Both bad condition of infrastructures and the increase in on-road traffic volume would lead Phnom Penh to face air pollution in the city.

1. 6/11/2015 Yoeung Visal
Examination Committee
Prof. Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh (Chairperson)
Prof. Ajit P. Annachhatre
Dr. Thammarat Koottatep
By
Visal Yoeung
Asian Institute of Technology
School of Environment, Resources and Development
Environmental Engineering and Management Program
Emission Inventory of Air Pollution from
Vehicle Fleet in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Final Thesis Examination

2. Contents
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01 Introduction
04 Conclusion and Recommendation
Methodology02
Results and Discussions03
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3. Introduction
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Source: www.phnom penh.gov.kh, 2014
 PNH is the capital of Cambodia
area of 678km2
 1.5 million people
 2,213 of population density
 9 districts and 99 Communes
Source: NIS, 2011& MPP , 2014
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4. Introduction
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The growth of vehicle fleet in PNH from 2000 to 2014
 2,083 roads – Total Length: 1,230 km (MPWT, 2010)
 32% of arterial roads are in bad condition
 Both bad road conditions and rapid increase numbers of vehicle possibly cause air pollution
in PNH in the near future.
Source: Department of Vehicle Registration of MPWT, 2014
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0
20000
40000
60000
80000
NumbersofVehicles
Car/10 Van Small Truck Heavy Truck Bus MC/100
MC,
77.30%
Car,
14.35%
LDV,
5.75%
Bus,
0.26%
HDV,
2.34%
MC Car LDV Bus HDV

5. Introduction
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Pollutants Power Industry Residential Transportation
SO2 7 13.7 7.6 6.1
NOx 3.6 5.8 3.2 14.3
CO 0 10.7 485 74.2
NMVOC 0.1 6.2 56.7 50.3
PM10 0.9 3.2 63.2 0.5
PM2.5 0.6 2.2 57.4 0.5
BC 0 0.1 6.4 0.1
OC 0 0.1 31.9 0.2
Emission of Air Pollutants from Different Sources in
Cambodia (Gg/ year)
Source: CGRER, 2006
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6. Objectives
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To investigate the current vehicle fleet and driving
pattern in Phnom Penh
To develop emission inventory for mobile sources in
Phnom Penh using Mobilev 3.0 Model
To quantify the co-benefits on air quality and climate
mitigation under an optimistic vehicle technology
scenario for Phnom Penh
43
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7. Scopes
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Public transportation (bus), private vehicles (i.e., motorcycles and
personal cars), and goods transport (truck) in the base year 2014
EI for pollutants: CO, CO2, SO2, NOx, PM, Benzene, NH3, N2O,
CH4, BC and NMHC.
this study focused on the only the running emission from vehicle
fleets
Scenario of the faster technology intrusion: at least meet Euro 3
standard
Climate effect of the emission reduction will be estimated using
GWP metrics (CO2-eq)
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8. 6/11/2015 Yoeung Visal8/26
Research Methodology
Data Collection
Data
Processing
Mobilev 3.0
Modelling
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9. Research Methodology
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Output Mobilev
model
Input Mobilev
model
Data
processing
and analysis
Results and Recommendations
Result evaluation
Mobliev model
Data collection
Scenario development and
co-benefit analysis
Air quality and
climate co-benefit
Current fleet and driving
activities in PNH
• Emission factors
• Emission inventory
for PNH 2014
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10. Data Collection
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 Bus: 99; Car: 360; MC: 598
 Van: 105; Truck: 81
 Total Survey: 1243
Nov 5- Jan 10, 2015
5 GPS data loggers equipped with 13
vehicles to measure the daily speed for
13 hours
10 Main roads: Ezecom data
3 Arterial roads: manually captured
4 Residential Roads: manually captured
24 hour recording
Questionnaire Survey
GPS Monitoring
Video Traffic Recording

11. Results and Discussions
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3 41 2
Motorcycle
Fuel type:
petrol:100%
4-stroke:
>150cc: pre euro
1: 67.9%; euro 2:
0.55%
<= 150cc: euro1:
55.78%; euro 2:
0.08%
2-stroke:
>150cc: pre
euro1: 77.68%;
euro2: 6.1%
<=150cc: pre
euro 1: 66.8%,
euro2: 0.18%
Car
 Petrol: 72.73%;
- Pre euro1: 5.96
- Euro 1: 34.63%
- Euro 2: 16.46%
- Euro 3: 22.17%
- Euro 4: 20.78%
 Diesel: 27.27%
- pre euro: 1.94%
- Euro1: 14.72%
- Euro2: 34.85%
- Euro3: 44.25%
- Euro4: 4.23%
LDV
 Petrol: 10.89%
- Pre euro1:5.96%
- Euro1: 34.63%
- Euro2: 16.46%
- Euro3: 22.17%
- Euro4: 20.78%
Diesel: 89.11%
- Pre euro1:1.94%
- Euro1: 14.72%
- Euro2: 34.72%
- Euro3: 44.25%
- Euro4: 4.23%
Bus
 Weight <=15t:
22.22%
- pre euro1:
30.92%
- Euro1: 17.31%
- Euro2: 35.48%
- Euro3: 16.30%
 Weight >15-18t:
77.79%
- Pre Euro:
30.92%
- Euro1: 16.90%
- Euro2: 37.43%
- Euro3: 14.75%
HDV
Rigid Truck:
66.16%. More
than 50% below
Euro 3 standard.
Trailer Truck:
33.84%. More
50% are under
Euro3 standard.
( Table4.5, page
37)
Vehicle Technologies

12. Results and Discussions
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Numberofvehicle
Model Year
Vehicle Model Year
MC Car Van Bus Truck
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
MC Car Van Bus Truck
Age
Average Age of Vehicles
Average Age of Vehicle
 MC: 4(1-20)
 Car: 5(1-19)
 Van: 5(1-16)
 Bus: 3(1-9)
 Truck: 10(1-15)
(Based on registration data)
The actual ages based on the vehicle
model year found that the majority of car
and van’s ages are around 14-15 years old.
>>>There are many old vehicles except MC
are being used in the city.
Vehicle Ages
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13. Vehicle Fleet Composition
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Vehicle Fleet Composition
MC, 80.67%
Car, 16.50%
LDV, 2.10% Bus, 0.15%
HDV, 0.58%
MC Car LDV Bus HDV
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1:00-6:00 7:00-9:00 10:00-15:00 16:00-19:00 20:00-00:00
Number
Couting Period
MC/10 Car/10 LDV Bus HDV
Normal hour: 1:00-6:00, 10:00-15:00, 20:00-00:00
 Average traffic volume: 104,744
Rush hour: 7:00-9:00 and 16:19:00
 Average traffic volume: 157,584
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14. 6/11/2015 Yoeung Visal14/26
Driving Pattern
Weekday
MC: 17.11 km/h
Car: 17.73 km/h
LDV: 17.64 km/h
Bus: 13.85 km/h
HDV: 16.44 km/h
Weekend:
18.35 km/h
20.47 km/h
20.92 km/h
14.62 km/h
19.28 km/h
Daily Speed and Stop-start Pattern Daily:
17.46 km/h
18.52 km/h
18.58 km/h
14.07 km/h
17.25 km/h
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15. Emission Factors
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Pollutants
g/h*km
MC Car LDV Bus HDV Total
Benzene 8927.5 2649 601.13 1.5 9.4 12188.2
CH4 12048.7 2341 533 2.2 11.2 14936.5
CO 652346.2 230725 51892.3 276.9 1401.9 936642.7
CO2 4482364.5 14187200 2805659.1 112000.9 358344.9 21945570
NMHC 179807.9 39891 9034.8 88.1 368.6 229190.4
N2O 100.1 388 82.6 0.8 3.9 575.6
NH3 100.1 1142 237.8 0.3 2.5 1482.7
NOx 5155.4 39770 8077.8 1392.5 3715.5 58110.6
PM 0.00 2705 546.3 32.5 116.8 3401
BC 0.00 1990 402.6 12.9 47.2 2452.9
SO2 24.13 78 15.5 0.6 2.01 120.5
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Pollutant Emission Factor by Vehicle Types

16. Emission Inventory
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0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
MC Car LDV Bus HDV
Tonne
CO= 48,885 tonne/year
MC,
70.02%
Car,
18.74%
LDV,
5.55%
Bus,
5.55%
HDV,
0.15% CO
MC, 20.6%
Car, 48.9%
LDV,
12.8%
Bus,
15.8%
HDV, 1.9%
CO2
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
MC Car LDV Bus HDV
Tonne
CO2= 1,135 Kt/year
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17. Emission Inventory
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
MC Car LDV Bus HDV
Tonne
NOx=3030.2 tonne/year
MC,
8.94%
Car, 51.67%
LDV,
13.86%
Bus, 18.00%
HDV, 7.53%
NOx
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
MC Car LDV Bus HDV
Tonne
SO2= 6.23 tonne/year
MC, 20.24%
Car, 49.13%
LDV,
12.84%
Bus,
15.87%
HDV, 1.93%
SO2
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Emission Inventory
0.0
107.9
28.8 32.2
7.1
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
MC Car LDV Bus HDV
tonne
PM= 176.1 tonne/yearMC, 0.0%
Car, 61.3%
LDV, 16.4%
Bus, 18.3%
HDV, 4.0%
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
MC Car LDV Bus HDV
tonne
NMHC=11,919 tonne/year
MC, 78.64%
Car, 13.27%
LDV,
3.96%
Bus,
3.97%
HDV, 0.17%
NMHC
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19. Emission Inventory
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Pollutants
Tonne/year
Total MC Car LDV Bus HDV
Benzene 665 69.99% 20.48% 4.71% 4.72% 0.06%
CH4 777 80.89% 11.94% 3.58% 3.56% 0.07%
CO 48885 70.02% 18.74% 5.55% 5.55% 0.15%
CO2 1134997 20.64% 48.90% 12.78% 15.79% 1.89%
NMHC 11919 78.64% 13.27% 3.96% 3.97% 0.17%
N2O 30 17.50% 51.57% 14.43% 15.00% 0.73%
NH3 77 6.82% 59.55% 16.14% 17.03% 0.13%
NOx 3030 8.94% 51.67% 13.86% 18.01% 7.53%
PM 176 0.00% 61.33% 16.38% 18.32% 4.03%
BC 127 0.00% 62.49% 16.72% 18.30% 2.22%
SO2 6 21.00% 51.00% 13.33% 16.50% 2.00%
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Emission from Vehicle Types

20. Air Quality Benefit
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CO/10 VOC/100 NOx SO2*1000 PM*10
2014 (Base Case) 4888.517 11349.97 3030.22 6230 1761.1
Scenario: Euro3 1277.7 24.85 310 9000 960
Reduction rate 73.86% 99.78% 89.78% -38.55% 45.49%
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Tonne/year
2014 (Base Case) Scenario: Euro3 Reduction rate
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21. Climate Co-benefit
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CO2/100
0
N2O CH4 VOC/10 NOx BC Sulfate
GHGs O3 Aerosol
2014 (Base case) 1134.997 30 777 1191.9 919 127 18
Scenario Euro3 489.309 1.3 572.5 248.53 94 4.5 27
Reduction Rate 56.90% 95.60% 26.40% 79.10% 90.85% 96.40% -50.00%
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Tonne/year
2014 (Base case) Scenario Euro3 Reduction Rate
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22. Air Quality and Climate Co benefit
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0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
Total Pollutants excluding BC, CO2 Total GWP/10
Tonne/Year
2014 (Base Case) Scenario Euro3
61.48%
40.5%
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23. Summary and Conclusion
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1. Vehicle Technology:
MC: petrol: 100%, 100% not meet the euro 3 standard yet.
Car: petrol: 72.73%; diesel: 27.27%, more 50% are below euro 3 standard
LDV: petrol: 10.89%; diesel:89.11%, more 55% not complied with eur03 standard
Bus and HDV based on the weight capacity are more 70%, 50% accordingly below
the euro 3 standard.
2. Driving Pattern:
Daily average speed of MC: 17.46 km/h; car: 18.52 km/h; LDV: 18.58 km/h; Bus:
14.07 km/h; HDV: 17.25 km/h.
The average number of stop and start of MC: 4times; Car: 4times, LDV: 4times, Bus:
7 times; and HDV: 2 times.
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24. Summary and Conclusion
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3. Emission Factors:
MC fleet has the highest EF contribution of CO and NMHC: 652.34 kg/(km*h) and
179.8 kg/(km*h) while the highest emission factor contribution of car were
CO2=14.18tonne/(km*h), NOx,= 39.7 kg/(km*h); PM= 2.7kg/(km*h) and SO2=
78g/(km*h).
4. Emission Inventory:
MC shared 70.02% of CO and 78.64% NMHC while car highly contribute 48.90% of
CO2, 61.33% of NOx,, 62.49% of PM and 51% of SO2
5. Air Quality and Climate Co-benefit
The reduction of air pollutant under at least Euro 3 standard decreased to 61.48% and
climate change forcing was 40.5%.
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25.  PNH vehicle fleet should be used directly in order to get the accurate
result.
 To complete emission for PNH, cold start emission should be
considered in the further study.
Cost-benefit analysis should be conducted for proposed scenario
considering also the technology cost, benefit for air quality and climate
change mitigations, i.e. both direct and indirect costs
The cleaner fuel scenario i.e compress nature gases (CNGs) and its cost-
benefit analysis should be considered in the next study.
Fuel types and emission stage of both buses and heavy duty vehicles
should taken into account of vehicle layer and emission stage table in
Mobilev model.
Recommendation
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