peru disaster
Magnitude: 7.9
•A large mass of ice and rock slid
from a vertical face on Nevado
Huascaran, the highest peak in Peru
•Debris reached a velocity of 280
km/hr
•traveled 11 km horizontally in about
4 minutes at a mean velocity of 165
km/hr.
•Buried the towns of Yungay and
Ranrahirca, The death toll in both
villages was 20,000.

9. A powerful 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck Nepal today causing
massive damage in the capital Kathmandu.
Officials said 2000- 3000 were dead and warned the death toll could
rise as rescue teams are still searching for survivors
The effects were felt in neighboring countries with at least 34 dead in
India, six in Tibet and two in Bangladesh Quake also triggered a
massive avalanche on Mount Everest killing eight people and injuring
at least 30 climbers
Nepal Earthquake

10. People carry a woman from the rubble of a destroyed building while
locals and rescue teams continue to search for more survivors of the
earthquake.

11. A man is buried up to his neck in rubble as the rescue teams attempt
to dig him free from the collapsed building in the capital of Nepal.

13. 1. Planning the Location of Infrastructure
2. Designing Earthquake Resistant Infrastructure
3. Strengthening Existing Infrastructure
4. Earthquake Monitoring and Warning Systems
Various Methods can be used to Reduce
the Impacts of Earthquakes

14. Problem:
The collapse of infrastructure causes much
economical damage and even deaths!

15. 1. Planning the location of infrastructure
• Build new infrastructure away from
earthquake prone areas to reduce economical
damage and lower number of deaths caused by
earthquakes
• Authorities can implement guidelines on the
location of new infrastructure and set limits on
the heights of buildings

16. Buildings are not too tall in
earthquake-prone Japan!

17. Example:
• In USA, authorities use earthquake risk maps to
control land use so as to minimize damage that
may be caused by earthquakes

18. 2. Designing Earthquake-Resistant
Infrastructure
• New infrastructure can be specially designed to
withstand strong tremors by making use of the
latest technology

19. Shock absorbers
(base isolators)
absorb tremors
of earthquakes
Cross-bracing
Reinforce walls
using two steel
beams
Shear walls
(concrete walls
with steel bars
in them) to
reduce rocking
movements
Earthquake Resistant Building

20. 3. Strengthening Existing Infrastructure
• Existing infrastructure can be specially designed
to withstand strong tremors and reduce damage
from earthquakes by making use of technology

21. Problem:
There are still more than 1.8 million older
buildings that cannot withstand earthquake
tremors in Tokyo

22. Example:
• Existing infrastructure can
be reinforced by wrapping
steel frames around the
pillars of buildings and
bridges, or by placing steel
rods in existing structures

24. Example:
• Fireproof materials and automatic shut-off valves
can be installed into gas pipes and electricity supplies to
minimize the risk of fires in the event of an earthquake

25. 4. Earthquake Monitoring and Warning Systems
• Earthquake-prone areas should invest in seismometers
and computers that can monitor tremors of the Earth or
change in water levels
• Authorities will then inform residents through sirens or
public broadcasts of impending danger and begin mass
evacuation

26. Tsunami Monitoring
and Warning System

27. Earthquake risk and prediction
• Long-term methods
1) seismic hazard maps
2) probability analysis based
on:
- historical EQ records
- geologic EQ records
- slip-rate on active faults
- frequency and magnitude
of recent EQ's
Real-time 24 Hour
Forecast

28. WHAT TO DO DURING A QUAKE

29. If you’re indoor
 Stay there!
Do NOT Run Outside
Stay clear of:
Storage racks
Windows
Glass and Mirrors
Light Fixtures
Any other heavy objects

30. DUCK under a strong
table or other
protection
COVER your head
with your hands or
other object
HOLD the position
until safe

31. Outdoors
• Get into the Open
• Stay Clear of Buildings & Power Lines
• Do Not Smoke or Light Matches or Lighters
• If Driving:
– Stop If Safe, But Stay Inside Car
• Avoid Stopping Under Trees, Light Posts, Power Lines,
or Signs
– Stay Away from Bridges, Overpasses & Tunnels

32. Outdoors
• In Mountainous Area
– Falling Rocks & Other Debris
• On the Beach/Ocean Front
– Move to Higher Ground or Several Hundred Yards Inland
– Tsunami Hazard
• Several Hours Afterwards
• Multiple Tsunamis
• 1964 Alaska 8.5 Earthquake
– 11 Fatalities Directly From Earthquake
– 120 Fatalities From Tsunami

33. After Initial Shock Have Subsided
• Remain Calm & Be Prepared for Aftershocks.
• Move very carefully.
Do not move unless in immediate danger
• Use caution when exiting or entering buildings.
• Do Not Turn on or Off any Lighting or Electrical Devices
• Turn-on battery-operated radio for latest safety reports
• Check for Injuries & Administer First Aid to the Degree You Are
Trained for
• Check for Obvious Hazards & Damage on Your Floor

34. Short-term predictions
Precursor phenomena (<1 year to days)
1. Foreshocks: usually increase in magnitude
2. Ground deformation
3. Fluctuations in water well levels
4. Changes in local radio wave characteristics
5. Anomalous animal behavior???

35. Thank you!